An unusual case of a tension pneumothorax.

A total intra-thoracic stomach describes the case of a complete herniation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity. Symptoms may vary from mild to an acute life-threatening situation in case of perforation or bleeding, requiring emergency surgery. Here we describe the case of a gastric perforation leading to a tension pneumothorax and concomitant pleural empyema due to a giant hiatal recurrence after previous surgery. Multidisciplinary management involving thoracic surgeons helped in achieving the best clinical outcome for the patient.

Role of Pre-Operative Brain Imaging in Patients with NSCLC Stage I: A Retrospective, Multicenter Analysis.

Background: Lung cancer is the worldwide leading oncological cause of death in both genders combined and accounts for around 40-50% of brain metastases in general. In early-stage lung cancer, the incidence of brain metastases is around 3%. Since the early detection of asymptomatic cerebral metastases is of prognostic value, the aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of brain metastases in early-stage lung cancer and identify possible risk factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicentric analysis of patients with Stage I (based on T and N stage only) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) who had received preoperative cerebral imaging in the form of contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Patients with a history of NSCLC, synchronous malignancy, or neurological symptoms were excluded from the study. Analyzed variables were gender, age, tumor histology, cerebral imaging findings, smoking history, and tumor size. Results were expressed as mean with standard deviation or median with range. Results: In total, 577 patients were included in our study. Eight (1.4%) patients were found to have brain metastases in preoperative brain imaging. Tumor histology was adenocarcinoma in all eight cases. Patients were treated with radiotherapy (five), surgical resection (two), or both (one) prior to thoracic surgical treatment. Other than tumor histology, no statistically significant characteristics were found to be predictive of brain metastases. Conclusion: Given the low incidence of brain metastases in patients with clinical Stage I NSCLC, brain imaging in this cohort could be avoided.

Surgical Strategy and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Bronchial Carcinoids.

Carcinoids are malignant neuroendocrine neoplasms showing good long-term survival after oncologic therapy. The study evaluated the influence of operative strategies and individual decision-making on the outcome and long-term survival in 222 patients with bronchial carcinoids. The patients underwent preoperative pulmonary function tests and bronchoscopy to facilitate surgical decision-making. A hundred and twelve tumors were detected endoscopically, including 32 in the main and lobar bronchi. We performed 5 isolated bronchus resections, 4 segmentectomies, 15 wedge resections, 10 pneumonectomies, 19 sleeve resections, 26 bilobectomies, 138 lobectomies, and 2 chest wall resections. Three patients were technically inoperable. Systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy was routinely performed although most patients' computer tomography scans showed N0. A hundred and sixty-two patients had typical (155 N0, 7 N+) and 60 patients had atypical carcinoids (39 N0, 21 N+). There was no intraoperative mortality. The hospital mortality was below 2%. Overall, 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 99%, 94%, and 89%, respectively, in typical carcinoids. Atypical carcinoids show similar 1- and 5-year survival rates, but the 10-year survival rate was below 70%, decreasing in higher N-stages. The N-stage was the most important survival factor. In conclusion, bronchial carcinoids should be surgically treated the way lung cancer is. Anatomic resection and systematic lymphadenectomy are the treatments of choice. The availability of bronchoplastic techniques and preoperative assessment is essential for individual decision-making, focusing predominantly on postoperative quality of life.

Clinical Outcome in Patients with Nosocomial COVID-19 Infection After Thoracic Surgery.

In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated outcomes in 8 patients (mean age 67 ± 7, range 55-77 years; male/female 7/1) who acquired nosocomial COVID-19 infection postoperatively out of the 39 adults who underwent elective thoracic surgery in November 2020. All patients were tested negative for COVID-19 on admission. The mortality rate in the eight patients was 25%. The surviving six patients were discharged in a good clinical condition. Fatal outcomes were due to the development of severe and unrelenting acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and were associated with preoperatively reduced serum albumin (<3 g/dL), an open surgical approach, oxygen saturation <90% at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, and the real-time PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value <20. A high mortality rate indicates a need for systematic and frequent COVID-19 screening in patients scheduled for elective thoracic surgery and the use of minimally invasive procedures whenever feasible.

Synthetic Fibrin-Derived Bß15-42 Peptide Delays Thrombus Resolution in a Mouse Model.

[Figure: see text].

Outcome of Repeat Pulmonary Metastasectomy.

Pulmonary metastasectomy is a well-established contribution to the cure of oligometastatic cancers, but its exact effectiveness is poorly understood. Here we report the outcomes of repeat pulmonary metastasectomy from a multicenter trial. This retrospective study included patients who underwent re-do metastasectomies between January 2010 and December 2014. The exclusion criterion was metastasectomy without curative intent. We reviewed medical files of 621 consecutive patients who underwent initial pulmonary metastasectomy. Of those, 64 patients underwent repeat metastasectomies, and these patients were included in the analysis. All the 64 patients underwent a second metastasectomy, later 35 of them underwent a third metastasectomy, 12 underwent a fourth metastasectomy, and 6 underwent a fifth metastasectomy. The total number of re-do metastasectomies was 181. The median overall survival among the patients undergoing re-do metastasectomy was 66.0 ± 3.8 months. Three and 5-year survival rates were 82.3% and 63.3%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates were 63.3% after the first, 50.9% after the second, 74.4% after the third, 83.3% after the fourth, and 60.0% after the fifth metastasectomy. We conclude that at the current stage of knowledge, there is an indication for repeat re-do metastasectomy with curative intent.

Lung volume reduction surgery: from National Emphysema Treatment Trial to non-intubated awake video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. Loss of elastic recoil, hyperinflation and obstruction of the expiratory airflow lead to an increased breathing work, which results in dyspnea during minimal physical activity of the patients. Reduction of the lung volume in these patients leads to improvement of dyspnea, physical activity and quality of life in these patients. Beside endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR), lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) represents an important and valuable treatment option for patients with advanced lung emphysema. Since the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), thoracic surgery experienced a remarkable evolution of the surgical techniques enabling safe surgery and quick recovery in this critically ill patient cohort. A paradigm shift from open surgical approaches to most minimally invasive techniques accompanied by improvement of anesthesiologic management of these patients was evident. Moreover, indications for LVRS, which were originally described in the NETT, were extended to apply for further groups of patients with advanced lung emphysema, enabling significant clinical improvement in well-selected patients with a low perioperative morbidity and mortality. The current review will give an overview of the historical approaches for LVRS, highlight the indications for LVRS and discuss the development of the surgical approaches.

Interruption of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signaling induces a proliferative pulmonary vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease characterized by a pulmonary vascular remodeling process with expansion of collateral endothelial cells and total vessel occlusion. Endothelial cells are believed to be at the forefront of the disease process. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), play a central role in angiogenesis, endothelial cell protection, but also in the destabilization of endothelial barrier function. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of altered VEGF signaling in an experimental model, and looked for translational correlates of this observation in patients. We performed an endothelial cell-specific conditional deletion of the kinase insert domain protein receptor (kdr) gene, coding for VEGFR-2, in C57/BL6 mice (Kdr∆end) and held them in an environmental chamber with 10% FiO2 or under normoxia for 6 weeks. Kdr knockout led to a mild PH phenotype under normoxia that worsened under hypoxia. Kdr∆end mice exhibited a significant increase in pulmonary arterial wall thickness, muscularization, and VEGFR-3+ endothelial cells obliterating the pulmonary artery vessel lumen. We observed the same proliferative vasculopathy in our rodent model as seen in patients receiving anti-angiogenic therapy. Serum VEGF-a levels were elevated both in the experimental model and in humans receiving bevacizumab. Interrupted VEGF signaling leads to a pulmonary proliferative arteriopathy in rodents after direct ablative gene manipulation of Kdr. Histologically, similar vascular lesions can be observed in patients receiving anti-VEGF treatment. Our findings illustrate the importance of VEGF signaling for maintenance of pulmonary vascular patency.

Perioperative chemoimmunotherapy in a patient with stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer.

We present a case of a 56-year-old male patient with stage IIIB (T3N2M0) poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Four cycles of chemotherapy were first applied, and the patient had stable disease. However, the patient refused to receive radiotherapy, therefore second-line treatment chemotherapy combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was applied. Partial response was reached at the 4th cycle of chemotherapy combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. The neoadjuvant strategy was prolonged to 10 cycles but no significant change was observed on tumor size. The patient then underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic left lower lobectomy. Eight cycles of adjuvant PD-1 immunotherapy were applied postoperatively. Perioperative immunotherapy demonstrated good curative effect in this patient and no recurrence was observed at the clinic 40 months following surgery. Here we intend to explore the concept of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy and surgery in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting, and to investigate the possibility of extending this strategy in patients with stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.

AIMS: Adequate plasma concentrations of antibiotics during surgery are essential for the prevention of surgical site infections. We examined the pharmacokinetics of 1.5 g cefuroxime administered during induction of anaesthesia with follow-up doses every 2.5 hours until the end of surgery. We built a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with the aim to ensure adequate antibiotic plasma concentrations in a heterogeneous population. METHODS: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PK-Sim® /MoBi® ) was developed to investigate unbound plasma concentrations of cefuroxime. Blood samples from 25 thoracic surgical patients were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography. To evaluate optimized dosing regimens, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model simulations were conducted. RESULTS: Dosing simulations revealed that a standard dosing regimen of 1.5 g every 2.5 hours reached the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target for Staphylococcus aureus. However, for Escherichia coli, >50% of the study participants did not reach predefined targets. Effectiveness of cefuroxime against E. coli can be improved by administering a 1.5 g bolus immediately followed by a continuous infusion of 3 g cefuroxime over 3 hours. CONCLUSION: The use of cefuroxime for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent staphylococcal surgical site infections appears to be effective with standard dosing of 1.5 g preoperatively and follow-up doses every 2.5 hours. In contrast, if E. coli is relevant in surgeries, this dosing regimen appears insufficient. With our derived dose recommendations, we provide a solution for this issue.

Use of a Powered Stapling System for Minimally Invasive Lung Volume Reduction Surgery: Results of a Prospective Double-Blind Single-Center Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)-lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) represents an important treatment option for patients with advanced lung emphysema. For VATS lung resection, endoscopic staplers are routinely used. Recently, a new generation of electronically powered stapling systems was developed. In this study, the iDrive powered stapling system (Covidien, Germany) was first tested during VATS-LVRS and compared with a non-electronic conventional device. METHODS: Forty patients with advanced emphysema were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial. All patients underwent bilateral VATS-LVRS. Patients were randomized for iDrive use on the right lung (n = 20) or left lung resection (n = 20). A conventional endoscopic stapler (EndoGIA, Covidien) was used for contralateral resection in same patients. Therefore, 40 resections were performed with the iDrive and 40 with the EndoGIA. The duration of surgery, air leakage after extubation, and on postoperative day 1 (POD1), as well as length of chest tube therapy, were documented. RESULTS: The application of the new system was uneventful. Mean duration of surgery was 52 ± 2.5 minute in the iDrive group compared with 54 ± 3.8 minute in the EndoGIA-group (p = 0.5). After extubation, the mean air leakage in the iDrive-group did not differ significantly from that in the EndoGIA-group (p = 0.6). This was also observed on POD1 (p = 0.7). Moreover, length of drainage therapy also did not show significant differences between both groups (p = 0.6). CONCLUSION: The iDrive powered stapling system offers one-handed, push-button operation, which eliminates the manual firing force and possibly enables more precise resection. In the current study, the novel system led to comparable results with the conventional mechanical stapler without any disadvantages in patients undergoing bilateral VATS-LVRS.

[Extracorporeal Lung Support in Thoracic Surgery: Basics and Pathophysiology]. / ECMO in der Thoraxchirurgie: Grundlagen und Pathophysiologie.

Extracorporeal lung support (ECLS) is of increasing importance in general thoracic surgery. Different modes of ECLS may be applied in several situations throughout the perioperative phase and are adapted to the individual patient's needs and the planned surgical procedures. ECLS is not a static procedure and should be always evaluated according to the present condition of the patient. Therefore, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and the different ECLS modes, as well as the different cannulation options, in order to be able to use the different escalation and de-escalation techniques in accordance with the clinical situation.

Diode-pumped neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser effects on the visceral pleura in an ex vivo porcine lung model†.

OBJECTIVES: Resection of tumour spread on a very thin visceral pleura might be challenging, and collateral damage to the lung parenchyma might occur. We aimed to develop an operative technique, which might facilitate the parenchyma-sparing destruction of the visceral pleura. This experimental work investigated the effects of a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser on the visceral pleura in an ex vivo porcine lung model. METHODS: We used a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (Limax® 120, KLS Martin, Tuttlingen, Germany) to investigate the effects on the visceral pleural in 20 porcine lungs. The laser was applied on a standardized length in 4 different settings: Group I (80 W, 6 s), Group II (80 W, 12 s), Group III (120 W, 6 s) and Group IV (120 W, 12 s). All specimens were analysed histologically. RESULTS: The mean thickness of the visceral pleura was 81 ± 10 µm. Increasing power levels and longer application duration resulted in significantly enhanced laser destruction effects. The mean depths of the carbonization zone were 142 ± 42 µm, 378 ± 137 µm, 607 ± 155 µm and 1371 ± 271 µm for Groups I-IV, respectively (P < 0.001). The ratio of carbonization zone to pleural thickness was measured for each section (C/P ratio) to quantify the thermal effects. The corresponding C/P ratio for Groups I-IV were 1.72 ± 0.55, 4.98 ± 1.96, 7.11 ± 1.61 and 17.35 ± 4.35, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that increasing power levels and application duration of the laser lead to a significantly increased carbonization and destruction zones. Further in vivo human studies should evaluate the feasibility of laser application for a potential translational relevance for human use.

Secondary Lingular Sleeve Resection to Avoid Pneumonectomy Following Bronchial Anastomotic Dehiscence after Left Lower Lobe Sleeve Resection for Destroyed Lung Syndrome.

Bronchial sleeve resections are technically demanding procedures compared with lobectomies. In case of bronchial anastomotic dehiscence, secondary pneumonectomy is the treatment of choice. However, a secondary pneumonectomy is usually associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, we first report, to the best of our knowledge, a secondary lingular sleeve resection following bronchial anastomotic dehiscence after left lower lobe sleeve resection in a patient with a destroyed lobe syndrome due to a pseudotumor. This approach enabled the avoidance of secondary pneumonectomy, hence reducing the possible pneumonectomy-associated complications.

[Management of Thoracic Trauma]. / Thoraxtrauma: Diagnostik und Therapie.

Patients with a thoracic trauma are commonly treated by large bore chest tube thoracostomy and appropriate analgesia. The initial treatment is determined by the assessment of the emergency doctor and/or trauma surgeon. Severe intrathoracic lesions in polytrauma patients are rare. However, such injuries may be acutely life-threating. After primary stabilisation of the patients, imaging studies should be performed to assess the extent of the injuries and determine the treatment of choice. Assessment of such injuries should always be performed in a multidisciplinary team of anaesthesiologists, general surgeons, trauma surgeons and thoracic surgeons. For this reason, patients with thoracic traumas should always be treated in specialised centers. This approach reduces overall mortality and shortens the length of hospital stay.