SUSTAINED BIWEEKLY AFLIBERCEPT FOR REFRACTORY NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: The Prospective TRISTAR Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficacy of biweekly (every 2 weeks) intravitreal aflibercept injections (IAI) 2 mg in eyes with refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). METHODS: A prospective, single-arm, interventional study was conducted. Eyes with refractory NVAMD received six biweekly IAIs through week 12, followed by a 4-week treatment pause until week 16. Eyes with residual subretinal fluid (SRF) at week 16 were randomized 1:1 to either four additional biweekly IAIs or to 4-week (q4W) IAI dosing through week 24. All eyes were subsequently treated q4W through week 52. RESULTS: Enrolled eyes (n = 22) had persistent SRF despite a mean of 11.8 injections over the prior 12 months. One patient developed endophthalmitis at week 12. There were no additional drug/procedure-related adverse events. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly from baseline to week 14 (2.52 letters, P < 0.001). The mean central subfield thickness (CST) was also significantly improved at week 14 (-31.9 µ m, P < 0.001) with eight of 22 eyes achieving complete SRF resolution. Only two of eight eyes remained free of SRF at week 16, with a corresponding increase in mean CST of 26.7 µ m compared with week 14. By week 52, improvements in BCVA and CST were lost. CONCLUSION: In patients with refractory NVAMD-related SRF, sustained biweekly IAIs resulted in significant functional and anatomical improvements during biweekly dosing. These gains, however, were lost on return to monthly dosing. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce refractory SRF in NVAMD with biweekly dosing may provide added benefit compared with standard of care treatment if biweekly dosing is sustained.

A Comparison of Peel-Induced Maculopathy Following ILM Peeling Using a Microvacuum Pick Versus Forceps.

OBJECTIVE: To compare peel-induced maculopathy (PIM) using surgical forceps versus the microvacuum pick (MVP). METHODS: Consecutive eyes undergoing internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling using either the MVP or forceps were assessed. En face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images at the level of the nerve fiber layer were generated for 6-month postoperative visit. The percentage of the imaged area showing PIM was termed the PIM index. PIM severity was additionally measured using a qualitative PIM severity scale. RESULTS: Seventy-four consecutive eyes underwent ILM peeling with either the MVP (36/74; 49%) or forceps (38/74; 51%). At month-6 postoperatively, the mean PIM index for forceps was 7.7% vs 4.7% for the MVP (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.15). At 6 months, 26/38 eyes (68.5%) in the forceps group had either moderate or severe PIM compared to 12/36 eyes (33.3%) in the MVP group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ILM peeling with the MVP resulted in lower PIM severity compared to forceps. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:37-42.].

Coats-like Exudative Vitreoretinopathy in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Ocular Manifestations and Treatment Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To provide a comprehensive review of the ocular manifestations, outcomes, and genetic findings in patients with Coats-like retinitis pigmentosa (RP). DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective, nonconsecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with a diagnosis of RP demonstrating Coats-like exudative vitreoretinopathy between January 1, 2008, and October 1, 2019. METHODS: Evaluation of ocular findings at RP diagnosis and at time of presentation of Coats-like exudative vitreoretinopathy, pedigree analysis, genetic testing, retinal imaging, and anatomic outcomes after treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy results, OCT results, fluorescein angiography results, and identification of genetic mutations. RESULTS: Nine patients diagnosed with RP and demonstrating Coats-like exudative vitreoretinopathy were included. Median age at time of RP diagnosis was 8 years (range, 1-22 years), and median age at presentation of Coats-like exudative vitreoretinopathy was 18 years (range, 1-41 years). Seven patients were female, and 2 were male. The genetic cause of disease was identified in 6 patients. Three patients demonstrated Coats-like fundus findings at the time of RP diagnosis. Exudative retinal detachment (ERD) localized to the infratemporal periphery was present in all patients, with bilateral disease observed in 7 patients. In all treated patients, focal laser photocoagulation was used to treat leaking telangiectasias and to limit further ERD expansion. Cystoid macular edema refractory to carbonic anhydrase inhibitor therapy and ultimately amenable to treatment with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection was observed in 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coats-like vitreoretinopathy is present in up to 5% of all RP patients. The term Coats-like RP is used colloquially to describe this disease state, which can present at the time of RP diagnosis or, more commonly, develops late during the clinical course of patients with longstanding RP. Coats-like RP is distinct from Coats disease in that exudative pathologic features occur exclusively in the setting of a coexisting RP diagnosis, is restricted to the infratemporal retina, can affect both eyes, and does not demonstrate a male gender bias. Given the risk of added vision loss posed by exudative vitreoretinopathy in patients with RP, a heightened awareness of this condition is critical in facilitating timely intervention.

Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study: twelve-month findings.

PURPOSE: To report 1-year outcomes of the Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation study. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty eyes of 40 participants undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular hole (MH), or vitreous opacities. METHODS: Enrolled participants underwent baseline evaluation of the study (surgical) and fellow (control) eyes by a masked fellowship-trained glaucoma specialist; evaluation included intraocular pressure (IOP; Goldmann applanation and Tono-Pen), central corneal thickness, gonioscopy, and cup-to-disc ratio measurement. Baseline testing included bilateral color fundus and optic disc photography, fundus autofluorescence, automated perimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula and optic nerve. Evaluations were repeated at 3 months and 1 year after surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. Secondary outcomes included changes in macular thickness and IOP. RESULTS: Thirty-eight of 40 patients completed 1 year of follow-up. Mean visual acuity (VA) improved in study eyes from baseline (P = 0.003) but remained worse than fellow eyes (P<0.001). Study eyes had thinner inferior pRNFL thickness (114±16.8 µm) compared with fellow eyes (123±14.7 µm; P = 0.004). Mean IOP difference between study eyes and fellow eyes increased from baseline to 1 year. At 1 year, MH study eyes had higher mean IOP (16.0±3.7 mmHg) compared with fellow eyes (14.8±3.4 mmHg; P = 0.08). Mean IOP for pseudophakic study eyes increased from 14.5±3.2 mmHg at baseline to 16.0±2.8 mmHg at 1 year (P = 0.04). Central subfield thickness (CST) and cube volume decreased in study eyes at 1 year but remained greater than that of fellow eyes (P<0.05). Reduction in CST from baseline correlated with degree of VA improvement (P<0.05). Mean deviation (MD) improved in ERM study eyes at 1 year when compared with baseline (-2.2 vs. -4.0; P = 0.02) but remained worse than fellow eyes (-1.2; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: One year after vitrectomy, VA, CST, and MD improved in study eyes but not to the level of fellow eyes. Inferior pRNFL thickness decreased in study eyes. Reduction in CST from baseline correlated with degree of VA improvement. Pseudophakic study eyes demonstrated increased IOP when compared with baseline.

Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study: findings at 3 months.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to report the 3-month findings of the Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study. METHODS: Eighty eyes of 40 participants undergoing vitrectomy were enrolled. Participants underwent baseline evaluation of the study (surgical) and fellow (control) eye that included: intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, gonioscopy, cup-to-disc ratio measurement, color fundus and optic disc photography, automated perimetry, and optical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve. Evaluation was repeated at 3 months. Main outcome measures were changes in macula and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: All participants completed follow-up. Mean cup-to-disc ratio of study and fellow eyes at baseline was 0.43 ± 0.2 and 0.46 ± 0.2, respectively, and 13% of participants had undiagnosed narrow angles. There was no significant change in intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, or pattern standard deviation in study eyes compared with baseline or fellow eyes at 3 months. Vision improved in all study eyes at 3 months compared with baseline (P = 0.013), but remained significantly worse than fellow eyes (P < 0.001). Central subfield and temporal peripapillary RNFL thickness were significantly greater in eyes with epiretinal membrane (P < 0.05), and resolution after surgery correlated with visual improvement (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The 3-month results do not indicate any increased risk for open-angle glaucoma but suggest that a relatively high percentage of eyes may be at risk of angle closure glaucoma. Temporal RNFL thickness and central subfield were increased in eyes with epiretinal membrane, and resolution correlated with degree of visual recovery.

Interventions for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the available evidence in peer-reviewed publications about the outcomes and safety of interventions for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis (TRC). METHODS: Literature searches of the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases were conducted last on July 20, 2011, with no date restrictions. The searches retrieved 275 unique citations, and 36 articles of possible clinical relevance were selected for full text review. Of these 36 articles, 11 were deemed sufficiently relevant or of interest, and they were rated according to strength of evidence. RESULTS: Eight of the 11 studies reviewed were randomized controlled studies, and none of them demonstrated that routine antibiotic or corticosteroid treatment of TRC favorably affects visual outcomes or reduces lesion size. There is level II evidence from 1 study suggesting that long-term treatment with combined trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole prevented recurrent disease in patients with chronic relapsing TRC. Adverse effects of antibiotic treatment were reported in as many as 25% of patients. There was no evidence supporting the efficacy of other nonmedical treatments such as laser photocoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of level I evidence to support the efficacy of routine antibiotic or corticosteroid treatment for acute TRC in immunocompetent patients. There is level II evidence suggesting that long-term prophylactic treatment may reduce recurrences in chronic relapsing TRC. Adverse effects of certain antibiotic regimens are frequent, and patients require regular monitoring and timely discontinuation of the antibiotic in some cases.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor pharmacotherapy for diabetic macular edema: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pharmacotherapies for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: Literature searches last were conducted in September 2011, in PubMed with no date restrictions, limited to articles published in English, and in the Cochrane Library without a language limitation. The combined searches yielded 532 citations, of which 45 were deemed clinically relevant for the authors to review in full text and to assign ratings of level of evidence to each of the selected studies with the guidance of the panel methodologists. RESULTS: At this time, there are 5 studies that provide level I evidence for intravitreal ranibizumab, alone or in combination with other treatments for DME. There is also 1 study that provides level I evidence for intravitreal pegaptanib sodium for DME. Nine studies reviewed were rated as level II, and 2 additional studies reviewed were graded as level III. Most studies do not provide information about long-term results (i.e., more than 2 years of follow-up) or the comparative efficacy of anti-VEGF pharmacotherapies. CONCLUSIONS: Review of the available literature indicates that anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy, delivered by intravitreal injection, is a safe and effective treatment over 2 years for DME. Further evidence is required to support the long-term safety of these pharmacotherapies and their comparative efficacy.

Detection of clinically significant retinopathy of prematurity using wide-angle digital retinal photography: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of detecting clinically significant retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using wide-angle digital retinal photography. METHODS: Literature searches of PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases were conducted last on December 7, 2010, and yielded 414 unique citations. The authors assessed these 414 citations and marked 82 that potentially met the inclusion criteria. These 82 studies were reviewed in full text; 28 studies met inclusion criteria. The authors extracted from these studies information about study design, interventions, outcomes, and study quality. After data abstraction, 18 were excluded for study deficiencies or because they were superseded by a more recent publication. The methodologist reviewed the remaining 10 studies and assigned ratings of evidence quality; 7 studies were rated level I evidence and 3 studies were rated level III evidence. RESULTS: There is level I evidence from ≥5 studies demonstrating that digital retinal photography has high accuracy for detection of clinically significant ROP. Level III studies have reported high accuracy, without any detectable complications, from real-world operational programs intended to detect clinically significant ROP through remote site interpretation of wide-angle retinal photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Wide-angle digital retinal photography has the potential to complement standard ROP care. It may provide advantages through objective documentation of clinical examination findings, improved recognition of disease progression by comparing previous photographs, and the creation of image libraries for education and research. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Novel retinal findings in an infant with muscle-eye-brain disease.

PURPOSE: To describe novel retinal findings in an infant with muscle-eye-brain disease and suggest a novel mechanism for congenital retinal detachment. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 7-week-old, white, female infant presented with total retinal detachment, peripheral retinal avascularity, and neovascularization of the right eye. In the left eye, there was hypoplastic optic nerve, no identifiable foveal avascular zone, and a small area of avascularity in the temporal peripheral retina. Genetic testing ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of muscle-eye-brain disease, a disorder of aberrant neuronal migration. CONCLUSION: This case describes retinal findings that, to our knowledge, have not been reported in previous cases of muscle-eye-brain disease: peripheral avascularity, leading to retinal detachment in one eye, and foveal dysplasia. It is speculated that aberrant retinal vasculogenesis arose from disordered migration and patterning of retinal neurons.

Long-term potency, sterility, and stability of vancomycin, ceftazidime, and moxifloxacin for treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term potency, sterility, and stability of vancomycin, ceftazidime, and moxifloxacin prepared in single-use polypropylene syringes for intravitreal injection. METHODS: Experimental study. Vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 mL, ceftazidime 2 mg/0.1 mL, and moxifloxacin 160 µg/0.1 mL were compounded and prepared in 1-mL polypropylene syringes and stored at 4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C. Antibiotic potency, sterility, pH, osmolality, and concentration were tested at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after preparation. RESULTS: Potency, sterility, and stability were preserved for all 3 antibiotics at all temperatures out to 24 weeks, although there was a trend toward reduced potency at Week 24 for vancomycin and ceftazidime stored at 4°C. The largest zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus were consistently demonstrated by moxifloxacin. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin, ceftazidime, and moxifloxacin prepared in single-use polypropylene syringes retain potency, sterility, and stability out to 24 weeks when stored at -20 °C or -80 °C. The results of this study may have important implications for the current management of endophthalmitis.

Long-term trends in intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of vitrectomy on intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Medical records of 101 eyes of 101 patients undergoing nonemergent vitrectomy were reviewed for rates of open-angle glaucoma, increased IOP of >4 mmHg from baseline, change in IOP from baseline, and cataract formation. Preoperative and last measured IOPs were recorded. Baseline risk characteristics including lens status and diabetes were analyzed. Main outcome measures were 1) incidence of open-angle glaucoma; 2) increase in IOP of >4 mmHg; and 3) change in IOP. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 49 months (range, 12-105 months). Mean baseline IOP was 15.3 mmHg, and mean final IOP was 15.8 mmHg (P = 0.3). At the most recent examination, 35 study eyes had a decrease in IOP from baseline, while 14 eyes had no change and 52 eyes had an increase in IOP. Four study eyes were newly diagnosed with ocular hypertension. No study eye developed open-angle glaucoma or required medical, laser, or surgical treatment for glaucoma. Incidence of increased IOP of >4 was 7% at 4 years and 34% at 8 years. Subgroup analysis of 66 patients comparing study eyes with nonvitrectomized fellow eyes demonstrated no significant difference in rates of increased IOP of >4 (P = 0.85). Neither diabetes nor pseudophakia was associated with significantly increased IOP. CONCLUSION: In this series, vitrectomy does not appear to increase IOP even after removal of the crystalline lens.

Small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: To review available peer-reviewed publications to evaluate the safety profile and visual outcomes associated with small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: Literature searches of the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases were last conducted on August 5, 2009, with no date restrictions. The searches were limited to articles published in English. These searches retrieved 328 articles, of which 76 were deemed topically relevant and rated according to strength of evidence. RESULTS: On the basis of level II and level III evidence, the overall safety profile of small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy is similar to that established for conventional 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and provides comparable visual acuity results. An increased incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after 25-gauge vitrectomy was reported in 2 comparative studies, but this was not found in multiple, larger, more recent studies, perhaps due to modifications in case selection and surgical technique over time. Compared with 20-gauge vitrectomy, small-gauge vitrectomy is associated with significantly lower levels of patient discomfort and ocular inflammation, and the time required for improvement in visual acuity is shorter. CONCLUSIONS: The technological advances of small-gauge vitrectomy seem to afford visual benefit comparable with that seen with traditional 20-gauge surgery, with more rapid healing, less discomfort, and an acceptably low incidence of adverse events comparable with those observed with conventional 20-gauge vitrectomy. As surgical techniques evolve and clinical experience grows, continued close surveillance is necessary for an accurate assessment of complications.

Antibiotic resistance of conjunctiva and nasopharynx evaluation study: a prospective study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections.

PURPOSE: To determine the baseline antibiotic susceptibility patterns of conjunctival and nasopharyngeal flora isolated from patients undergoing intravitreal (IVT) injections for choroidal neovascularization (CNV). DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight eyes of 24 patients undergoing unilateral IVT injections for CNV. METHODS: Bilateral conjunctival and unilateral nasopharyngeal cultures on the treatment side were taken before application of any topical medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bacterial isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: A total of 57 bacterial isolates were obtained from the conjunctiva of 48 eyes. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for 37 of the 57 isolates (65%). The most common CNS organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus lugdunensis accounting for 73% and 11% of CNS isolates, respectively. More than half of S. epidermidis isolates demonstrated some level of resistance to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, and 33% and 37% of isolates showed some level of resistance against gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. Some 60% and 30% of CNS isolates were resistant to ≥ 3 and ≥ 5 antibiotics, respectively. Among the 24 nasopharyngeal cultures, 8 (33%) grew Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 of the 8 isolates (13%) was resistant to all penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate subtantial levels of resistance to third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones and multiresistance among ocular CNS isolated from patients undergoing IVT injections for CNV.

Intravitreal bevacizumab as adjunctive treatment for retinopathy of prematurity.

BACKGROUND: While laser photocoagulation remains the standard of care in the treatment of advanced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), regression is not seen in all cases (especially in aggressive posterior disease) following laser alone. We report the results of the use of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab in eyes with ROP at high risk for progression. METHODS: Records of all infants with ROP treated with bevacizumab were reviewed. Bevacizumab was given when conventional laser therapy was not possible in patients with poor pupillary dilation from iris rubeosis, dense vitreous hemorrhage, or increasing vascular activity and vitreoretinal traction despite completed laser therapy. We recorded birth weight, gestational age at birth, severity of ROP, anatomic result, any additional ophthalmic interventions, and early or late adverse systemic effects. RESULTS: Thirteen eyes of 7 infants (median gestational age, 25 weeks; median birth weight, 700 g; follow-up, 9 months [range, 2-17]) were treated with an intravitreal injection of 0.75 mg bevacizumab under sterile conditions by 1 surgeon following detailed discussion with family and attending neonatologists. Injection was not used as monotherapy in any case. Definitive treatment (laser or vitrectomy) was completed successfully within 72 hours of injection. No systemic complication attributable to bevacizumab treatment has been recorded within 2 to 17 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with bevacizumab may be used to improve visualization for more definitive laser or surgical treatment and may facilitate disease regression without obvious systemic toxicity. Optimization of dosing, timing, and indications will require additional study.

Identification of genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization by microarray analysis of two animal models of retinal angiogenesis.

PURPOSE: Comparative retinal gene expression analysis in two rodent models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was performed to identify the genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization. METHODS: Three independent experimental runs were conducted for each species, according to standard protocols for induction of OIR. Total retinal RNA was isolated at two time points, corresponding to the early response to relative hypoxia (P13 in mouse, P15 in rat) and to the later phase of maximum retinal neovascularization (P18 in mouse, P20 in rat) and was used to prepare labeled probes for hybridization. Gene expression was compared between normal and experimental conditions for each species at each time point. Probesets with a false-discovery rate of

Treatment of cystoid macular edema with the new-generation NSAID nepafenac 0.1%.

PURPOSE: To describe the use of nepafenac 0.1% for cystoid macular edema (CME). METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective review of 22 CME cases (20 patients) treated with nepafenac 0.1% (six with concomitant prednisolone acetate 1%) from December 2005 to April 2008: three acute pseudophakic CME cases, 13 chronic/recalcitrant pseudophakic CME cases, and six cases of uveitic CME. Pre- and post-treatment retinal thickness and visual acuity were reported. RESULTS: Following treatment for six weeks to six months, six eyes with uveitic CME showed a mean retinal thickness improvement of 227 +/- 168.1 mum; mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement was 0.36 +/- 0.20 logMAR. All three cases of acute pseudophakic CME improved after four to 10 weeks of nepafenac, with a mean improvement in retinal thickness of 134 +/- 111.0 mum. BCVA improved in two patients (0.16 and 0.22 logMAR) but not in the third due to underlying retinal pigment epithelium changes. Thirteen eyes with chronic/recalcitrant pseudophakic CME demonstrated a mean improvement in retinal thickness of 178 +/- 128.7 mum after nepafenac and mean BCVA improvement of 0.33 +/- 0.19 logMAR. CONCLUSION: The positive outcomes of these 22 eyes strongly suggest that nepafenac 0.1% is a promising drug for the treatment of CME. Additional study under randomized controlled conditions is warranted.

Photodynamic therapy as treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC) is characterized by persistent, recurrent, and multifocal serous detachments of the neurosensory retina. Our objective is to evaluate the visual and anatomical outcomes of patients who underwent photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Verteporfin for chronic ICSC. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 13 eyes of 12 patients (mean age 55, range 45-66 years) treated with PDT for chronic ICSC between June 2004 and January 2008 was conducted. Two eyes that subsequently developed choroidal neovascularization were excluded. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and clinical examination prior to PDT and at most recent follow-up were recorded. Fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings prior to and following treatment were reviewed. RESULTS: Mean duration of symptoms prior to PDT was 26.7 months (range 3-108 months). Mean follow-up duration was 21.9 months (range 2-42 months). BCVA improved in seven of eleven eyes (mean 1.7 lines, range 1-3 lines), two eyes remained unchanged, and two eyes worsened. Complete resolution of serous detachment was demonstrated in 9 of 11 eyes by FA or OCT and 10 of 11 eyes by clinical examination. One eye showed a reduction in serous detachment by OCT and clinical exam. Three eyes required two treatments for recurrent serous detachment following initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that PDT leads to resolution of serous detachments and visual improvement in patients with chronic ICSC. Further follow-up would be prudent to assess the long-term outcomes and safety in this patient population.