Children accessing accident and emergency department for non-urgent consultations: A cross-sectional study about parents' use of primary care services.

INTRODUCTION: Parents often take their children to the Paediatric Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) for non-urgent consultations rather than using community-based primary care services. This study describes the use of primary care services in parents taking their children to the A&E for non-urgent consultations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019, in a second-level Italian paediatric A&E of a tertiary-level children's academic research and hub hospital. Parents of children aged between 3 months and 6 years assigned with a white code at the triage were asked to complete a paper-and-pencil 40-item questionnaire after accessing the A&E for a non-urgent consultation. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by the parents of 237 children (males 58 %; median age = 2.3 years). Overall, 48.1 % (n = 114) of the parents reported consulting 'often/always' the primary care paediatrician, mainly when their child was sick and for check-ups (n = 182, 76.8 %). However, only 7.2 % (n = 17) of the parents 'often/always' used any other health service in the community. Most of them (n = 191, 82 %) did not even know where the community health centre was located. CONCLUSION: Parents accessing the A&E for non-urgent consultations should be better informed/educated on how to use community health services.

Acute Pupillary Disorders in Children: A 10-Year Retrospective Study of 101 Patients.

BACKGROUND: To date, no study has specifically examined children with acute-onset pupillary motility disorders (APMD). Especially in the Emergency Department (ED), it is crucial to distinguish benign and transient conditions from life-threatening or urgent conditions (UCs). The aim of the study is to describe the clinical characteristics of children with APMD and their association with an increased risk of UCs. METHODS: We conducted a pediatric retrospective study of APMD referred to ED over a 10-year period. We described the characteristics in the overall sample and in two subgroups divided according to urgency of the underlying condition. Furthermore, we applied a logistic regression model to identify the variables predictive of LT condition. RESULTS: We analyzed 101 patients. In 59.4%, the APMD was isolated. In patients with extra-ocular involvement, the most frequently associated features were altered consciousness, headache, and vomiting. Exposure to toxic agents was reported in 48.5%. Urgent conditions occurred significantly more frequently in older children, presenting bilateral APMD and/or other ocular or extra-ocular manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that UCs most commonly occur in patients presenting with bilateral APMD and other associated features. In unilateral/isolated APMD ophthalmological examination, exclusion of toxic exposure and observation until resolution of symptoms should be recommended.

Urgent psychiatric consultations for suicide attempt and suicidal ideation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in an Italian pediatric emergency setting.

Introduction: Suicidal attempts (SAs) in youth have been increasing during the last decades. Methods: We studied consultations, SA, and suicidal ideation (SI) in a pediatric emergency department (ED). Results: From 1 January 2011 to 31 May 2022, 606,159 patients accessed the ED, 8,397 of who had a child psychiatry consultation (CPC). CPCs increased significantly by 11 times in the last decade (155 in 2011 vs. 1,824 in 2021, p < 0.001); CPCs for SA increased significantly by 33 times, from 6 in 2011 to 200 in 2021 (3.9% of total CPC vs. 11%, p < 0.001). While total CPCs increased constantly during the entire period (annual percent change (APC) of 21.7 from 2011 to 2021 in a 0 joinpoint model), CPCs for SA increased significantly from 2011 to 2016, were approximately stable from 2016 to 2020, and then had a peak in 2021 after the COVID-19 pandemic (APC from 2011 to 2016 of 64.1, APC of 1.2 from 2016 to 2020, and APC of 230 after 2020 in a 2-joinpoint model). Discussion: Total CPCs in ED as well as evaluation for SA and SI increased significantly during the last decade. CPCs for SA had an additional increase after the COVID-19 pandemic. This picture warrants timely and efficient improvements in emergency settings and mental health resources.

Urgent Psychiatric Consultations for Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in Italian Adolescents during Different COVID-19 Pandemic Phases.

Access to the emergency department (ED) for acute psychiatric problems, especially for suicide attempts (SA), has increased in the last decade. This increase has exceptionally accelerated after the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this project was to study the increase in acute psychiatric care demand of children and adolescents in the short and medium term after the pandemic, in relation to public health measures and in comparison with a pre pandemic reference period. We retrospectively studied 5445 child psychiatric (CP) consultations requested for any reason and for suicide attempt (SA), suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a pediatric ED during three different pandemic periods in Italy (from March 2020 to May 2022) and compared them to a pre-pandemic reference period (from January 2018 to February 2020). Monthly CP consultations for any reason increased significantly by 2.2 times from 70.9 in 2018 to 157 in 2022 (p < 0.001). During the pandemic, monthly CP consultations for any reason increased significantly from 75/month in the first lockdown to 153/month in the second lockdown, remaining stable in the following year. CP consultations for SA increased significantly from 5/month in the first lockdown to 16/month in the second. Consultations for SI increased gradually but significantly from the pre-pandemic period to the end of the pandemic. Juveniles evaluated for SA during the pandemic vs. pre-pandemic more frequently attempted suicide by self-poisoning and less frequently by precipitation, and they were more likely to be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. CP consultations for any reason and for suicide attempts significantly increased in the decade before the pandemic and peaked in the second lockdown period in Italy.

Children under 6 years with acute headache in Pediatric Emergency Departments. A 2-year retrospective exploratory multicenter Italian study.

BACKGROUND: Preschool age (i.e. children under six years of age) represents a red flag for requiring neuroimaging to exclude secondary potentially urgent intracranial conditions (PUIC) in patients with acute headache. We investigated the clinical characteristics of preschoolers with headache to identify the features associated with a greater risk of secondary "dangerous" headache. METHODS: We performed a multicenter exploratory retrospective study in Italy from January 2017 to December 2018. Preschoolers with new-onset non-traumatic headache admitted to emergency department were included and were subsequently divided into two groups: hospitalized and discharged. Among hospitalized patients, we investigated the characteristics linked to potentially urgent intracranial conditions. RESULTS: We included 1455 preschoolers with acute headache. Vomiting, ocular motility disorders, ataxia, presence of neurological symptoms and signs, torticollis and nocturnal awakening were significantly associated to hospitalization. Among the 95 hospitalized patients, 34 (2.3%) had potentially urgent intracranial conditions and more frequently they had neurological symptoms and signs, papilledema, ataxia, cranial nerves paralysis, nocturnal awakening and vomiting. Nevertheless, on multivariable logistic regression analysis, we found that only ataxia and vomiting were associated with potentially urgent intracranial conditions. CONCLUSION: Our study identified clinical features that should be carefully evaluated in the emergency department in order to obtain a prompt diagnosis and treatment of potentially urgent intracranial conditions. The prevalence of potentially urgent intracranial conditions was low in the emergency department, which may suggest that age under six should not be considered an important risk factor for malignant causes as previously thought.

Frequency and type of domestic injuries among children during COVID-19 lockdown: what changes from the past? An Italian multicentre cohort study.

Accidents are the main cause of injury in children, more than half events happen at home. Aims of this study were to assess if SARS-CoV-2 lockdown influence emergency department (ED) visits due to children domestic accident (DAs) and to identify factors associated with hospitalization. This was a multicentre, observational, and retrospective cohort study involving 16 EDs in Italy and enrolling children (3-13 years) receiving a visit in ED during March-June 2019 and March-June 2020. Risk factors for hospitalization were identified by logistic regression models. In total, 8860 ED visits due to domestic accidents in children occurred before (4380) and during (4480) lockdown, with a mean incidence of DA of 5.6% in 2019 and 17.9% in 2020 (p < 0.001) (IRR: 3.16; p < 0.001). The risk of hospitalization was influenced by the type of occurred accident, with fourfold higher for poisoning and twofold lower risk for stab-wound ones. In addition, a higher risk was reported for lockdown period vs 2019 (OR: 1.9; p < 0.001), males (OR: 1.4; p < 0.001), and it increased with age (OR: 1.1; p < 0.001).    Conclusions: The main limitation of this study is the retrospective collection of data, available only for patients who presented at the hospital. This does highlight possible differences in the total number of incidents that truly occurred. In any case, the COVID-19 lockdown had a high impact on the frequency of DAs and on hospitalization. A public health campaign aimed at caregivers would be necessary to minimize possible risks at home. What is Known: • In Italy, domestic accidents are the second leading cause of paediatric mortality after cancer. • During the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in 2020, a sharp decrease in the total number of Emergency Departments visits for all causes was observed, both in children and in adults. What is New: • During the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in 2020, domestic accidents involving children increased threefold from the previous year. • Higher risk of hospitalization was showed in minors accessing during 2020 vs 2019, in males than in females and it increased with advancing age. Considering the type of injury, a significant higher risk of hospitalization for poisoning was observed.

Acute respiratory infection emergency access in a tertiary care children hospital in Italy, prior and after the SARS-CoV-2 emergence.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. The aims of the present study were to describe the epidemiological trend of ARI emergency visits and virology results prior and after the SARS-CoV-2 emergence and to estimate the association of ARI emergency department (ED) visits with respiratory viruses. Methods: This study was conducted at the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, a tertiary care children's hospital in the Lazio Region, Italy. The demographic and clinical information of children who accessed the ED and were diagnosed with ARI from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2022 was retrospectively extracted from the electronic health records. The observed temporal trends in viruses diagnosed from respiratory samples were compared with the number of ARI ED visits over the same period through a multivariable linear regression model. Results: During the study period, there were 72,959 ED admissions for ARIs and 33,355 respiratory samples resulted positive for viruses. Prior to the pandemic, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza had a clear seasonal pattern, which was interrupted in 2020. In 2021-2022, RSV reached the highest peak observed during the study period, whereas influenza activity was minimal. The peaks of ARI ED visits corresponded to peaks of influenza, RSV, and rhinovirus in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, to SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus in 2020, and to RSV and parainfluenza in 2021-2022. Conclusions: ARI resulting in ED visits should be included in the ARI disease burden measurement for a more accurate measure of the impact of preventive measures.

Has Anything Changed in the Frequency of Emergency Department Visits and the Profile of the Adolescent Seeking Emergency Mental Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

We described changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the frequency of Emergency Department (ED) visits for mental health disorders (MHDs) in adolescents on a wider temporal range-that is, not just "the waves" of the pandemic-and characterized the profile of the adolescent seeking emergency psychiatric care. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study by analyzing ED visits for MHDs from 10 March 2019 to 10 March 2021. A total of 1407 ED visits for MHDs were registered: 702 in the pre-COVID-19 and 707 in the COVID-19 period. The cumulative incidence of ED visits for MHDs was 1.22% in the pre-COVID-19 period and 1.77% in the COVID-19 period, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The principal characteristics of the adolescent with MHDs during the pandemic period: the odds of comorbidities decreased by 26% (p = 0.02), and the odds of transfer from other hospitals decreased by 71% (p < 0.001), while the odds of the ED presentation as first psychiatric episode were twice greater (p < 0.001). The risk of hospitalization increased by 54% (p = 0.001). Regarding psychopathology, the likelihood of attempted suicide increased by 74% during the pandemic (p = 0.02). The rate of mood and eating disorders grew significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.031, respectively). Monitoring ED visits for MHDs and understanding changes in the profile of adolescents presenting to ED helps to reinforce the role of ED in identifying special clinical needs for these vulnerable patients in case of a future public health crisis.

Early Naso-Gastric Feeding and Outcomes of Anorexia Nervosa Patients.

Nutritional rehabilitation with weight restoration is an important step in patients hospitalised for anorexia nervosa (AN). Naso-gastric feeding (NGF) should be considered when oral nutrition (OF) and oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) are insufficient. We evaluated the role of NGF on short- and long-term outcomes, considering weight gain, the length of hospitalisation (LOS) and the time to relapse. We report on the characteristics of patients under 18 years of age with AN admitted to the Department of Emergency and Acceptance of the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, between March 2019 and August 2022. Three hundred and fifteen patients were enrolled. We compared patients treated with NGF (group A) and patients without NGF (group B). Group A was characterised by a significantly lower BMI on admission and discharge, more frequent use of inpatient psychotropic therapy (IPDT) and longer hospital stay. The time to relapse was significantly longer in group A compared to group B. An early NGF setting correlates with a longer time to relapse and may be associated with a shorter LOS. A high caloric intake with a balanced nutritional formula provided by NGF allows an earlier recovery. The main advantages of this approach could be the rapid discharge of patients and a more effective psychological and social recovery.

Relationship between viral load and symptoms in children infected with SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between SARS-CoV-2 viral load in respiratory secretions of infected children and signs/symptoms of COVID-19. METHODS: We reported the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-infected children during the study period. We compared viral load for several clinical variables, performed a predictive linear regression analysis to identify signs and symptoms significantly associated with viral load, and searched for discriminant viral load thresholds for symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections based on receiver-operating characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 570 patients were included. The median age was 4.75 years. Comparison of CT values by dichotomous variable showed higher viral loads in children with fever, respiratory symptoms, and previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The linear regression analysis confirmed a significant relationship between the CT value with these variables and with age, other symptoms, and asymptomaticity. In particular, infants with fever and SARS-CoV-2 exposure had higher viral loads. No viral load cut-offs were found to distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that fever, SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and respiratory symptoms are associated with higher viral load in children, especially infants, while age, presence of nonrespiratory symptoms, or absence of any symptoms are associated with lower viral load. IMPACT: Key message: the clinical variables that best predict viral load in infected children are history of previous exposure to a SARS-CoV-2-infected person and presence of fever and respiratory symptoms (higher viral load). Added value to the current literature: this is the first article to prove this point. IMPACT: SARS-CoV-2 viral load should not be used as a measure of clinical severity of COVID-19 in the pediatric population; however, lower viral load appears to be associated with asymptomatic COVID-19 in older children.

Unintentional cannabis intoxication in infants and toddlers presenting with neurological impairment in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Recent data show that the rising consumption of cannabis has increased the rate of acute intoxication in pediatric age. Common patterns of pediatric poisoning consist of exploratory ingestions in younger children. A history of poisoning is often not provided; therefore, it could be advisable to use an objective biological marker. The clinical presentation of occult ingestion can range from asymptomatic to critically ill. Neurological involvement is one of the most described presentations. The goal of our study was to examine the presentation of acute cannabis intoxication in a sample of 13 pediatric patients under 3 years. METHODS: A retrospective epidemiological investigation on acute cannabinoid intoxication was conducted on children under 3 years, recruited between 2016 and 2020. All patients were tested for urine drug screening suspecting poisoning as reason for Emergency Department (ED) admission. RESULTS: Thirteen of forty-eight patients tested (27%) were positive for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Ingestion was the route of intoxication in all of them. Only in five cases the possible accidental intake of cannabinoids was promptly declared. Twelve children accessed on ED due to a neurological symptomatology not attributable to known causes in the medical history. CONCLUSIONS: Differential diagnosis for abuse drugs exposure in young children is broad: the urine drug screening plays a central role for confirmation of the diagnostic suspicion and identification of the specific substance. A positive result combined with a history of potential access to cannabis could prevent unnecessary, invasive, expensive procedures. When identified, the management is predominantly supportive. In this article, we want to emphasize the importance of always considering drug intoxication in children with acute neurological symptoms especially in cases of ambiguous familiar or social context. Further studies will be needed to better characterize the alarm bells for intoxication and to identify a strategy for the prevention of unintentional cannabinoid intoxication.

Performance evaluation of a new on-demand molecular test for the rapid identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pediatric and adult patients.

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has increased the need to identify additional rapid diagnostic tests for an accurate and early diagnosis of infection. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the cartridge-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test STANDARD M10 SARS-CoV-2 (SD Biosensor Inc., Suwon, South Korea), targeting the ORF1ab and E gene of SARS-CoV-2, and which can process up to eight samples in parallel in 60 min. From January 2022 to March 2022, STANDARD™ M10 assay performance was compared with Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 (Cepheid, Sunnyvale CA) on 616 nasopharyngeal swabs from consecutive pediatric (N = 533) and adult (N = 83) patients presenting at the "Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico" (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma. The overall performance of STANDARD M10 SARS-CoV-2 was remarkably and consistently comparable to the Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 with an overall agreement of 98% (604/616 concordant results), and negligible differences in time-to-result (60 min vs. 50 min, respectively). When the Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 results were considered as the reference, STANDARD™ M10 SARS-CoV-2 had 96.5% sensitivity and 98.4% specificity. STANDARD M10 SARS-CoV-2 can thus be safely included in diagnostic pathways because it rapidly and accurately identifies SARS-CoV-2 present in nasopharyngeal swabs.

Early echocardiographic evaluation of children admitted to the emergency department for anorexia nervosa during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is the most frequent eating disorder (ED), whose cardiac complications may have life-threatening consequences for both the physical and psychological health of affected children. In this study, we reported and analysed the echocardiographic anomalies found in pediatric patients diagnosed with AN. METHODS: We reported the demographic and clinical characteristics of children aged 8 to 18 years, who were diagnosed with AN and underwent a complete cardiological evaluation at the Emergency Department of the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome between the 1st January 2021 and the 30th June 2021. Furthermore, we compared the patients according to the presence of pericardial effusion and a BMI (body mass index) cut-off 14.5 kg/m2. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included in the study. The mean age was 15.1 years. Most patients were female (89.8%). The mean length of hospitalization was 18 days. The mean BMI at admission was 14.8 kg/m2, with a median weight loss of 9 kg in the last year. Eleven patients (22.4%) presented with cardiovascular signs or symptoms at admission. Most patients had pericardial effusion on heart ultrasound, with a mean thickness of 6 mm (SD ± 4). The LV (left ventricle) thickness over age was significantly higher in patients with pericardial effusion, with a Z score of -2.0 vs -1.4 (p = 0.014). The administration of psychiatric drugs was significantly more frequent in patients with a lower BMI (37.5% vs 12%, p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that a non-urgent baseline echocardiographic evaluation with focus on left-ventricular wall thickness and mass in children with anorexia nervosa is advisable. LEVEL III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.

Children at risk of domestic accidents when are locked up at home: the other side of COVID-19 outbreak lockdown.

BACKGROUND: We proposed to analyze thoroughly the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown (CL) in changes of profiles and in trend of the domestic accidents (DAs) in children. METHODS: This was a single experience, cross-sectional study conducted at the emergency department (ED) of III trauma center. We enrolled children under 18 years admitted to ED with a diagnosis of DAs comparing the CL period from 10th March 2020 to 4th May 2020 with the same period of the previous year,10th March 2019 to 4th May 2019. RESULTS: In CL period, the cumulative incidence of ED visits for DAs increased from 86.88 to 272.13 per 1,000 children and the cumulative incidence of hospitalizations for DAs increased from 409.72 to 534.48 per 1,000 children. We reported in CL a decrease in the severity of ED presentation assessed by proxy measures: the level of priority ED visits reduced by 67% in CL period (OR: 0.33; 95%CI 0.22-0.48; p < 0.001); the likelihood of delayed time of presentation to ED increased by 65% in case of domestic injuries occurring in CL period (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.17-2.34; p = 0.004); the odds of transfer from other hospital decreased by 78% in CL (OR: 0.15-0.33; p < 0.001). Children were more at risk of poisoning (OR:3.35-106.11; p = 0.001), of body foreign ingestion (OR: 1.83-14.39; p = 0.002) and less at risk of animal bite trauma (OR:0.05-0.35; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the need to stay home has made a decisive breakthrough on the spread of COVID-19, the experience from this study underlines how this preventive measure has also had a downside in term of increased cumulative incidence of ED visits and of hospitalizations for DA.

Alert sign and symptoms for the early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: analysis of patients followed by a tertiary pediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND: Intercepting earlier suspected TB (Tuberculosis) cases clinically is necessary to reduce TB incidence, so we described signs and symptoms of retrospective cases of pulmonary TB and tried to evaluate which could be early warning signs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of pulmonary TB cases in children in years 2005-2017; in years 2018-2020 we conducted a cohort prospective study enrolling patients < 18 years accessed to Emergency Department (ED) with signs/symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB. RESULTS: In the retrospective analysis, 226 patients with pulmonary TB were studied. The most frequently described items were contact history (53.5%) and having parents from countries at risk (60.2%). Cough was referred in 49.5% of patients at onset, fever in 46%; these symptoms were persistent (lasting ≥ 10 days) in about 20%. Lymphadenopathy is described in 15.9%. The prospective study enrolled 85 patients of whom 14 (16.5%) were confirmed to be TB patients and 71 (83.5%) were non-TB cases. Lymphadenopathy and contact history were the most correlated variables. Fever and cough lasting ≥ 10 days were less frequently described in TB cases compared to non-TB patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In low TB endemic countries, pulmonary TB at onset is characterized by different symptoms, i.e. persistent fever and cough are less described, while more relevant are contact history and lymphadenopathy. It was not possible to create a score because signs/symptoms usually suggestive of pulmonary TB (considered in the questionnaire) were not significant risk factors in our reality, a low TB country.

One Year of Lung Ultrasound in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to a Tertiary Referral Children's Hospital: A Retrospective Study during 2020-2021.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the lung ultrasound (LU) turned out to be a pivotal tool to study the lung involvement in the adult population, but the same was not well evaluated in children. We detected the LU patterns through an integrated approach with clinical−laboratory features in children hospitalized for COVID-19 in relation to the temporal trend of the Italian epidemic. We conducted a retrospective study which took place at a pediatric tertiary hospital from 15 March 2020 to 15 March 2021. We compared the characteristics of the initial phase of the first COVID-19 year­in the spring and summer (15 March−30 September 2020)­and those of the second phase­in the autumn and winter (1 October 2020−15 March 2021). Twenty-eight patients were studied both in the first and in the second phase of the first COVID-19 year. The disease severity score (DSS) was significantly greater in the second phase (p = 0.015). In the second phase of the first COVID-19 year, we detected a more significant occurrence of the following LU features than in the first phase: the irregular pleural line (85.71% vs. 60.71%; p = 0.035), the B-lines (89.29% vs. 60%; p = 0.003) and the several but non-coalescent B-lines (89.29% vs. 60%; p = 0.003). The LU score correlated significantly with the DSS, with a moderate relationship (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). The combined clinical, laboratory and ultrasound approaches might be essential in the evaluation of pulmonary involvement in children affected by COVID-19 during different periods of the pandemic.

Trend of hoverboard related injuries at a pediatric emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding how the use of hoverboards (HBs) can affect a child's safety is crucial. We describe the characteristics of HB related injuries and provide key messages about child prevention when using these leisure devices. METHODS: This was a retrospective study at an emergency department (ED) of a level-III-trauma center from 2016 to 2019. We tested the differences in children presenting for injury associated with HBs between 2016-2017 and 2018-2019 to better describe the temporal trend of the phenomenon. RESULTS: The rate of Injury associated with HBs / Total injury per 1,000 increased from 0.84 in 2016 to 7.7 in 2017, and then there was a gradual decline. The likelihood of injury was more common in younger children, increasing by 17% with decreasing age in 2018-2019 compared with 2016-2017 (OR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.71-0.97; p = 0.021). The occurrence of injury in the April-June period was over twice as common in 2018-2019 (OR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.0-2.05; p = 0.05). Patients were over 4 times more likely to have injured the lower extremity during the 2018-2019 period rather than other body regions (OR: 4.58; 95%CI: 1.23-4.58; p = 0.02). The odds of the indoor injury were more than twice as high in 2018-2019 (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.077-2.04; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Despite a decrease in the frequency of HB related injuries after 2017, during the 2018-2019 period, the younger the children, the more they were exposed to injury risk, in addition to a greater occurrence of indoor injuries from HBs compared with 2016-2017. The enhancement of preventive measures is necessary to ensure child safety when using HBs.

Acquired methemoglobinemia in children presenting to Italian pediatric emergency departments: a multicenter report.

INTRODUCTION: Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) is a rare inherited or acquired cause of cyanosis in children. Owing to its rarity, case reports and case series are mostly available in the current literature. This study reports data on a large sample of children with acquired MetHb. METHODS: Data on patients admitted for acquired MetHb between January 2007 to December 2020 was extracted from the databases of five Italian pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Demographical and clinical characteristics was reported and discussed. RESULTS: Nineteen cases of acquired MetHb were evaluated. Ten patients (52.6%) were male and 9 (47.4%) were female. The median age was 8.23 months. The median time from trigger to symptom onset was 6 hours. Mostly, the intoxication presumptively occurred by home ingestion of contaminated food, mainly badly preserved vegetable broth. All patients were cyanotic at admission, most patients also presented tachycardia and/or tachypnea, and two patients were comatose. Antidotal therapy with methylene blue was given in 14 patients (73.7%). The median hospital stay was 2 days. All patients survived. DISCUSSION: As MetHb leads to the pathognomonic brown blood discoloration, blood gas analysis is mandatory immediately upon hospital arrival of a cyanotic patient. A correct medical history is crucial to identify the trigger and remove it. In our sample, the age onset was much lower than in the previous literature, and MetHb mainly due to ingestion of contaminated vegetable broth. Methylene blue led to a rapid recovery in all patients. Oxygen therapy may well lead to complete recovery when methemoglobin levels do not exceed 30% in asymptomatic and 20% in mildly symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and management of acquired MetHb in the emergency setting requires acknowledgment of this condition as a cause of cyanosis in the weaning child. Indeed, when promptly recognized and treated, this severe condition rapidly resolves with no significant acute sequelae.

Short and Long-Term Toxicity in Pediatric Cancer Treatment: Central Nervous System Damage.

Neurotoxicity caused by traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known and widely described. New therapies, such as biologic therapy and immunotherapy, are associated with better outcomes in pediatric patients but are also associated with central and peripheral nervous system side effects. Nevertheless, central nervous system (CNS) toxicity is a significant source of morbidity in the treatment of cancer patients. Some CNS complications appear during treatment while others present months or even years later. Radiation, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and novel biologic and targeted therapies have all been recognized to cause CNS side effects; additionally, the risks of neurotoxicity can increase with combination therapy. Symptoms and complications can be varied such as edema, seizures, fatigue, psychiatric disorders, and venous thromboembolism, all of which can seriously influence the quality of life. Neurologic complications were seen in 33% of children with non-CNS solid malign tumors. The effects on the CNS are disabling and often permanent with limited treatments, thus it is important that clinicians recognize the effects of cancer therapy on the CNS. Knowledge of these conditions can help the practitioner be more vigilant for signs and symptoms of potential neurological complications during the management of pediatric cancers. As early detection and more effective anticancer therapies extend the survival of cancer patients, treatment-related CNS toxicity becomes increasingly vital. This review highlights major neurotoxicities due to pediatric cancer treatments and new therapeutic strategies; CNS primary tumors, the most frequent solid tumors in childhood, are excluded because of their intrinsic neurological morbidity.