Enteral nutrition on discharge from intensive care and 30-day unplanned readmission: An exploratory, retrospective study of association.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Individuals who survive critical illness are often malnourished with inadequate oral nutrient intake after leaving the intensive care unit (ICU). Enteral nutrition (EN) improves nutrient intake but there is limited evidence on the impact of maintaining EN after discharge from the ICU. The objective of this exploratory study was to understand the association between EN maintenance after ICU and 30-day unplanned hospital re-admission, to inform on future prospective research into the effects of post-ICU nutrition. METHODS: This was a single-centre, retrospective study of ICU patients, requiring ventilation, who received EN for at least 3 days in ICU and were discharged to the ward. RESULTS: 102 patients met the inclusion criteria; 45 (44.1%) maintained EN and 57 (55.9%) discontinued EN after ICU discharge; there were no significant differences in demographics or clinical measures at ICU admission. Reason for EN discontinuation was documented in 38 (66.7%) patients, with 27 (71%) discontinuing EN due to a routine ward practice of feeding tube removal. Unplanned 30-day hospital re-admission occurred in 17 (16.7%) patients overall, 5 (11.1%) in the EN group and 12 (21.1%) in the non-EN group (crude odds ratio [OR] 0.47, 95% CI 0.15, 1.45, p = 0.188). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI and length of stay, there was a persistent trend to lower re-admission rates in the EN group (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.09, 1.57, p = 0.176). CONCLUSIONS: EN maintenance after ICU discharge was associated with a trend to lower 30-day unplanned hospital re-admission rates. The clinically relevant reduction of about 50% in unplanned re-admission rates in this exploratory study warrants larger, prospective studies of post-ICU nutrition strategies based on clear discontinuation criteria to optimize nutrition and evaluate patient-centred outcomes.

Geographic Progression of Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Associated Bronchiolitis Across the United States Before and Since the Onset of COVID-19: Results From Four Health Systems, 2015-2023.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of infant morbidity and mortality due to seasonal peaks of bronchiolitis across the United States. Clinical and viral surveillance plays a pivotal role in helping hospital systems prepare for expected surges in RSV bronchiolitis. Existing surveillance efforts have shown a geographic pattern of RSV positivity across the United States, with cases typically starting in the southeast and spreading north and west. Public health measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted viral transmission across the nation and altered the expected seasonality of RSV. The impact of these changes on the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the United States has not been described. METHODS: Here, we used clinical and viral surveillance data from four health care systems located in different regions of the United States to describe the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the country from 2015 to 2023. RESULTS: Prior to widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2, infant RSV bronchiolitis followed an established geographic pattern associated with seasonal epidemics originating in Florida and spreading north (North Carolina and New York) and later westward (Nevada). Although public health and social measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the seasonality of RSV disease, infant RSV bronchiolitis epidemics progressed across the nation in a pattern identical to the prepandemic era. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of ongoing clinical and viral surveillance to optimally track the onset of RSV epidemics and allow health care systems to prepare for expected RSV bronchiolitis surges.

Trends in RSV testing patterns among infants presenting with bronchiolitis: Results from four United States health systems, 2015-2023.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization among American infants. The overall burden of RSV among infants has been historically under-estimated due to variable testing practices, particularly in the outpatient setting. Universal masking and social distancing implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered RSV seasonality, however potential consequences on RSV testing practices across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups have not been described. Variable testing practices could also affect accurate assessment of the effects of two recently approved RSV preventative agents targeting infants. METHODS: Utilizing real-time clinical and viral surveillance, we examined RSV testing practices among infants with bronchiolitis within four United States healthcare systems across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups pre- and post-COVID-19. RESULTS: RSV testing among infants with bronchiolitis increased since 2015 within each healthcare system across all healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups, with a more dramatic increase since the COVID-19 pandemic. Outpatient testing remained disproportionately low compared to hospital-based testing, although there were no major differences in testing frequency among sociodemographic groups in either setting. CONCLUSIONS: Although RSV testing increased among infants with bronchiolitis, relatively low outpatient testing rates remain a key barrier to accurate RSV surveillance.

Healthcare Utilization Among Infants Covered by Medicaid and Newly Diagnosed With Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Background: Infants covered by Medicaid have higher respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization rates than those with commercial insurance, but findings are limited to the inpatient setting. This birth cohort study describes healthcare encounters for RSV across all settings among infants covered by Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program. Methods: Medicaid claims for infants born and residing in Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Florida (FL), Michigan (MI), North Carolina (NC), New York (NY), and Texas (TX) were analyzed for first diagnosis of RSV in 2016-2018 using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes. Encounters on the day of first diagnosis were examined by setting in 7 states and by setting and race in CA, FL, and NC. Results: A total of 80 945 infants were diagnosed with RSV in 7 states in 2016-2018. The highest encounter rates for first RSV diagnosis were in the emergency department (ED) in 5 states (11.0-33.4 per 1000 in AZ, CA, FL, MI, and NY) and outpatient setting in 2 states (54.8 and 68.5 per 1000 in TX and NC). Significantly higher outpatient encounter rates were found in CA and NC for White infants compared to non-White infants. In NC, ED encounter rates were significantly higher for non-White infants than White infants, whereas in CA, the rates were comparable. In these 2 states, hospitalization rates were similar across groups. In FL, compared with White infants, non-White infants had significantly higher encounter rates in each setting on the day of first RSV diagnosis. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the burden of RSV by setting and race. Medicaid infants who are newly diagnosed with RSV have the highest burden in ED and outpatient settings.

A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety data from head-to-head first-line trials of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors versus bevacizumab in adult patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer by sidedness.

The first-line treatment choice of EGFRIs plus doublet chemotherapy vs. bevacizumab plus doublet chemotherapy remains a topic of interest for patients with left-sided RAS WT mCRC. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical trial data published between 2015 and 2024. We evaluated the relative efficacy and safety of first-line EGFRIs plus doublet chemotherapy (FOLFIRI or FOLFOX) vs. bevacizumab plus doublet chemotherapy for patients with RAS WT left-sided mCRC, as well as in all- and right-sided tumors. We identified eight trials with 2624 patients. Five trials reported outcomes by tumor sidedness. In the left-sided population, overall survival (OS) (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.80, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.71-0.90) and objective response rate (ORR) (Odds ratio [OR]=1.61, 95% CI: 1.30-1.99) favored EGFRI plus chemotherapy, while no statistically significant differences were observed for progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.84-1.04) or resection rate (RR). Similar results were found in the all-sided population. In the right-sided population, PFS favored bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.78), while no statistically significant differences were observed for OS (HR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.95-1.44), ORR (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.69-1.41), and RR. Early tumor shrinkage in the all-sided population favored EGFRI plus chemotherapy (OR=1.72; 95% CI: 1.36-2.17); limited data precluded evaluation by sidedness. Safety was available in 6 trials for all-sided tumors and 1 trial for left-sided tumors, each demonstrating typical class-specific adverse events. This most comprehensive meta-analysis indicates a benefit for first-line EGFRI plus chemotherapy over bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with left-sided RAS WT mCRC.

Dietary eating patterns, dairy consumption, and anxiety: A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition affects both physical and mental health but evidence is mixed regarding potential associations between anxiety and diet, particularly dairy consumption. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of dairy consumption and/or various dietary patterns and risk of anxiety. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Embase. All study designs except case reports, small case series, and SLRs were considered for inclusion. Reference lists of previously published SLRs were reviewed for any relevant additional studies. Studies of populations without dairy sensitivities exploring the association between dietary patterns and/or dairy consumption and anxiety published through May 2022 were identified using predefined eligibility criteria. Study quality was determined using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. RESULTS: For this SLR, 132 studies were included; 80 were cross-sectional. Studies examined different dietary patterns (e.g., Mediterranean, gluten-free) and anxiety using various anxiety scales, with 19 studies specifically reporting on whole dairy consumption and anxiety. Dairy consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of anxiety in 7 studies, while the remaining 12 studies showed no significant associations. Evidence was mixed for the association between various dietary patterns and anxiety, but more studies observed a lower risk of anxiety with greater adherence to "healthy" diets (e.g., Mediterranean, diet quality score, vegetarian/vegan) than a higher risk. Notable heterogeneity in study populations, time periods, geographical locations, dietary assessment methods, and anxiety scales was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this SLR suggest a potential link between diet including diary consumption and anxiety, but future studies, especially with longitudinal designs that measure diet and anxiety at several timepoints and comprehensively adjust for confounders, are needed to fully understand the relationship between diet and anxiety.

Epidemiology of RSV Bronchiolitis Among Young Children in Central New York Before and After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations among infants in the United States. Unpredictability in RSV seasonality has occurred following the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Local surveillance networks can enhance the ability to appropriately time prophylaxis when exposure risk is highest. METHODS: A retrospective, cohort study was conducted to describe the epidemiologic patterns of RSV disease among outpatient, emergency department and inpatient encounters in children <5 years in Central New York before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Local data were collected from October 2015 to January 2023 and compared to state-level data. Linear regression models were used to identify clinical and sociodemographic differences before and after the pandemic. RESULTS: Local variation in RSV seasonality was noted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, however highly atypical circulation patterns appeared in the post-COVID-19 era. Since March 2020, patterns for local and state-defined RSV seasons have remained atypical (local season onset in 2021: week 27 and 2022: week 27; state season onset in 2021: week 31 and 2022: week 38). After adjusting for increases in testing, RSV bronchiolitis cases were not significantly different during pre- and post-pandemic eras. In comparison to the 2021 bronchiolitis season, the 2022 season had a higher proportion of RSV cases despite decreased testing. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal patterns for RSV have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Local surveillance networks may be advantageous in trending community-level RSV activity to optimize prophylaxis administration. Changes in RSV testing patterns occurred throughout the study period and should be accounted for when describing infant and childhood RSV disease.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus During the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to Historic Levels: A Retrospective Cohort Study of a Health System.

BACKGROUND: Surveillance in 2020-2021 showed that seasonal respiratory illnesses were below levels seen during prior seasons, with the exception of interseasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). METHODS: Electronic health record data of infants aged <1 year visiting the Duke University Health System from 4 October 2015 to 28 March 2020 (pre-COVID-19) and 29 March 2020 to 30 October 2021 (COVID-19) were assessed. International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes for RSV (B97.4, J12.1, J20.5, J21.0) and bronchiolitis (RSV codes plus J21.8, J21.9) were used to detail encounters in the inpatient (IP), emergency department (ED), outpatient (OP), urgent care (UC), and telemedicine (TM) settings. RESULTS: Pre-COVID-19, 88% of RSV and 92% of bronchiolitis encounters were seen in ambulatory settings. During COVID-19, 94% and 93%, respectively, occurred in ambulatory settings. Pre-COVID-19, the highest RSV proportion was observed in December-January (up to 38% in ED), while the peaks during COVID-19 were seen in July-September (up to 41% in ED) across all settings. RSV laboratory testing among RSV encounters was low during pre-COVID-19 (IP, 51%; ED, 51%; OP, 41%; UC, 84%) and COVID-19 outside of UC (IP, 33%; ED, 47%; OP, 47%; UC, 87%). Full-term, otherwise healthy infants comprised most RSV encounters (pre-COVID-19, up to 57% in OP; COVID-19, up to 82% in TM). CONCLUSIONS: With the interruption of historical RSV epidemiologic trends and the emergence of interseasonal disease during COVID-19, continued monitoring of RSV is warranted across all settings as the changing RSV epidemiology could affect the distribution of health care resources and public health policy.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is the Leading Cause of United States Infant Hospitalizations, 2009-2019: A Study of the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND: This study describes leading causes of hospitalization, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in United States infants (<1 year) from 2009 through 2019. METHODS: Within the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data, hospitalizations were determined by primary diagnosis using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision codes. RSV was defined as 079.6, 466.11, 480.1, B97.4, J12.1, J20.5, or J21.0. Bronchiolitis was defined as 466.19, J21.8, or J21.9. Leading causes overall and by sociodemographic variables were identified. The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was used for confirmatory analyses. RESULTS: Acute bronchiolitis due to RSV (code 466.11 or J21.0) was the leading primary diagnosis, accounting for 9.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.4%-9.9%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 9.0%-9.6%) of total infant hospitalizations from January 2009 through September 2015 and October 2015 through December 2019, respectively; it was the leading primary diagnosis in every year accounting for >10% of total infant hospitalizations from December through March, reaching >15% in January-February. From 2009 through 2011, acute bronchiolitis due to RSV was the leading primary diagnosis in every birth month. Acute bronchiolitis due to RSV was the leading cause among all races/ethnicities, except Asian/Pacific Islanders, and all insurance payer groups. KID analyses confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS: Acute bronchiolitis due to RSV is the leading cause of US infant hospitalizations.

Mortality Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bronchiolitis, and Influenza Among Infants in the United States: A Birth Cohort Study From 1999 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Infant mortality due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the United States is not well understood. METHODS: From 1999 to 2018, RSV, bronchiolitis, and influenza deaths were described for infants <1 year using linked birth/death datasets from the National Vital Statistics System. Mortality was described overall and by infant birth and death characteristics. Bronchiolitis was included as the plausible upper limit of RSV, while influenza served as a comparator. RESULTS: Total infant deaths were 561 RSV, 1603 bronchiolitis, and 504 influenza, and rates were 6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.4-7.5), 19.8 (95% CI, 18.9-20.8), and 6.2 (95% CI, 5.7-6.8) per 1 000 000 live births, respectively. The highest RSV rates were observed among <29 weeks' gestational age infants (103.5; 95% CI, 81.8-129.1), American Indian/Alaskan Native (20.3; 95% CI, 11.6-33.0), and Medicaid-insured (7.3; 95% CI, 5.9-8.9). However, RSV mortality burden was greatest in full-term (53.7%), white (44.9%), and Medicaid-insured (61.7%) infants. Deaths outside the inpatient setting were 21% and 54% for RSV and bronchiolitis; more Medicaid- (58%) and other/unknown-insured (69%) infants with bronchiolitis died outside of the inpatient setting, compared to privately insured infants (48%) (P = .0327). CONCLUSIONS: These national estimates emphasize the importance of considering all infants across all healthcare settings when describing RSV mortality.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Burden and Healthcare Utilization in United States Infants <1 Year of Age: Study of Nationally Representative Databases, 2011-2019.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations in United States infants aged <1 year, but research has focused on select populations. METHODS: National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample and National Emergency Department (ED) Sample data (2011-2019) were used to report RSV hospitalization (RSVH), bronchiolitis hospitalization (BH), and ED visit counts, percentage of total hospitalizations/visits, and rates per 1000 live births along with inpatient mortality, mechanical ventilation (MV), and total charges (2020 US dollars). RESULTS: Average annual RSVH and RSV ED visits were 56 927 (range, 43 845-66 155) and 131 999 (range, 89 809-177 680), respectively. RSVH rates remained constant over time (P = .5), whereas ED visit rates increased (P = .004). From 2011 through 2019, Medicaid infants had the highest average rates (RSVH: 22.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 21.5-23.1] per 1000; ED visits: 55.9 [95% CI, 52.4-59.4] per 1000) compared to infants with private or other/unknown insurance (RSVH: P < .0001; ED visits: P < .0001). From 2011 through 2019, for all races and ethnicities, Medicaid infants had higher average RSVH rates (up to 7 times) compared to infants with private or other/unknown insurance. RSVH mortality remained constant over time (P = .8), whereas MV use (2019: 13% of RSVH, P < .0001) and mean charge during hospitalization (2019: $21 513, P < .0001) increased. Bronchiolitis patterns were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of ensuring access to RSV preventive measures for all infants.

Complement-mediated hemolysis persists year round in patients with cold agglutinin disease.

BACKGROUND: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia mediated by immunoglobulin M autoantibodies that bind to the "I" antigen on erythrocytes. IgM binding results in either agglutination at ≤37°C, activation of the classical complement pathway, or both. Patients with CAD can have transient agglutination-mediated circulatory symptoms triggered by exposure to cold conditions. Separately, patients with CAD can experience complement-mediated symptoms such as anemia, hemolysis, and fatigue, but the effect of the season on these complement-mediated manifestations of CAD and clinical outcomes is not well understood. METHODS: Using data from the Optum® de-identified Electronic Health Record dataset, we compared hemoglobin, markers of hemolysis (bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) between seasons for 594 patients (62% female; 66% aged ≥65 years) with CAD (defined as having CAD-related terms in their clinical notes on ≥3 separate occasions between December 2008 and May 2016). Laboratory parameters and HRU were compared between seasons using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Estimated median hemoglobin (9.87 g/dL in summer and 9.86 g/dL in winter; P = 0.944) and bilirubin (1.04 mg/dL in summer and 1.09 mg/dL in winter; P = 0.257) were similar in winter versus summer. While LDH was statistically significantly higher in winter compared with summer (P < 0.001), the estimated median value was above normal for both seasons (309 U/L in summer and 367 U/L in winter). HRU measures and transfusion and thromboembolism rates were similar across seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CAD had evidence of persistent chronic hemolysis, HRU, and thromboembolism risk year round.

Estimating the population health impact of a multi-cancer early detection genomic blood test to complement existing screening in the US and UK.

BACKGROUND: Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) next-generation-sequencing blood tests represent a potential paradigm shift in screening. METHODS: We estimated the impact of screening in the US and UK. We used country-specific parameters for uptake, and test-specific sensitivity and false-positive rates for current screening: breast, colorectal, cervical and lung (US only) cancers. For the MCED test, we used cancer-specific sensitivities by stage. Outcomes included the true-positive:false-positive (TP:FP) ratio; and the cost of diagnostic investigations among screen positives, per cancer detected (Diagcost). Outcomes were estimated for recommended screening only, and then when giving the MCED test to anyone without cancer detected by current screening plus similarly aged adults ineligible for recommended screening. RESULTS: In the US, current screening detects an estimated 189,498 breast, cervical, colorectal and lung cancers. An MCED test with 25-100% uptake detects an additional 105,526-422,105 cancers (multiple types). The estimated TP:FP (Diagcost) was 1.43 ($89,042) with current screening but only 1:1.8 ($7060) using an MCED test. For the UK the corresponding estimates were 1:18 (£10,452) for current screening, and 1:1.6 (£2175) using an MCED test. CONCLUSIONS: Adding an MCED blood test to recommended screening can potentially be an efficient strategy. Ongoing randomised studies are required for full efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluations.

Inhalation cancer risk assessment for environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium: Comparison of margin-of-exposure and linear extrapolation approaches.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exists in the ambient air at low concentrations (average upperbound ~0.1 ng/m3) yet airborne concentrations typically exceed EPA's Regional Screening Level for residential exposure (0.012 ng/m3) and other similar benchmarks, which assume a mutagenic mode of action (MOA) and use low-dose linear risk assessment models. We reviewed Cr(VI) inhalation unit risk estimates developed by researchers and regulatory agencies for environmental and occupational exposures and the underlying epidemiologic data, updated a previously published MOA analysis, and conducted dose-response modeling of rodent carcinogenicity data to evaluate the need for alternative exposure-response data and risk assessment approaches. Current research supports the role of non-mutagenic key events in the MOA, with growing evidence for epigenetic modifiers. Animal data show a weak carcinogenic response, even at cytotoxic exposures, and highlight the uncertainties associated with the current epidemiological data used in risk assessment. Points of departure from occupational and animal studies were used to determine margins of exposure (MOEs). MOEs range from 1.5 E+3 to 3.3 E+6 with a median of 5 E+5, indicating that current environmental exposures to Cr(VI) in ambient air should be considered of low concern. In this comprehensive review, the divergent results from default linear and MOE assessments support the need for more relevant and robust epidemiologic data, additional mechanistic studies, and refined risk assessment strategies.

Determining the incidence of needle-related complications in hemodialysis access: We need a better system.

INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis access complications are common. We hypothesize that many of these complications can be traced back to needle-related injury from routine cannulation practices or inadvertent cannulation injuries. We set out to compare the rates of hemodialysis access complications under prior and current diagnosis coding systems, determine the incidence of needle-related complications for hemodialysis access, and describe the association of needle-related complications and resulting interventions. METHODS: Arteriovenous graft and arteriovenous fistula placements occurring in the first 6 months of 2014 and 2016 were identified in the United States Renal Data System Medicare claims data. Placements were followed until end of hemodialysis access life or end of the calendar year. Diagnoses and resulting interventions occurring during placement life were identified and mapped to needle-related complication terms. RESULTS: Almost 30,000 placements for 27,000 patients were followed in each year, with 67% of all accesses placed being arteriovenous fistula and 33% arteriovenous graft. In both years, 75% of arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous grafts required one or more interventions. Stenosis and thrombosis were the most common complications diagnosed and treated (41% and 16%, respectively); however, potential needle-related complications accounted for 6% of this dataset. DISCUSSION: International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, was inadequate for determining the incidence of specific hemodialysis access complications or needle-related complications. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, introduced several more hemodialysis access diagnoses but is still subject to coding confusion and catch-all coding for a variety of common and otherwise well-defined complications, suggesting that the true incidence of needle-related complications is buried in the non-specific diagnosis codes. These findings mark the clear need for an improved diagnosis coding system that consistently represents all common hemodialysis access complications.

Prediction Model for Freedom from TLR from a Multi-study Analysis of Long-Term Results with the Zilver PTX Drug-Eluting Peripheral Stent.

PURPOSE: Develop a prediction model to determine the impact of patient and lesion factors on freedom from target lesion revascularization (ffTLR) for patients who are candidates for Zilver PTX drug-eluting stent (DES) treatment for femoropopliteal lesions. METHODS: Patient factors, lesion characteristics, and TLR results from five global studies were utilized for model development. Factors potentially associated with TLR (sex, age, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, renal disease, smoking status, Rutherford classification, lesion length, reference vessel diameter (RVD), popliteal involvement, total occlusion, calcification severity, prior interventions, and number of runoff vessels) were analyzed in a Cox proportional hazards model. Probability of ffTLR was generated for three example patient profiles via combinations of patient and lesion factors. TLR was defined as reintervention performed for ≥ 50% diameter stenosis after recurrent clinical symptoms. RESULTS: The model used records from 2227 patients. The median follow-up time was 23.9 months (range: 0.03-60.8). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for ffTLR were 90.5% through 1 year and 75.2% through 5 years. In a multivariate analysis, sex, age, Rutherford classification, lesion length, RVD, total occlusion, and prior interventions were significant factors. The example patient profiles have predicted 1-year ffTLRs of 97.4, 92.3, and 86.0% and 5-year predicted ffTLRs of 92.8, 79.5, and 64.8%. The prediction model is available as an interactive web-based tool ( https://cooksfa.z13.web.core.windows.net ). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prediction model that uses an extensive dataset to determine the impact of patient and lesion factors on ffTLR through 5 years and provides an interactive web-based tool for expected patient outcomes with the Zilver PTX DES. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: Zilver PTX RCT unique identifier: NCT00120406; Zilver PTX single-arm study unique identifier: NCT01094678; Zilver PTX China study unique identifier: NCT02171962; Zilver PTX US post-approval study unique identifier: NCT01901289; Zilver PTX Japan post-market surveillance study unique identifier: NCT02254837. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Zilver PTX RCT: Level 2, randomized controlled trial; Single-arm study: Level 4, large case series; China study: Level 4, case series; US post-approval study: Level 4, case series Japan PMS study: Level 4, large case series.

Costs Attributable to Arteriovenous Fistula and Arteriovenous Graft Placements in Hemodialysis Patients with Medicare coverage.

INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis (HD) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients requires vascular access (VA) through an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG), or a central venous catheter. While AVF or AVG is commonly used for HD, the economic implications of AVF versus AVG use have not been fully established. We describe the healthcare resource utilization and costs of AVF and AVG use for incident ESRD patients in the United States. METHODS: This observational cohort study of AVF and AVG placements used data from the United States Renal Data System to identify and follow access placements. AVF and AVG placements after ESRD onset for incident patients from 2012 to 2014 with continuous Medicare primary coverage were included. All-cause and access-related Medicare costs were averaged over the placement lifetime and expressed as per dialysis-month costs. RESULTS: The analysis included 38,035 AVF placements and 12,789 AVG placements. Total all-cause monthly costs for AVF averaged USD 8,508; mean monthly costs were USD 3,027 for inpatient (IP), USD 3,139 for outpatient (OP), USD 1,572 for physician services, and USD 770 for other care settings. Access-related monthly costs averaged USD 1,699 and represented 20% of all-cause charges for AVFs. Mean all-cause monthly costs for AVG were USD 9,605; by setting monthly costs were USD 3,811 for IP, USD 3,034 for OP, USD 1,881 for physician services and USD 879 for other care settings. Access-related monthly costs averaged USD 2,656 and represented 28% of all-cause charges for AVGs. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that costs due to VA are a significant burden on Medicare budgets and on patients. The factors driving access-related utilization and costs merit attention in future research. Both optimizing process of care and discovery innovation may significantly accelerate better stewardship of available healthcare resources.

2'-Fucosyllactose Is Well Tolerated in a 100% Whey, Partially Hydrolyzed Infant Formula With Bifidobacterium lactis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Human milk oligosaccharides are important components of breast milk. We evaluated feeding tolerance of the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) in a 100% whey, partially hydrolyzed infant formula with the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis strain Bb12 (B lactis; Test) as compared with the same formula without 2'FL (Control) in a randomized controlled trial of healthy infants enrolled at 2 weeks of age (±5 days). After 6 weeks of feeding the assigned formula, the primary outcome of tolerance was assessed using the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire. Stooling, vomiting, spit-up, crying, and fussing were compared between groups. Seventy-nine infants were enrolled and 63 completed the study per protocol (30 Test, 33 Control). Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire scores were similar between groups (Test 20.9 ± 4.8, Control 20.7 ± 4.3, P = .82). Partially hydrolyzed infant formula with 2'FL and B lactis is tolerated well, as confirmed by a validated multi-symptom index.

Clinical Outcomes of Arteriovenous Access in Incident Hemodialysis Patients with Medicare Coverage, 2012-2014.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hemodialysis requires a mode of vascular access through an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG), or a central venous catheter (CVC). AVF is recommended over AVG or CVC due to increased patency and decreased intervention rates for those that mature. AVG are preferred over CVC due to decreased infection and mortality risk. The aims of this study were to evaluate the lifespan of AVF and AVG in maturation, sustained access use, and abandonment. METHODS: The United States Renal Data System (USRDS), Medicare claims, and CROWNWeb were used to identify access placements. Patients with a first end-stage renal disease (ESRD) service from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2014 with continuous coverage with Medicare as primary payer and ≥1 AVF or AVG placed after ESRD onset were included. Maturation was defined as the first use of the access for hemodialysis recorded in CROWNWeb. Sustained access use was defined as 3 consecutive months of use without catheter placement or replacement. Accesses that were never used at any time post-placement were considered abandoned. RESULTS: The cohort included 38,035 AVF placements and 12,789 AVG placements. Sixty-nine percent of AVF and 72% of AVG matured. Fifty-two percent of AVF and 51% of AVG achieved sustained access use. One quarter of AVF and 14% of AVG were abandoned without use as recorded in CROWNWeb. CONCLUSION: Although considered the gold standard for vascular access, only half of AVF and AVG placements achieved sustained access use. The USRDS database has inherent limitations but provides useful clinical insight into maturation, sustained use, and abandonment.

Are Predictive Energy Expenditure Equations in Ventilated Surgery Patients Accurate?

BACKGROUND:: While indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard used to calculate specific calorie needs in the critically ill, predictive equations are frequently utilized at many institutions for various reasons. Prior studies suggest these equations frequently misjudge actual resting energy expenditure (REE) in medical and mixed intensive care unit (ICU) patients; however, their utility for surgical ICU (SICU) patients has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the REE measured by IC with REE calculated using specific calorie goals or predictive equations for nutritional support in ventilated adult SICU patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed on all adults (n = 419, 18-91 years) mechanically ventilated for >24 hours, with an Fio2 ≤ 60%, who met IC screening criteria. Caloric needs were estimated using Harris-Benedict equations (HBEs), and 20, 25, and 30 kcal/kg/d with actual (ABW), adjusted (ADJ), and ideal body (IBW) weights. The REE was measured using IC. RESULTS:: The estimated REE was considered accurate when within ±10% of the measured REE by IC. The HBE, 20, 25, and 30 kcal/kg/d estimates of REE were found to be inaccurate regardless of age, gender, or weight. The HBE and 20 kcal/kg/d underestimated REE, while 25 and 30 kcal/kg/d overestimated REE. Of the methods studied, those found to most often accurately estimate REE were the HBE using ABW, which was accurate 35% of the time, and 25 kcal/kg/d ADJ, which was accurate 34% of the time. This difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:: Using HBE, 20, 25, or 30 kcal/kg/d to estimate daily caloric requirements in critically ill surgical patients is inaccurate compared to REE measured by IC. In SICU patients with nutrition requirements essential to recovery, IC measurement should be performed to guide clinicians in determining goal caloric requirements.