New-onset hydrocephalus in an adult with cerebral palsy: A case report and review of the literature.

Hydrocephalus is a common comorbidity associated with brain injuries, including cerebral palsy (CP). In CP, hydrocephalus typically presents in infancy or early childhood. This report describes a patient in their mid 20 s with mixed dyskinetic-spastic CP with adult-onset hydrocephalus of unknown cause initially presenting with new-onset bilateral lower extremity spasms. Multiple interventions were trialed, including ischial bursal steroid injections, botulinum toxin injections, trigger point injections, multiple oral medications, and physical and massage therapies without benefit. Given lack of treatment response, imaging of the neuraxis was obtained. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated new diffuse moderate ventriculomegaly compared to prior MRI. Ophthalmologic evaluation demonstrated papilledema, and opening pressure on lumbar puncture was elevated to 44 mmHg H2O. The patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement with rapid and near-resolution of their spasms and pain. This patient represents a unique case of new-onset hydrocephalus in an adult with CP. To ensure appropriate and timely diagnosis and treatment, individuals with neurologic conditions such as CP should have ongoing surveillance and comprehensive evaluation for any neurologic or functional changes, including changes in baseline tone. Future research is needed to better understand if adults with CP are at higher risk for the development of hydrocephalus in adulthood.

Utilizing combination intrathecal baclofen and analgesic medication to manage spasticity and pain in patients with pediatric-onset disability: Case series.

PURPOSE: The use of intrathecal medications for the management of spasticity and various pain syndromes in the adult population has been previously reported. However, no evidence-based guidelines currently exist in the pediatric population. This case series presents patients (n = 8) with pediatric-onset disability who underwent placement of intrathecal baclofen pumps initially for management of severe spasticity. Despite titration of dose and use of oral analgesia, their uncontrolled pain persisted. Each patient was transitioned to a combination of baclofen and analgesic intrathecal therapy. The outcome in pain improvement and quality of life, as reported by patients and/or caregivers, were retrospectively reviewed. METHODS: Retrospective review of the background and decision-making process regarding transition to combination intrathecal therapy identified patient selection characteristics. Each patient and/or their caregivers completed a survey regarding improvements in pain, spasticity, function, and quality of life following initiation of combination intrathecal medications. RESULTS: Survey results revealed improvements in functional and pain assessments after initiation of combination baclofen and analgesic intrathecal medication. Patients and caregivers reported decreases in pain and oral spasticity medications. CONCLUSION: Use of pumps with antispasmodic and analgesic medication for combination intrathecal medication delivery should be considered in the management of patients with childhood-onset disabilities who have both severe spasticity and pain.

COVID-19 Presentation in an Acute Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Inpatient Rehabilitation.

ABSTRACT: Spinal cord injuries lead to impairment of the central regulation of respiratory muscle activity. This impairs the cough response, which can increase the risk of complications if infected with coronavirus disease 2019. This case describes a 32-yr-old man with an acute traumatic motor incomplete spinal cord injury, C4 American Spinal cord Injury Association Impairment Scale D D, in an inpatient rehabilitation facility who presented with only a fever. Initial infectious workup was negative, and he continued to have elevated temperatures with no other symptoms. He was then tested for coronavirus disease 2019 and found to be positive. This is the first documented case that identifies this potentially lethal disease in an acute motor incomplete spinal cord injury in an inpatient rehabilitation setting. We further discuss how physiatrists need to be aware of milder presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with spinal cord injuries. Inability to recognize this disease can lead to delayed diagnosis and asymptomatic spread in an inpatient rehabilitation setting.

A risk-stratified approach toward safely resuming OnabotulinumtoxinA injections based on dosing and ambulatory status in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy during the Coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19).

PURPOSE: After the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic of 2019-2020 (COVID-19), physicians who inject OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) were left with determining risks and benefits in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Many of these patients have pre-existing conditions that make them more prone to COVID-19 symptoms, and this susceptibility potentially increases after BoNT-A injections. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 500 patients identified 256 pediatric patients with cerebral palsy who received an intramuscular BoNT-A injection to determine relative doses used for each Gross Motor Functional Classification Score (GMFCS). Data regarding age, weight, GMFCS, BoNT-A total body dosage, and inpatient hospitalizations for 6 months post-injection were collected. Differences between GMFCS levels were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance testing. Inpatient hospitalizations were recorded and assessed using relative risk to determine the population risk of hospitalization in the setting of initiating injections during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Based on GMFCS level, patients who were GMFCS I or II received fewer units of BoNT-A medication per kilogram of body weight compared to GMFCS III-V (p< 0.0005, F= 25.38). There was no statistically significant difference in frequency or time to hospitalization when comparing patients receiving BoNT-A compared to a control group. CONCLUSIONS: Resumption of BoNT-A injections during the time of COVID-19 requires a systematic approach based on risks and potential benefits. Data from this analysis does not show increased risk for patients who received injections historically; however, recommendations for resumption of injections has not previously been proposed in the setting of a pandemic. In this manuscript, a tiered approach to considerations for injections was proposed. Botulinum toxin type A injections have a history of improving spasticity in the pediatric patient with cerebral palsy. Ensuring appropriate selection of patients for injection with BoNT-A during this pandemic is increasingly important.

Variability of Steady State Oral Baclofen Prescribing Practices in Pediatric Patients With Cerebral Palsy.

The aim of the study was to identify oral baclofen dosing variability at steady state based on weight and Gross Motor Function Classification System level using a retrospective cross-sectional study design. The medical records of 500 pediatric aged patients (age 1-21 yrs) were reviewed to obtain 144 pediatric patients who met inclusion criteria. One-way analysis of variance tests revealed increasing mean doses in baclofen (in milligram per kilogram) with higher Gross Motor Function Classification System levels (P = 0.001). Post hoc Tukey analysis showed patients with higher ambulatory ability (Gross Motor Function Classification System I-II) received a lower total daily dosage than did patients with less ambulatory ability (Gross Motor Function Classification System III-V). A moderate correlation was observed with increasing oral baclofen dose as weight increased (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001). Because of the variability in dosing between Gross Motor Function Classification System levels, prescribing oral baclofen for pediatric patients with cerebral palsy may not follow the traditional model of weight-based dosing seen in other pediatric conditions.

An unusual recovery from traumatic brain injury in a young man.

CONTEXT: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a complex neurological traumatic incident where brain function is disrupted due to physical trauma, can be categorized in multiple ways and is commonly scored using the Glasgow Coma Scale. Severe closed head injury is a form of TBI with a Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8. The outcomes and prognosis are not uniform in the population but mortality is estimated at 30-50 percent. In this case of severe closed head injury, the patient was able to make a near full recovery after several neurosurgery and medical treatments and intercessory prayer to Saint Luigi Guanella. FINDINGS: A 21-year-old male patient received a severe closed head TBI and bilateral hemotympanum while rollerblading without a helmet. After imaging, a left frontal craniotomy and evacuation of epidural and subdural hematomas and resection of a left frontal contusion were performed. Intracranial pressure increased and the patient experienced a transtentorial herniation. He underwent a right frontotemporal and subtemporal craniectomy and evacuation of a frontotemporal subdural hematoma. The patient had intraventricular hemorrhage to which a ventriculostomy was performed and later converted to a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for recurrent hydrocephalus. The patient was not expected to regain consciousness, but made a recovery after 24 days in the hospital and 10 days in rehabilitation. The patient followed up 6 months after injury for a cranioplasty and soon after returned to near baseline. CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this extraordinary case, the severe closed head injury the patient sustained required intensive neurosurgical and medical treatment and the prognosis for recovery of consciousness was very poor; however, with treatment and rehabilitation and intercessory prayer to Saint Luigi Guanella, this patient was able to recover close to baseline from a Glasgow Coma Scale of 7. LAY SUMMARY: Head injuries vary in severity and traumatic brain injuries can be extremely serious leading to bleeding, loss of consciousness, and can affect verbal responses, muscles movement in motor responses, and responses with eye movement. Traumatic brain injuries require medical care to assess the severity and treat the injury. In this case report, we discuss a patient's very severe closed head injury while rollerblading without a helmet from which he was not expected to make a full recovery, but did so following intensive medical treatment, rehabilitation, and intercessory prayer to Saint Don Guanella to combat the initial injury and subsequent issues.

Pituitary carcinoma recurrent to the lumbar intradural extramedullary space: case report.

CONTEXT: Pituitary tumors are rare, and pituitary carcinomas are rarer still. Prognosis is poor, with less than 50% of patients surviving past 1 year after diagnosis. In this case of spinal metastasis from an adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary carcinoma, the intradural extramedullary metastases recurred in the same lumbar area 6 years apart. FINDINGS: Fourteen years prior to presentation in our clinic, a 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with pituitary adenoma which was treated with resection followed by radiation. Eight years later, an intradural extramedullary spinal drop metastasis at L2-L3 was again treated with resection and radiation. Three years later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass encasing the right carotid artery, which was treated for 1 year with chemotherapy using temozolomide (Temodar). Three years later, MRI showed intradural extramedullary metastases at the L3-L4 intervertebral disc space and behind the L3 vertebral body; treatment was again resection followed by radiation. Back pain and weakness resolved after surgery and her neurological examination returned to baseline. There was no evidence of recurrence 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSION/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this unusual case, this pituitary carcinoma metastasized twice in 6 years to virtually the same intradural extramedullary lumbar region. Surgical resection of these masses aided in relieving neurological symptoms and prolonging life.