Do we really know if they are in pain? A cross-sectional study in hospitalised adult patients in Spain.

AIMS: To describe the prevalence and characteristics of pain in adult hospitalised patients, as well as to analyse the concordance between patient-reported and recorded pain and its impact on analgesic management. DESIGN: A cross sectional study. METHODS: The study was performed on a sample of 611 patients, from October to December 2017. Data were obtained from patient interviews, review of medical and nursing records and review of electronic prescribing. RESULTS: The prevalence of pain at the time of the interview was 36.7%. The median VAS score was 4. 90% of the patients had their pain assessed within the last 24 h; however, concordance between patient-reported pain and recorded pain in the nursing record was slight. CONCLUSION: Pain is still often documented inadequately. Despite the wide use of analgesics, half of the patients with moderate to severe pain do not have adequate pain management. A systematic assessment and recording of pain promotes appropriate analgesic prescription. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND PATIENT CARE: The findings of our study provide insight into the main gaps in the correct management of pain in hospitalised patients. A systematic assessment and recording of the pain suffered by the patient facilitates its control and allows a better management of the analgesic prescription by the physician. This information could help hospital managers to develop training programmes on pain assessment and on the importance of doctor-nurse collaboration to improve pain management, increasing the quality of care and reducing hospital costs. REPORTING METHOD: The study has adhered to the relevant EQUATOR guidelines, according to The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.

Compliance with COVID-19 Prevention Measures in the Spanish Population during the New Normal: Will the Need for Greater Community Involvement Be One of the Lessons Learned?

Throughout the pandemic, national and international health authorities have called on the population to collaborate and contribute with their behavior to control the problem. The aim of this study is to analyze the implementation of the protective measures against COVID-19 and to determine the factors involved in their compliance. To respond to the objectives, a cross-sectional study was performed involving a total of 5560 individuals. An ad hoc online questionnaire was created and shared through social networks, scientific societies, and various health institutions. The probability of high or total compliance with the protective measures was higher in women (OR = 1.401) and as age increases, with an OR = 2.524 in the interval between 31 and 64 years old and an OR = 2.896 in the oldest interval (65 and over). This study shows the characteristics of the population that considers it more likely to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, thus adopting greater adherence to prevention measures. Knowing which factors are associated with adherence to protective measures is essential for establishing effective pandemic control measures. Our findings may be useful for designing future awareness campaigns adapted to different socio-demographic characteristics in settings affected by COVID-19.

Fear and Attitude towards SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in Spanish Population during the Period of Confinement.

In January 2020, the WHO classified SARS-CoV-2 infection as a public health emergency and it was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The media warned about the danger of infection, fuelling the population's fear of the new situation and increasing the perception of risk. This fear can cause behaviour that will determine the course of the pandemic and, therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the fear of infection from COVID-19 among the Spanish population during the state of emergency. A cross-sectional, descriptive observational study was conducted with 16,372 participants. Data on sociodemographic factors, health factors, risk perception and fear were collected through an online survey. Level of fear is associated with older age, a lower level of education, having a person infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the immediate surroundings and living with and belonging to the most socioeconomically vulnerable group of people. Risk perception is associated with increased preventive behaviour. This paper provides relevant information for the public health sector since it contributes first-hand knowledge of population data that is highly useful in terms of prevention. Understanding the experiences of people in this pandemic helps to create more effective future intervention strategies in terms of planning and management for crisis situations.

Risk Perception of COVID-19 Community Transmission among the Spanish Population.

On 11 March 2020 the SARS-CoV-2 virus was officially declared a pandemic and measures were set up in various countries to avoid its spread among the population. This paper aims to analyse the perception of risk of COVID-19 infection in the Spanish population. A cross-sectional, descriptive observational study was conducted with a total of 16,372 Spanish participants. An online survey was used to gather data for 5 consecutive days over the compulsory lockdown period which was established after the state of emergency was declared. There is an association between socio-demographic variables and risk perception, and a very strong relationship between this perception and contact and direct experience with the virus in a family, social or professional setting. We also found that compared to working from home, working outside the home increased the perception of risk of infection and the perception of worsening health. Understanding the public perception of the risk of COVID-19 infection is fundamental for establishing effective prevention measures.

Estigma en personas con enfermedad mental desde el punto de vista de estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería y Fisioterapia / Stigma in persons with mental conditions from the point of view of Nursing and Physical Therapy undergraduate students

Objetivo: describir la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud acerca de las personas con problemas de salud mental e identificar los factores que se relacionan con dichas atribuciones. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal llevado a cabo en 2018. La muestra estaba formada por estudiantes de Enfermería y Fisioterapia del Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud San Rafael-Nebrija de Madrid (España). Se recopilaron variables identi- ficativas del sujeto de estudio y se utilizó el cuestionario de Atribución AQ-27, que consta de 27 ítems y nueve factores que informan sobre responsabilidad, piedad, ira, peligrosidad, miedo, ayuda, coacción, segregación y evitación. Se realizaron análisis uni y bivariantes. Resultados: participaron 262 estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud, 67,8% (n= 177) del Grado de Enfermería y 32,2% (n= 84) del Grado de Fisioterapia. El 77,4% (n= 202) era mujer. La edad osciló entre 18-45 años. El 9,3% tenía formación en salud mental, el 9,9% experiencia laboral en el área, el 23,3% presentó antecedentes familiares en trastornos de salud mentaly el 7% antecedentes personales. Los valores medios (desviación estándar) más altos los presentaron en los factores "ayuda" 7,66 (1,37), "coacción" 6,56 (1,62) y "piedad" 6,51 (1,36). Los más bajos en "ira" 3,41 (1,79) y "responsabilidad" 2,50 (1,35). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05) en ira y ayuda respecto al título de Grado; en segregación respecto a la formación previa en salud mental; y en peligrosidad, miedo, ayuda, segregación y evitación respecto a antecedentes personales en salud mental. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud destacan en las dimensiones de ayuda, piedad y coacción; y obtienen valores más bajos en ira y responsabilidad. La formación previa en salud mental influye sobre el factor segregación. La presencia de antecedentes personales en salud mental influye sobre los factores miedo, peligrosidad, ayuda, segregación y evitación

Objective: to describe the perception by Health Sciences students of persons with mental health problems, and to identify the factors associated with said attributions. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 2018. The sample included Nursing and Physical Therapy students from the Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud San Rafael-Nebrija from Madrid (Spain). Identification variables of the study subject were collected, and the AQ-27 Attribution Questionnaire was used, which consists of 27 items and nine factors informing about Blame, Anger, Pity, Dangerousness, Fear, Help, Segregation, Coercion and Avoidance. Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out. Results: the study included the participation of 262 Health Sciences students: 67.8% (n= 177) from Nursing and 32.2% (n= 84) from Physical Therapy; 77.4% (n= 202) were female. There was an 18-to-45-year-old age range; 9.3% had mental health training, 9.9% had working experience in the area, 23.3% presented a family background with mental health disorders, and 7% had a personal background. The highest mean values (standard deviation) were present in the following factors: "help" with 7.66 (1.37), "coercion" with 6.56 (1.62), and "pity" with 6.51 (1.36). The lowest values (p≤ 0.05) were found in "anger" with 3.41 (1.79) and "blame" with 2.50 (1.35). Statistically significant differences were found in Anger and Help in terms of the type of degree; in Segregation in terms of previous training in Mental Health; and in Dangerousness, Fear, Help, Segregation and Avoidance in terms of personal mental health background. Conclusions: Health Sciences students stood out in the Help, Pity and Coercion dimensions, and obtained lower values in Anger and Blame. Previous training in mental health had impact on the Segregation factor. The presence of personal background in mental health had impact on these factors: Fear, Dangerousness, Help, Segregation and Avoidance