Impact of Hyperkalemia in Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Retrospective Study.

(1) Background: Hyperkalemia is a common finding in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), though its prognostic significance is controversial. There is no consensus on optimal potassium levels in these patients. The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the 5-year incidence of hyperkalemia in a cohort of patients with HFrEF. Secondary endpoints were to determine predictors of hyperkalemia and its impact on overall 5-year mortality; (2) Methods: retrospective, longitudinal, single-center observational study of patients with HFrEF followed-up in a specialized unit between 2011 and 2019. Hyperkalemia was considered as potassium concentration > 5.5 mEq/L; (3) Results: Hyperkalemia was observed in 170 (16.8%) of the 1013 patients. The 5-year hyperkalemia-free survival rate was 82.1%. Hyperkalemia was more frequent at the beginning of follow-up. Factors associated with hyperkalemia in the multivariate analysis were baseline potassium (HR 3.13, 95%CI 2.15-4.60; p < 0.001), creatinine clearance (HR 0.99, 95%CI 0.98-0.99; p = 0.013), right ventricular function (HR 0.95, 95%CI 0.91-0.99; p = 0.016) and diabetes mellitus (HR 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.96; p = 0.047). The overall survival rate at 5 years was 76.4%. Normal-high potassium levels (5-5.5 mEq/L) were inversely associated with mortality (HR 0.60, 95%CI 0.38-0.94; p = 0.025); (4) Conclusions: Hyperkalemia is a common finding in patients with HFrEF with an impact on the optimization of neurohormonal treatment. In our retrospective study, potassium levels in the normal-high range seem to be safe and are not associated with increased mortality.

Usefulness of carotid ultrasonography in the assessment of coronary artery disease extension in patients undergoing exercise echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether carotid disease is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) extension in patients undergoing treadmill exercise stress echocardiography (EE). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 156 patients without previous vascular disease who underwent EE, carotid ultrasonography, and coronary angiography between 2002 and 2013. Low-, intermediate-, and high-risk EE were defined as negative, localized ischemia, and multivessel/extensive ischemia EE respectively; carotid disease according to Mannheim and American Society of Echocardiography Consensus and CAD extension from zero to three vessel disease as stenosis ≥50% by visual assessment. RESULTS: Of the 156 patients, 67 (42.9%), 43 (27.6%), 22 (14.1%), and 24 (15.4%) had zero, one, two, and three vessel disease respectively. Age (P = 0.047), male sex (P = 0.010), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.039), smoking habit (P = 0.015), fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.021), European Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (P = 0.003), pretest CAD probability (P = 0.003), high-risk EE (P < 0.001), and carotid plaque presence (CP) (P < 0.001) were associated in univariate analysis with more extensive CAD. Predictors of CAD extension in multivariate analysis were high-risk EE (odds ratio [OR] 2.42, P < 0.001), CP presence (OR 1.75, P = 0.004), and pretest CAD probability >65% (OR 1.49, P = 0.023). CP was also associated with multivessel CAD in the 53 patients with low- or intermediate-risk EE (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CP is associated with CAD extension in patients with ischemic heart disease suspicion undergoing EE. Patients with CP could benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic strategy regarding patients without carotid disease and similar risk EE, especially in intermediate- and/or low-risk test where guidelines recommend initially optimal medical treatment.

"Giant R wave" electrocardiogram pattern during exercise treadmill test: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: The exercise treadmill test is widely used in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. The typical ischemic response used to be ST-segment depression. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of a 51-year-old Caucasian man with an unusual ischemic response during the exercise treadmill test: a "giant R wave" electrocardiogram pattern as a manifestation of hyperacute ischemia that resolved with sublingual nitroglycerin. Coronary catheterization showed a severe stenosis in a proximal dominant circumflex coronary artery. We hypothesize that, in this case, the "giant R wave" pattern was related to severe hyperacute ischemia due to coronary spasm superimposed on the atherosclerotic lesion, which probably caused complete occlusion of the artery. The patient was successfully treated with coronary percutaneous revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: This is a dramatic and rare ischemic response during the exercise treadmill test, in which, a rapid administration of nitroglycerin can prevent life-threatening events.

Giant left atrial myxoma mimicking severe mitral valve stenosis.

We report a case of giant left atrial myxoma in a young patient with clinical manifestation as congestive heart failure attributable to severe mitral valve stenosis. An early clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis was performed and the patient had an optimal outcome with surgery treatment.

[Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm as a cause of acute myocardial infarction]. / Aneurisma del seno de Valsalva como causa de un infarto agudo de miocardio.

Aneurysmal dilatation of one or more of the sinuses of Valsalva (SVA) is a rare cause of coronary insufficiency. We describe one case of unruptured and partially thrombosed right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm of which the first sign was acute inferior myocardial infarction in a 40-year-old man while reviewing the literature, we found 44 reported cases of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, complicated by myocardial ischemia or infarction. In 28 cases the left coronary sinus was involved, in 12 cases the right one, and in 4 cases both of them. Myocardial ischemia is a potentially ominous prognostic sign in SVA patients. The poor outcome with conservative treatment leads us to consider the patient for emergency surgical therapy.

Aneurisma del seno de valsalva como causa de un infarto agudo de miocardio / Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm as a Cause of Acute Myocardial Infarction

La dilatación aneurismática de uno o más de los senos de Valsalva (ASV) es una causa rara de insuficiencia coronaria. Describimos un caso de aneurisma de seno de Valsalva derecho, parcialmente trombosado y no roto, en un varón de 40 años, cuya primera manifestación fue un infarto agudo de miocardio inferior. En una revisión de la bibliografía hemos encontrado 44 casos descritos de ASV como causa de isquemia o infarto de miocardio: en 28 casos el seno de Valsalva implicado era el izquierdo, en 12 casos el derecho y en 4 casos ambos. La aparición de isquemia miocárdica en pacientes con ASV es un signo de mal pronóstico. La mala evolución con tratamiento conservador lleva a considerar la intervención quirúrgica urgente (AU)