Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and endothelial blood markers. We also correlated post-exercise blood pressure response with baseline cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study randomized 54 volunteers into the aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 27; 45.6 ± 7.7 years) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG, n = 27; 45.8 ± 8.4 years). Blood marker evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, resting blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), flow-mediated dilatation monitoring, and body composition evaluation were carried out. Exercise sessions were performed to evaluate post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and endothelial marker responses, in addition to post-exercise ABPM (ABPMex). This study is an arm of the study which was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 69373217.3.0000.5347) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03282942). The AG performed walking/running at 60% of the reserve heart rate, while the RG performed 10 exercises with two sets of 15-20 repetitions. The mean 24 h ABPM and ABPMex values showed no significant statistical differences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure hypotension after aerobic and dynamic resistance were -10.59 ± 5.24/-6.15 ± 6.41 mmHg and -5.56 ± 7.61/-6.20 ± 8.25 mmHg, respectively. For an up-to-7 h assessment of resting pressure, there was a positive effect in the aerobic group. The concentrations of nitrites/nitrates (NOx) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) did not change during hypotension. Moreover, PEH and ABPMex were significantly correlated with baseline health variables. Thus, when middle-aged patients with hypertension perform aerobic or resistance exercise, the NOx/ET-1 pathway does not provide the best explanation for PEH. Finally, we found associations between baseline cardiovascular variables and endothelial vasoconstrictors with PEH.

Chronic aerobic exercise prevents high-fructose diet-induced impairment in blood pressure in healthy young adults: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.

The purpose of the study was to verify the effect of 4 weeks of a high-fructose diet (HFD) associated with aerobic training on the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Twenty-one young adults were randomised into three groups: HFD (HFD: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day), high-glucose diet (HGD: 1 g/kg body weight of glucose/day) and high-fructose diet and exercise (HFDE: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day + 3 weekly 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercise). Before and after the 4 weeks of the intervention, blood samples were taken and flow-mediated dilatation, insulin resistance index, pancreatic beta cell functional capacity index, insulin sensitivity index and 24-h blood pressure were evaluated. HFD showed an increase in uric acid concentrations (P = 0·040), and HGD and HFDE groups showed no changes in this outcome between pre- and post-intervention; however, the HFDE group showed increased uric acid concentrations from the middle to the end of the intervention (P = 0·013). In addition, the HFD group showed increases in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0·022) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0·009). The HGD group exhibited decreases in nocturnal SBP (P = 0·028) and nocturnal DBP (P = 0·031), and the HFDE group showed a decrease in 24-h SBP (P = 0·018). The consumption of 1 g/kg of fructose per day may increase uric acid concentrations and blood pressure in adults. Additionally, aerobic exercises along with fructose consumption attenuate changes in uric acid concentrations and prevent impairment in nocturnal blood pressure.

The effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy and functionality in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) and osteoarthritis(OA) patients showed systemic manifestations that may lead to a reduction in muscle strength, muscle mass and, consequently, to a reduction in functionality. On the other hand, moderate intensity resistance training(MIRT) and high intensity resistance training(HIRT) are able to improve muscle strength and muscle mass in RA and OA without affecting the disease course. However, due to the articular manifestations caused by these diseases, these patients may present intolerance to MIRT or HIRT. Thus, the low intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction(LIRTBFR) may be a new training strategy for these populations. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to verify the effects of LIRTBFR on muscle strength, muscle mass and functionality in RA and OA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials(RCTs), published in English, between 1957-2021, was conducted using MEDLINE(PubMed), Embase and Cochrane Library. The methodological quality was assessed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB2.0. Mean difference(MD) or standardized mean difference(SMD) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Five RCTs were included. We found no significant differences in the effects between LIRTBFR, MIRT and HIRT on muscle strength, which was assessed by tests of quadriceps strength(SMD = -0.01[-0.57, 0.54], P = 0.96; I² = 58%) and functionality measured by tests with patterns similar to walking(SMD = -0.04[-0.39, 0.31], P = 0.82; I² = 0%). Compared to HIRT, muscle mass gain after LIRTBFR was reported to be similar. When comparing LIRTBFR with low intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction(LIRT), the effect LIRTBFR was reported to be higher on muscle strength, which was evaluated by the knee extension test. CONCLUSION: LIRTBFR appears to be a promising strategy for gains in muscle strength, muscle mass and functionality in a predominant sample of RA and OA women.

Effects of Traditional and Vascular Restricted Strength Training Program With Equalized Volume on Isometric and Dynamic Strength, Muscle Thickness, Electromyographic Activity, and Endothelial Function Adaptations in Young Adults.

Ramis, TR, Muller, CHdL, Boeno, FP, Teixeira, BC, Rech, A, Pompermayer, MG, Medeiros, NdS, Oliveira, ÁRd, Pinto, RS, and Ribeiro, JL. Effects of traditional and vascular restricted strength training program with equalized volume on isometric and dynamic strength, muscle thickness, electromyographic activity, and endothelial function adaptations in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 689-698, 2020-The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the acute and chronic effects of partial vascular occlusion training in young, physically active adults. Neuromuscular, morphological, and endothelial function responses were compared between high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT) and low-intensity resistance training with partial vascular occlusion (LI-BFR), despite the same training volume. The 28 subjects (age, 23.96 ± 2.67 years) were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LI-BFR (n = 15) and HI-RT (n = 13). Both groups performed unilateral exercise of elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. This study was approved by the ethics committee. Flow-mediated dilation showed a significant difference in baseline and post-training in the LI-BFR group (4.44 ± 0.51 vs. 6.35 ± 2.08 mm, respectively). For nitrite/nitrate concentrations only, there was a significant difference when comparing pre- and post-acute exercise in both groups. The torque and rep. Sixty percent 1 repetition maximum had improvements in both groups. There were differences between groups only in isometric delta EF and isokinetic delta KE (EF 3.42 ± 5.09 and 9.61 ± 7.52 N·m; KE 12.78 ± 25.61 and 42.69 ± 35.68 N·m; LI-BFR and HI-RT groups, respectively). There was a significant increase of muscle thickness in both groups. An increase of both isokinetic and isometric electromyography (EMG) of biceps of the HI-RT group was observed. The same was observed for the LI-BFR group regarding isokinetic and isometric EMG of vastus lateralis. Thus, in addition to strength and hypertrophy gains, this study also shows benefits related to vascular function. For practical applications, this study demonstrates a clinical importance of LI-BFR training as an alternative methodology.

Effects of a Single Session of High- and Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Endothelial Function of Middle-Aged Sedentary Men.

Regular resistance exercise is associated with metabolic, neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations which improve quality of life and health. However, sedentary subjects have shown acute impairments in endothelial function after high-intensity resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate endothelial function in sedentary middle-aged men after a single session of resistance exercise at different intensities. Eleven sedentary middle-aged men (40.1 ± 3.9 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2) underwent three different conditions of assessment: (1) single knee extension exercise at moderate intensity (MI) [4 sets of 12 repetitions at 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each leg], (2) single knee extension exercise at high intensity (HI) (4 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% of 1RM for each leg), (3) resting for the control condition (CON). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed before, 30 and 60 min after exercise. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrites and nitrates (NOx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured before, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Blood pressure (BP) was measured prior to the experimental protocols, and in the following times: immediately following, and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min after exertion. There was a significant improvement in FMD 30 min after MI condition (12.5 ± 4.10 vs. 17.2 ± 3.9%; p = 0.016). NOx levels were significantly higher immediately after MI (6.8 ± 3.3 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 µM; p = 0.007) and there was a significant increase in the concentration of ET-1 immediately after HI (20.02 ± 2.2 vs. 25.4 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference for BP (MI vs. HI) and TBARS among the experimental conditions. Resistance exercise performed at moderate intensity improved vasodilatation via increases on NOx levels and FMD in sedentary middle-aged men.

Acute glycemic responses along 10-week high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes patients.

Glycemic fluctuations were compared throughout 10-week high-intensity training protocols in T1DM patients. Differences were compared using the rate of change in glycaemia during exercise (RoCE). HIIT sessions led to lower RoCE in most weeks than other training protocols. The occurrence of level 1 hypoglycemia along sessions were similar among interventions.

Hypotensive response to continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval exercise matched by volume in sedentary subjects / Resposta hipotensiva ao exercício aeróbio contínuo e intervalado de alta intensidade pareados por volume em indivíduos sedentários

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for heart disease. Among the benefits linked to different modalities of physical exercise, post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a key point for exercise prescription in this condition. Objective: To investigate and compare PEH in response to continuous aerobic exercise (CONT) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matched by volume, in sedentary individuals. Methods: A randomized cross-over study, composed of sedentary, healthy male subjects submitted to two acute physical exercise protocols matched by volume, HIIE and CONT, on a treadmill. Hemodynamic measures for the evaluation of PEH were performed pre, immediately after exercise and every five minutes thereafter, during one hour of recovery. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used for comparisons between groups and Bonferroni post hoc test as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Both exercise protocols promoted significant PEH, with reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HIIE promoted a reduction of SBP and MAP at the 15th minute, whereas the same effect was observed at the 30th following CONT. Conclusion: Both HIIE and CONT, matched by volume, promote PEH of similar magnitude. However, PEH occurs earlier following HIIE, suggesting a better time /effectiveness ratio, and an additional beneficial effect of this modality

Acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise on fructose-induced postprandial lipemia on lean male subjects.

PURPOSE: The addition of fructose to one or more meals daily may lead to increased postprandial lipemia (PPL). Aerobic exercise has been successful in preventing those increases; however, the duration of exercise effects is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise and fructose ingestion on PPL. METHODS: Twelve young and sedentary men completed a crossover blinded randomized trial. On day 0, they performed 45 min of aerobic exercise at 60% of VO2peak, or 45 min of resting. On day 1, they received a high-fat meal together with one of the following conditions: (a) a fructose-rich beverage (FRUCT), or (b) exercise performed 13 h before the fructose-rich beverage ingestion (FRUCTEX), or (c) a dextrose-based beverage (DEX). On day 2, all subjects received a high-fat meal plus dextrose. Five blood samples were taken on days 1 and 2, to measure triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol, VLDL, total cholesterol (TC), glucose and insulin. RESULTS: On day 1, the delta of the TG peak was higher for FRUCT compared to DEX condition (+ 73.7%; p = 0.019). Total area under the curve (AUC) of TG was lower on the condition FRUCTEX compared to FRUCT (+ 30%; p = 0.001). There was no effect of the beverages or the exercise on VLDL, TC, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol (p > 0.05). There were no differences found in any of the parameters assessed on day 2 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fructose consumption (0.5 g/kg) severely increased postprandial TG on day 1, but not on day 2. Previous exercise performance could lead to ~ 30% reduction on the AUC of postprandial TG in 13 h, but not after 37 h followed by fructose consumption. The regularity of physical exercise practice seems to be essential to promote a constant hypolipemic effect.

Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular function of young healthy males.

BACKGROUND: Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. METHODS: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. RESULTS: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Cardiorespiratory responses of a dance session designed for older women: A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Dancing has been increasingly used as a type of exercise intervention to improve cardiovascular fitness of older people. However, it is unclear which may be the exercise intensity of the dance sessions. OBJECTIVE: To describe cardiorespiratory responses of a dance session for older women, and to identify intensity zones in relation to peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). METHODS: Ten women (66 ±â€¯5 yrs., BMI 27 ±â€¯4) were examined on three occasions: Familiarization, maximum effort and dance sessions. Incremental treadmill test: 5 km/h, 2% slope each min, until maximum effort. Dance class (60 min): warm-up (20 min), across-the-floor (10 min), choreography (15 min), show (10 min) and cool-down (5 min). Ventilatory parameters were measured continuously (breath-by-breath). RESULTS: VO2 (mL·kg-1·min-1): Maximum effort: VO2peak (23.3 ±â€¯4.3), VT1 (17.2 ±â€¯3.5) and VT2 (20.9 ±â€¯3.4). Dancing: warm-up (12.8 ±â€¯2.4, ~55%VO2peak), across-the-floor (14.2 ±â€¯2.4 ~62%VO2peak), choreography (14.6 ±â€¯3.2 ~63%VO2peak) and show (16.1 ±â€¯3.3, ~69% VO2peak). Show was similar to VT1. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiorespiratory demands of a dance class for older women are at low aerobic intensity. Show was similar to VT1, indicating that a dance class may be modulated to improve aerobic fitness, at least at initial stages of training.

Função endotelial e perfil lipídico de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado / Endothelial function and lipid profile of individuals with schizophrenia participating in a supported employment program

Introdução: Pessoas com esquizofrenia habitualmente têm um funcionamento social empobrecido e são sedentárias. A participação social, especialmente a inclusão no universo do trabalho, pode interferir positivamente na vida dessas pessoas, reduzindo o sedentarismo e melhorando sua saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil lipídico e os marcadores da função endotelial de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa do tipo quase-experimental que avaliou um grupo de 14 sujeitos com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de inclusão laboral. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes de ingressarem no programa (momento 1) e um ano depois (momento 2). Foram dosados: colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, nitritos e nitratos séricos (marcadores da função endotelial). Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software SPSS 20. Resultados: As frações de colesterol high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) e low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) sofreram modificações significativas após o período de um ano de inserção no mercado de trabalho. O HDL aumentou de 82,30 para 98,60 mg/dL (p<0,01). Já o LDL apresentou uma redução de 54,50 para 44,45 mg/dL (p<0,02). Os triglicerídeos e o colesterol total mantiveram-se estáveis. Com relação aos nitritos e nitratos, houve diminuição significativa de 15,20 para 14,48 µmol (p<0,01). Discussão: A participação no programa de emprego apoiado pode ter influenciado positivamente no perfil lipídico dos sujeitos e em sua função endotelial. Além disso, os nitritos também têm sido apontados como mediadores do processo inflamatório neural e sua diminuição está associada à melhora no prognóstico de doenças crônicas como a esquizofrenia

Background: The social function of individuals with schizophrenia is usually poor and this population exhibits a sedentary lifestyle. Social participation, inclusion in the world of work in particular, might favorably interfere with the lives of these individuals by reducing sedentarism and improving their state of health. Objective: To analyze the lipid profile and endothelial function markers among individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a supported employment program. Methods: Quantitative quasi-experimental study conducted with 14 individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a labor inclusion program. Participants were assessed before enrolment (time-point 1) and one year later (time-point 2). Total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, serum nitrates and nitrites (endothelial function markers) were measured. The data were analyzed with software SPSS 20. Results: The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels exhibited significant changes one year after inclusion in the labor market. HDL increased from 82.30 to 98.60 mg/dL (p<0.01) and LDL decreased from 54.50 to 44.45 mg/dL (p<0.02). The triglyceride and total cholesterol levels remained stable. The nitrate and nitrite level exhibited significant reduction from 15.20 to 14.48 µMol (p<0.01). Conclusion: Participation in the supported employment program might have favorably influenced the participants' lipid profile and endothelial function. Nitrites have been described as mediators in the neural inflammatory process, and reduction of their levels is associated with better prognosis of chronic diseases such as schizophrenia.

Efeito agudo do exercício de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo sobre parâmetros antioxidantes em indivíduos jovens saudáveis / Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular function of young healthy males

O treinamento de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (TFRFS) promove adaptações neuromusculares semelhantes às do treinamento de força tradicional utilizando pequenas cargas de treinamento. No entanto, sua repercussão sobre parâmetros antioxidantes e sobre a função vascular precisa ser mais bem compreendida. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma sessão de exercício de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, em comparação ao exercício de força de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade sem restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, sobre os níveis de subprodutos do oxido nítrico e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em jovens saudáveis. Métodos: Onze indivíduos jovens realizaram três sessões de exercício de força: baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (BIRFS), alta intensidade (AI) ou baixa intensidade (BI). Foram avaliadas a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e dos metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NOx). Resultados: Não houve modificações nos níveis plasmáticos de NOx nas diferentes condições de exercício (p > 0,05). A atividade da SOD apresentou uma diminuição significativa na condição BIRFS (p < 0,05). A atividade da CAT diminuiu significativamente na condição BI (p < 0.05). Conclusões: A partir do presente estudo sugere-se que uma sessão de treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo não reduz a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico, bem como não induz desequilíbrio redox em indivíduos jovens saudáveis.

Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. Methods: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. Results: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Endothelial function and lipid profile of individuals with schizophrenia participating in a supported employment program.

BACKGROUND: The social function of individuals with schizophrenia is usually poor and this population exhibits a sedentary lifestyle. Social participation, inclusion in the world of work in particular, might favorably interfere with the lives of these individuals by reducing sedentarism and improving their state of health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the lipid profile and endothelial function markers among individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a supported employment program. METHODS: Quantitative quasi-experimental study conducted with 14 individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a labor inclusion program. Participants were assessed before enrolment (time-point 1) and one year later (time-point 2). Total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, serum nitrates and nitrites (endothelial function markers) were measured. The data were analyzed with software SPSS 20. RESULTS: The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels exhibited significant changes one year after inclusion in the labor market. HDL increased from 82.30 to 98.60 mg/dL (p<0.01) and LDL decreased from 54.50 to 44.45 mg/dL (p<0.02). The triglyceride and total cholesterol levels remained stable. The nitrate and nitrite level exhibited significant reduction from 15.20 to 14.48 µMol (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Participation in the supported employment program might have favorably influenced the participants' lipid profile and endothelial function. Nitrites have been described as mediators in the neural inflammatory process, and reduction of their levels is associated with better prognosis of chronic diseases such as schizophrenia.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pessoas com esquizofrenia habitualmente têm um funcionamento social empobrecido e são sedentárias. A participação social, especialmente a inclusão no universo do trabalho, pode interferir positivamente na vida dessas pessoas, reduzindo o sedentarismo e melhorando sua saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil lipídico e os marcadores da função endotelial de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado. MÉTODO: Pesquisa quantitativa do tipo quase-experimental que avaliou um grupo de 14 sujeitos com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de inclusão laboral. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes de ingressarem no programa (momento 1) e um ano depois (momento 2). Foram dosados: colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, nitritos e nitratos séricos (marcadores da função endotelial). Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software SPSS 20. RESULTADOS: As frações de colesterol high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) e low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) sofreram modificações significativas após o período de um ano de inserção no mercado de trabalho. O HDL aumentou de 82,30 para 98,60 mg/dL (p<0,01). Já o LDL apresentou uma redução de 54,50 para 44,45 mg/dL (p<0,02). Os triglicerídeos e o colesterol total mantiveram-se estáveis. Com relação aos nitritos e nitratos, houve diminuição significativa de 15,20 para 14,48 µmol (p<0,01). DISCUSSÃO: A participação no programa de emprego apoiado pode ter influenciado positivamente no perfil lipídico dos sujeitos e em sua função endotelial. Além disso, os nitritos também têm sido apontados como mediadores do processo inflamatório neural e sua diminuição está associada à melhora no prognóstico de doenças crônicas como a esquizofrenia.

Acute response of peripheral CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the peripheral expression of natural killers and CCR5 in a session of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion and in high-intensity training. Young males were randomized into session groups of a high-intensity strength training (HI) and a session group of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion (LI-BFR). The exercise session consisted in knee extension and bicep curl in 80% 1RM (HI) and 30% 1RM (LI-BFR) with equalized volumes. Blood collection was made before, immediately after and 24 h after each training session. Immunophenotyping was carried out through CD195+ (CCR5) e CD3-CD16+CD56+ (NK) in peripheral blood and analysed by flow cytometry and presented in frequency (%). Peripheral frequency of NK cells showed no significant difference in LI-BFR group in time effect, while a gradual reduction of NK cells was identified in HI group in before-24 h postexercise and after-24 h postexercise comparison. However, significant differences have been found in relative change of NK cells immediately after exercise between sessions. In addition, HI and LI-BFR groups showed a significant reduction in the cells expressed CCR5 during 24 h postsession compared to the postsession, but CCR5 also differed when comparing before-24 h after session in the HI group. No differences were observed amongst the groups. LIO induced CCR5 response similar to the HI session, while the NK cells remained in similar frequency during the studied moments in LI-BFR, but not in HI group, suggesting that local hypoxia created by the blood flow restriction was able to prevent a change in the frequency of peripheral cells and a possible immunosuppression.

Effects of concurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in obese individuals.

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and increased oxidative stress. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress in obese individuals subjected to two types of concurrent training at the same intensity but differing in frequency. Accordingly, 25 individuals were divided into two groups: concurrent training 1 (CT1) (5 d/wk) and concurrent training 2 (CT2) (3 d/wk), both with moderate intensity. Anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress were analyzed before and after 26 sessions of training. Both groups had reduced body weight and body mass index (P < 0.05), but only CT1 showed lower body fat percentage and increased basal metabolic rate (P < 0.05). Moreover, CT1 had increased HOMA-IR and decreased protein damage (carbonyl level), and CT2 had decreased HOMA-IR and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS level) (P < 0.05). On the other hand, both training protocols reduced the GPx activity. It can be concluded that both types of concurrent training could be an alternative for lowering body weight and BMI. Also, it was observed that concurrent training, depending on the frequency, can contribute to reducing body fat, oxidative damage (protein oxidation), and IR but can induce oxidative damage to lipids. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved.

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk / Marcadores inflamatórios, função endotelial e riscos cardiovasculares

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject 'inflammatory markers and endothelial function'. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases...

A necessidade de estudo das Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV) vem à tona pelo aumento da sua prevalência ao longo dos anos. Uma parede endotelial íntegra é essencial para a saúde vascular. Alguns fatores são responsáveis pela integridade deste tecido, como o óxido nítrico (NO), que provoca a dilatação do vaso sanguíneo em resposta ao estresse de cisalhamento. A expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS), que produz óxido nítrico em resposta ao incremento do fluxo sanguíneo, é fundamental para a manutenção do sistema vascular. Quando há inibição desta enzima, ocorre diminuição da produção de óxido nítrico, causando disfunção endotelial. A PCR inibe a produção de óxido nítrico pela enzima eNOS, sendo então uma causadora de disfunção endotelial e eventos cardiovasculares. O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar artigos científicos na literatura relacionados ao tema 'marcadores inflamatórios e função endotelial'. Foi realizada uma ampla revisão de literatura atual, utilizando-se análise sistemática das referências bibliográficas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Medline e Lilacs, no período de 1992 a 2013. Os estudos revisados mostram que o aumento da inflamação causa uma diminuição de NO e aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. O aumento da inflamação está associado ao aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares...

Treinamento intermitente na reabilitação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: revisão sistemática / Intermittent training for rehabilitation of heart failure patients: a systematic review

Diversos estudos investigaram os efeitos do treinamento contínuo moderado em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Por sua vez, o treinamento intermitente(TI) tem se mostrado eficaz no tratamento desses sujeitos,uma vez que permite intensidades mais altas de exercício.No entanto, a intensidade ideal para se obter os melhores benefícios de um programa de treinamento ainda não está estabelecida. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar na literatura estudos que utilizaram oTI em pacientes com IC, resumir os achados desses estudos e identificar áreas para investigações futuras.Foram encontrados e analisados sete ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), envolvendo 417 pacientes (347homens). Todos os ECR indicaram melhoras em virtude do TI no programa de reabilitação dos pacientes com IC, e nenhum evento cardíaco foi registrado durante arealização dos exercícios. Apesar da grande variação encontrada no modelo de prescrição da intensidade do exercício, o TI parece ser uma estratégia interessante no processo de reabilitação dessa população. Mais investigações são necessárias para padronizar o modelo de prescrição e identificar qual, ou quais as intensidades mais adequadas para a prescrição de programa de treinamento físico ideal para pacientes com IC.

Many studies have investigated the effects of moderate continuous training for patients with heart failure. Intermittent training has also proven effective in the treatment of these subjects, as it allows higher intensity exercise. However, the optimal intensity for obtaining the greatest benefits from a training program has not yet been established. In this context, the purpose of this paperis to review the literature on studies using intermittent training in patients with heart failure, summarizing their findings and identifying areas for future research. Seven randomized controlled trials were found and analyzed,involving 417 patients (347 men). All the trials showed improvements resulting from intermittent training in there habilitation programs of patients with heart failure,with no cardiac events recorded during the exercises. Despite the wide variation in the exercise intensity prescription models in the studies, intermittent training seems to be an interesting strategy for the rehabilitation of this population. Further investigation is needed to standardize the prescription model and identify the most appropriate intensities for physical training programs working with heart failure patients.

[Smoking and alcohol consumption among university students: prevalence and associated factors]. / Tabagismo e consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários: prevalência e fatores associados.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake among university students from the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil (UFPel), as well as to investigate factors associated with both habits. The sample included 485 students who were admitted to the university in 2008. Students were sampled randomly across all schools of the UFPel campus, and answered a pre-tested questionnaire, which was administered in the classroom by a member of the research team. Of the individuals interviewed, 53.9% were females and 42.3% were under 20 years. Regarding alcohol intake, 75% used alcohol once a month or less frequently, and the prevalence of risk for abusive alcohol intake was 6.2%. Regarding smoking, 10.2% reported smoking regularly or on weekends. More than 90% of those who smoked or used alcohol started before entering the university. Smoking was directly related to age and inversely related to self-rated health. In terms of alcohol intake, those who lived with friends were more likely to use it. Our data suggest the need for implementing strategies to promote healthy lifestyles among university students. However, the fact that more than 90% of individuals started to smoke or drink before entering the university suggests that interventions should target adolescents as a whole, and not only those who are university students, because onset of smoking and alcohol intake seems to occur at earlier ages.

Tabagismo e consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários: prevalência e fatores associados / Smoking and alcohol consumption among university students: prevalence and associated factors

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a prevalência de tabagismo e consumo de álcool entre estudantes da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), além de investigar os fatores associados a esses comportamentos. A amostra foi composta por 485 alunos que ingressaram na UFPel em 2008. Os alunos foram selecionados de maneira aleatória entre cursos de todas as áreas da UFPel e responderam a um questionário pré-testado na sala de aula, sob supervisão da equipe de pesquisa. Dos indivíduos entrevistados, 53,9% eram do sexo feminino e 42,3% tinham menos de 20 anos. Em relação ao consumo de álcool, 75% da amostra o utilizam pelo menos uma vez por mês; a prevalência de risco para o alcoolismo foi de 6,2%. Em relação ao tabagismo, 10,2% dos estudantes relataram fumar regularmente ou nos fins-de-semana. Além disso, mais de 90% dos fumantes e dos que consomem bebidas alcoólicas iniciaram o hábito antes de ingressar na universidade. O tabagismo apresentou uma relação direta com a idade e inversa com a autopercepção de saúde. Em relação ao álcool, estudantes que moram com amigos relataram um maior consumo. Os dados sugerem a necessidade de intervenções no meio acadêmico. Entretanto, cabe destacar que as ações para a população adolescente como um todo devam ser priorizadas, pois mais de 90% dos alunos adquiriram os hábitos antes de ingressarem na universidade, demonstrando que o início do consumo está ocorrendo em idades mais precoces.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake among university students from the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil (UFPel), as well as to investigate factors associated with both habits. The sample included 485 students who were admitted to the university in 2008. Students were sampled randomly across all schools of the UFPel campus, and answered a pre-tested questionnaire, which was administered in the classroom by a member of the research team. Of the individuals interviewed, 53.9% were females and 42.3% were under 20 years. Regarding alcohol intake, 75% used alcohol once a month or less frequently, and the prevalence of risk for abusive alcohol intake was 6.2%. Regarding smoking, 10.2% reported smoking regularly or on weekends. More than 90% of those who smoked or used alcohol started before entering the university. Smoking was directly related to age and inversely related to self-rated health. In terms of alcohol intake, those who lived with friends were more likely to use it. Our data suggest the need for implementing strategies to promote healthy lifestyles among university students. However, the fact that more than 90% of individuals started to smoke or drink before entering the university suggests that interventions should target adolescents as a whole, and not only those who are university students, because onset of smoking and alcohol intake seems to occur at earlier ages.