A dynamic resazurin microassay allowing accurate quantification of cells and suitable for acid-forming bacteria.

A resazurin micro-assay was developed to quantify acidifying bacteria. The resorufin fluorescent signal was measured over time and the determined time to reach the max slope (TMS) was plotted against CFU (colony forming unit) counts. This dynamic assay enabled to quantify nine lactic acid bacteria and a Bacillus licheniformis strain despite the increasing acidity of the medium.

Rapid enzymatic synthesis of long RNA polymers: A simple protocol to generate RNA libraries with random sequences.

RNA aptamers have several advantages over DNA aptamers due to their propensity to fold into three-dimensional structures. However, the synthesis of large RNA libraries remains a challenge as it requires more precautions to conserve their functional integrity, especially when such libraries are intended for aptamers or ribozymes selection. Here, we present an enzymatic method that enables the rapid synthesis of RNA polymers thanks to the efficient incorporation of ribonucleotides (NTPs) as well as chemically modified ribonucleotides by human DNA polymerase Theta (θ) mutants. These mutants have the ability to generate long single-stranded RNA polynucleotides of random sequences due to their improved template-free terminal nucleotidyltransferase activity. Here we describe the detailed protocols to produce large and diverse libraries of RNA, to make them ready to use in repeated cycles of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) and to synthesize C2'-modified nucleic acids with higher nuclease resistance.

Enzymatic synthesis of random sequences of RNA and RNA analogues by DNA polymerase theta mutants for the generation of aptamer libraries.

Nucleic acid aptamers, especially RNA, exhibit valuable advantages compared to protein therapeutics in terms of size, affinity and specificity. However, the synthesis of libraries of large random RNAs is still difficult and expensive. The engineering of polymerases able to directly generate these libraries has the potential to replace the chemical synthesis approach. Here, we start with a DNA polymerase that already displays a significant template-free nucleotidyltransferase activity, human DNA polymerase theta, and we mutate it based on the knowledge of its three-dimensional structure as well as previous mutational studies on members of the same polA family. One mutant exhibited a high tolerance towards ribonucleotides (NTPs) and displayed an efficient ribonucleotidyltransferase activity that resulted in the assembly of long RNA polymers. HPLC analysis and RNA sequencing of the products were used to quantify the incorporation of the four NTPs as a function of initial NTP concentrations and established the randomness of each generated nucleic acid sequence. The same mutant revealed a propensity to accept other modified nucleotides and to extend them in long fragments. Hence, this mutant can deliver random natural and modified RNA polymers libraries ready to use for SELEX, with custom lengths and balanced or unbalanced ratios.

Quantification of amyloid fibrils using size exclusion chromatography coupled with online fluorescence and ultraviolet detection.

An amyloid fibrils investigation within biofilm samples requires distinguishing the amyloid ß-sheet structure of these proteins and quantifying them. In this study, the property of amyloids to incorporate the fluorescent dye Thioflavin T has been exploited to propose a method of quantification. The experimental protocol includes the preparation of amyloids from commercial κ-casein (κCN) and their fractionation through size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to provide calibration curves from fluorescence and absorbance signals. Finally, a bacterial biofilm extract was injected into SEC, and the amyloid fibrils could be expressed as equivalent κCN, representing approximately 21% of the total proteins.