Premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy and brain white matter brain integrity in later-life.

INTRODUCTION: Premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy (PBO) is associated with later-life cognition, but the underlying brain changes remain unclear. We assessed the impact of PBO and PBO age on white matter integrity. METHODS: Female participants with regional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were included (22 with PBO < 40 years; 43 with PBO 40-45 years; 39 with PBO 46-49 years; 907 referents without PBO < 50 years). Linear regression models adjusted for age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. RESULTS: Females with PBO < 40 years, compared to referents, had lower FA and higher MD in the anterior corona radiata, genu of the corpus collosum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior occipital, and superior temporal white matter. Females who underwent PBO between 45 and 49 also had some changes in white matter integrity. DISCUSSION: Females who underwent PBO < 40 years had reduced white matter integrity across multiple regions in later-life. These results are important for females considering PBO for noncancerous conditions. HIGHLIGHTS: Females with premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy (PBO) < 40 years had lower FA versus referents. Females with PBO < 40 years had higher MD in many regions versus referents. Adjusting for estrogen replacement therapy use did not attenuate results. Females with PBO 45-49 years also had some white matter changes versus referents.

Prescription Opioids and Brain Structure in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between prescription opioid exposures in community-dwelling older adults and gray and white matter structure by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Secondary analysis was conducted of a prospective, longitudinal population-based cohort study employing cross-sectional imaging of older adult (≥65 years) enrollees between November 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017. Gray matter outcomes included cortical thickness in 41 structures and subcortical volumes in 6 structures. White matter outcomes included fractional anisotropy in 40 tracts and global white matter hyperintensity volumes. The primary exposure was prescription opioid availability expressed as the per-year rate of opioid days preceding magnetic resonance imaging, with a secondary exposure of per-year total morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Multivariable models assessed associations between opioid exposures and brain structures. RESULTS: The study included 2185 participants; median (interquartile range) age was 80 (75 to 85) years, 47% were women, and 1246 (57%) received opioids. No significant associations were found between opioids and gray matter. Increased opioid days and MME were associated with decreased white matter fractional anisotropy in 15 (38%) and 16 (40%) regions, respectively, including the corpus callosum, posterior thalamic radiation, and anterior limb of the internal capsule, among others. Opioid days and MME were also associated with greater white matter hyperintensity volume (1.02 [95% CI, 1.002 to 1.036; P=.029] and 1.01 [1.001 to 1.024; P=.032] increase in the geometric mean, respectively). CONCLUSION: The duration and dose of prescription opioids were associated with decreased white matter integrity but not with gray matter structure. Future studies with longitudinal imaging and clinical correlation are warranted to further evaluate these relationships.

Microstructural Mapping of Neural Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease using Macrostructure-Informed Normative Tractometry.

Introduction: Diffusion MRI is sensitive to the microstructural properties of brain tissues, and shows great promise in detecting the effects of degenerative diseases. However, many approaches analyze single measures averaged over regions of interest, without considering the underlying fiber geometry. Methods: Here, we propose a novel Macrostructure-Informed Normative Tractometry (MINT) framework, to investigate how white matter microstructure and macrostructure are jointly altered in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We compare MINT-derived metrics with univariate metrics from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to examine how fiber geometry may impact interpretation of microstructure. Results: In two multi-site cohorts from North America and India, we find consistent patterns of microstructural and macrostructural anomalies implicated in MCI and dementia; we also rank diffusion metrics' sensitivity to dementia. Discussion: We show that MINT, by jointly modeling tract shape and microstructure, has potential to disentangle and better interpret the effects of degenerative disease on the brain's neural pathways.

Influences of amyloid-ß and tau on white matter neurite alterations in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a neurodegenerative condition often co-occurring with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Characterizing white matter tissue microstructure using Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) may help elucidate the biological underpinnings of white matter injury in individuals with DLB. In this study, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and NODDI metrics were compared in 45 patients within the dementia with Lewy bodies spectrum (mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (n = 13) and probable dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 32)) against 45 matched controls using conditional logistic models. We evaluated the associations of tau and amyloid-ß with DTI and NODDI parameters and examined the correlations of AD-related white matter injury with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Structural equation models (SEM) explored relationships among age, APOE ε4, amyloid-ß, tau, and white matter injury. The DLB spectrum group exhibited widespread white matter abnormalities, including reduced fractional anisotropy, increased mean diffusivity, and decreased neurite density index. Tau was significantly associated with limbic and temporal white matter injury, which was, in turn, associated with worse CDR. SEM revealed that amyloid-ß exerted indirect effects on white matter injury through tau. We observed widespread disruptions in white matter tracts in DLB that were not attributed to AD pathologies, likely due to α-synuclein-related injury. However, a fraction of the white matter injury could be attributed to AD pathology. Our findings underscore the impact of AD pathology on white matter integrity in DLB and highlight the utility of NODDI in elucidating the biological basis of white matter injury in DLB.

Altered structural and functional connectivity in Posterior Cortical Atrophy and Dementia with Lewy bodies.

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) show distinct atrophy and overlapping hypometabolism profiles, but it is unknown how disruptions in structural and functional connectivity compare between these disorders and whether breakdowns in connectivity relate to either atrophy or hypometabolism. Thirty amyloid-positive PCA patients, 24 amyloid-negative DLB patients and 30 amyloid-negative cognitively unimpaired (CU) healthy individuals were recruited at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, and underwent a 3T head MRI, including structural MRI, resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences, as well as [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. We assessed functional connectivity within and between 12 brain networks using rsfMRI and the CONN functional connectivity toolbox and calculated regional DTI metrics using the Johns Hopkins atlas. Multivariate linear-regression models corrected for multiple comparisons and adjusted for age and sex compared DTI metrics and within-network and between-network functional connectivity across groups. Regional gray-matter volumes and FDG-PET standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated and analyzed at the voxel-level using SPM12. We used univariate linear-regression models to investigate the relationship between connectivity measures, gray-matter volume, and FDG-PET SUVR. On DTI, PCA showed degeneration in occipito-parietal white matter, posterior thalamic radiations, splenium of the corpus collosum and sagittal stratum compared to DLB and CU, with greater degeneration in the temporal white matter and the fornix compared to CU. We observed no white-matter degeneration in DLB compared to CU. On rsfMRI, reduced within-network connectivity was present in dorsal and ventral default mode networks (DMN) and the dorsal-attention network in PCA compared to DLB and CU, with reduced within-network connectivity in the visual and sensorimotor networks compared to CU. DLB showed reduced connectivity in the cerebellar network compared to CU. Between-network analysis showed increased connectivity in both cerebellar-to-sensorimotor and cerebellar-to-dorsal attention network connectivity in PCA and DLB. PCA showed reduced anterior DMN-to-cerebellar and dorsal attention-to-sensorimotor connectivity, while DLB showed reduced posterior DMN-to-sensorimotor connectivity compared to CU. PCA showed reduced dorsal DMN-to-visual connectivity compared to DLB. The multimodal analysis revealed weak associations between functional connectivity and volume in PCA, and between functional connectivity and metabolism in DLB. These findings suggest that PCA and DLB have unique connectivity alterations, with PCA showing more widespread disruptions in both structural and functional connectivity; yet some overlap was observed with both disorders showing increased connectivity from the cerebellum.

Phosphate environment and phosphate uptake studies: past and future.

The present review explains briefly the importance of phosphorus in the biological activities and states that the most phosphorus of living organisms is absorbed by plants from the soil. Next, previous studies on the mechanisms of phosphate uptake by plants are reviewed as H+-dependent or Na+-dependent co-transport systems and the phosphate environment in which plants grow is discussed. The evolution of transporter genes and their regulation mechanisms of expression is discussed in relation to the phosphorus environment.

Genetic basis and selection of glyceollin elicitation in wild soybean.

Glyceollins, a family of phytoalexins elicited in legume species, play crucial roles in environmental stress response (e.g., defending against pathogens) and human health. However, little is known about the genetic basis of glyceollin elicitation. In the present study, we employed a metabolite-based genome-wide association (mGWA) approach to identify candidate genes involved in glyceollin elicitation in genetically diverse and understudied wild soybeans subjected to soybean cyst nematode. In total, eight SNPs on chromosomes 3, 9, 13, 15, and 20 showed significant associations with glyceollin elicitation. Six genes fell into two gene clusters that encode glycosyltransferases in the phenylpropanoid pathway and were physically close to one of the significant SNPs (ss715603454) on chromosome 9. Additionally, transcription factors (TFs) genes such as MYB and WRKY were also found as promising candidate genes within close linkage to significant SNPs on chromosome 9. Notably, four significant SNPs on chromosome 9 show epistasis and a strong signal for selection. The findings describe the genetic foundation of glyceollin biosynthesis in wild soybeans; the identified genes are predicted to play a significant role in glyceollin elicitation regulation in wild soybeans. Additionally, how the epistatic interactions and selection influence glyceollin variation in natural populations deserves further investigation to elucidate the molecular mechanism of glyceollin biosynthesis.

Functional recovery following traumatic brain injury in rats is enhanced by oral supplementation with bovine thymus extract.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There are currently no effective treatments for TBI, and trauma survivors suffer from a variety of long-lasting health consequences. With nutritional support recently emerging as a vital step in improving TBI patients' outcomes, we sought to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of nutritional supplements derived from bovine thymus gland, which can deliver a variety of nutrients and bioactive molecules. In a rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI), we determined that animals supplemented with a nuclear fraction of bovine thymus (TNF) display greatly improved performance on beam balance and spatial memory tests following CCI. Using RNA-Seq, we identified an array of signaling pathways that are modulated by TNF supplementation in rat hippocampus, including those involved in the process of autophagy. We further show that bovine thymus-derived extracts contain antigens found in neural tissues and that supplementation of rats with thymus extracts induces production of serum IgG antibodies against neuronal and glial antigens, which may explain the enhanced animal recovery following CCI through possible oral tolerance mechanism. Collectively, our data demonstrate, for the first time, the potency of a nutritional supplement containing nuclear fraction of bovine thymus in enhancing the functional recovery from TBI.

Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids in e-cigarettes seized from prisons: A case study.

The administration of new psychoactive substances (NPS), in particular synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), via e-cigarettes, within prison settings has been well publicized. This study provides an overview of five e-cigarette case samples seized from Scottish prisons between May 2022 and July 2023 where the anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) mestanolone and oxandrolone were identified following gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These e-cigarette samples represented 2.9% of all samples containing e-cigarette cartridges (n = 170) and 9.4% of all samples found to contain AASs (n = 53) seized during the same time period. The AASs were detected in combination with other drugs, including cocaine, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), SCRAs and nicotine. This represents a new and novel route of administration for AASs.

Flavonols improve thermotolerance in tomato pollen during germination and tube elongation by maintaining ROS homeostasis.

Elevated temperatures impair pollen performance and reproductive success, resulting in lower crop yields. The Solanum lycopersicum anthocyanin reduced ( are ) mutant has a FLAVANONE 3 HYDROXYLASE ( F3H ) gene mutation resulting in impaired synthesis of flavonol antioxidants. The are mutant has reduced pollen performance and seed set relative to the VF36 parental line, which is accentuated at elevated temperatures. Transformation of are with the wild-type F3H gene, or chemical complementation with flavonols, prevented temperature-dependent ROS accumulation in pollen and reversed are's reduced viability, germination, and tube elongation to VF36 levels. VF36 transformed with an F3H overexpression construct prevented temperature driven ROS increases and impaired pollen performance, revealing thermotolerance results from elevated flavonol synthesis. Although stigmas of are had reduced flavonols and elevated ROS, the growth of are pollen tubes were similarly impaired in both are and VF36 pistils. RNA-Seq was performed at optimal and stress temperatures in are , VF36, and the VF36 F3H overexpression line at multiple timepoints across pollen tube elongation. Differentially expressed gene numbers increased with duration of elevated temperature in all genotypes, with the largest number in are . These findings suggest potential agricultural interventions to combat the negative effects of heat-induced ROS in pollen that leads to reproductive failure. One sentence summary: Flavonol antioxidants reduce the negative impacts of elevated temperatures on pollen performance by reducing levels of heat induced reactive oxygen species and modulation of heat-induced changes in the pollen transcriptome.

Shifting gears: Creating equity informed leaders for effective learning health systems.

Leadership is vital to a well-functioning and effective health system. This importance was underscored during the COVID-19 pandemic. As disparities in infection and mortality rates became pronounced, greater calls for equity-informed healthcare emerged. These calls led some leaders to use the Learning Health System (LHS) approach to quickly transform research into healthcare practice to mitigate inequities causing these rates. The LHS is a relatively new framework informed by many within and outside health systems, supported by decision-makers and financial arrangements and encouraged by a culture that fosters quick learning and improvements. Although studies indicate the LHS can enhance patients' health outcomes, scarce literature exists on health leaders' use and incorporation of equity into the LHS. This article begins addressing this gap by examining how equity can be incorporated into LHS activities and discussing ways leaders can ensure equity is considered and achieved in rapid learning cycles.

Aberrant DNA repair reveals a vulnerability in histone H3.3-mutant brain tumors.

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are devastating and incurable brain tumors with recurrent mutations in histone H3.3. These mutations promote oncogenesis by dysregulating gene expression through alterations of histone modifications. We identify aberrant DNA repair as an independent mechanism, which fosters genome instability in H3.3 mutant pHGG, and opens new therapeutic options. The two most frequent H3.3 mutations in pHGG, K27M and G34R, drive aberrant repair of replication-associated damage by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Aberrant NHEJ is mediated by the DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP), which shows increased association with mutant H3.3 at damaged replication forks. PNKP sustains the proliferation of cells bearing H3.3 mutations, thus conferring a molecular vulnerability, specific to mutant cells, with potential for therapeutic targeting.

Latent Class Groups of Concurrent Substance Use Among Adolescents in an Urban Community: Correlates With Mental Health, Access to Drugs and Alcohol, and Risk Perception.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent substance use among adolescents has been associated with an increase in physical and mental health problems. These outcomes tend to be exacerbated among adolescents of color in underserved urban settings. The purpose of this study was to understand alcohol and concurrent drug use patterns among adolescents in an underserved urban community to provide targeted prevention and treatment recommendations. METHOD: This study examined data among adolescents in an underserved urban community (N = 1789; 56.90% female; 70.86% Hispanic/Latino/a; meanage = 15.96 ± 1.56). Using latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logistic regression modeling, analyses identified independent correlates of latent class membership. RESULTS: Five latent classes (LC) were identified including LC group 1: Predominant alcohol use and limited to no concurrent-drug use (n = 213; 11.9%); LC group 2: Concurrent drug and alcohol use including methamphetamine, marijuana and synthetic marijuana use, and alcohol use (n = 74; 4.2%); LC group 3: Concurrent drug and alcohol use, with no marijuana use (n = 204; 11.39%); LC group 4: High Concurrent drug use and alcohol use (n = 204; 11.40%); and LC group 5: Concurrent drug use without alcohol use (n = 1101; 61.52%). Significant between group differences were noted between latent class groups and sociodemographic characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression models identified the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and corollary clinical features of substance use on latent class groupings of alcohol and concurrent drug use. CONCLUSION: Understanding concurrent substance use LC groups among adolescents is essential to providing targeted interventions and treatment programs, as well as early intervention programs that may help reduce substance use during adolescence.

In vitro cannabinoid receptor activity, metabolism, and detection in seized samples of CH-PIATA, a new indole-3-acetamide synthetic cannabinoid.

The rapidly evolving synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) market poses significant challenges for forensic scientists. Since the enactment of a generic ban in China, a variety of new compounds have emerged capable of evading the legislation by carrying new structural features. One recent example of a SCRA with new linker and head moieties is CH-PIATA (CH-PIACA, CHX-PIATA, CHX-PIACA). CH-PIATA bears an additional methylene spacer in the linker moiety between the indole core and the traditional carbonyl component of the linker. This study describes detections in 2022 of this new SCRA in the United States, Belgium, and Scottish prisons. CH-PIATA was detected once in a seized powder by Belgian customs and 12 times in Scottish prisons in infused papers or resin. The metabolites of CH-PIATA were investigated via in vitro human liver microsome (HLM) incubations and eight metabolites were identified, dominated by oxidative biotransformations. A blood sample from the United States was confirmed to contain a mixture of SCRAs including CH-PIATA via presence of the parent and at least five of the metabolites identified from HLM incubations. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the intrinsic in vitro cannabinoid 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) receptor activation potential of CH-PIATA reference material and the powder seized by Belgian customs by means of ß-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. Both the reference and the seized powder showed a weak activity at both CB receptors with signs of antagonism found. Based on these results, the expected harm potential of this newly emerging substance remains limited.

Neurite-based white matter alterations in MAPT mutation carriers: A multi-shell diffusion MRI study in the ALLFTD consortium.

We assessed white matter (WM) integrity in MAPT mutation carriers (16 asymptomatic, 5 symptomatic) compared to 31 non-carrier family controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (fractional anisotropy; FA, mean diffusivity; MD) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) (neurite density index; NDI, orientation and dispersion index; ODI). Linear mixed-effects models accounting for age and family relatedness revealed alterations across DTI and NODDI metrics in all mutation carriers and in symptomatic carriers, with the most significant differences involving fronto-temporal WM tracts. Asymptomatic carriers showed higher entorhinal MD and lower cingulum FA and patterns of higher ODI mostly involving temporal areas and long association and projections fibers. Regression models between estimated time to or time from disease and DTI and NODDI metrics in key regions (amygdala, cingulum, entorhinal, inferior temporal, uncinate fasciculus) in all carriers showed increasing abnormalities with estimated time to or time from disease onset, with FA and NDI showing the strongest relationships. Neurite-based metrics, particularly ODI, appear to be particularly sensitive to early WM involvement in asymptomatic carriers.

Vascular risk, gait, behavioral, and plasma indicators of VCID.

INTRODUCTION: Cost-effective screening tools for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) has significant implications. We evaluated non-imaging indicators of VCID using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured white matter (WM) damage and hypothesized that these indicators differ based on age. METHODS: In 745 participants from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (≥50 years of age) with serial WM assessments from diffusion MRI and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-MRI, we examined associations between baseline non-imaging indicators (demographics, vascular risk factors [VRFs], gait, behavioral, plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], and plasma neurofilament light chain [NfL]) and WM damage across three age tertiles. RESULTS: VRFs and gait were associated with diffusion changes even in low age strata. All measures (VRFs, gait, behavioral, plasma GFAP, plasma NfL) were associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) but mainly in intermediate and high age strata. DISCUSSION: Non-imaging indicators of VCID were related to WM damage and may aid in screening participants and assessing outcomes for VCID. HIGHLIGHTS: Non-imaging indicators of VCID can aid in prediction of MRI-measured WM damage but their importance differed by age. Vascular risk and gait measures were associated with early VCID changes measured using diffusion MRI. Plasma markers explained variability in WMH across age strata. Most non-imaging measures explained variability in WMH and vascular WM scores in intermediate and older age groups. The framework developed here can be used to evaluate new non-imaging VCID indicators proposed in the future.

Association between structural brain MRI abnormalities and epilepsy in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between brain MRI abnormalities and incident epilepsy in older adults. METHODS: Men and women (ages 45-64 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were followed up from 1987 to 2018 with brain MRI performed between 2011 and 2013. We identified cases of incident late-onset epilepsy (LOE) with onset of seizures occurring after the acquisition of brain MRI. We evaluated the relative pattern of cortical thickness, subcortical volume, and white matter integrity among participants with incident LOE after MRI in comparison with participants without seizures. We examined the association between MRI abnormalities and incident LOE using Cox proportional hazards regression. Models were adjusted for demographics, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, and dementia status. RESULTS: Among 1251 participants with brain MRI data, 27 (2.2%) developed LOE after MRI over a median of 6.4 years (25-75 percentile 5.8-6.9) of follow-up. Participants with incident LOE after MRI had higher levels of cortical thinning and white matter microstructural abnormalities before seizure onset compared to those without seizures. In longitudinal analyses, greater number of abnormalities was associated with incident LOE after controlling for demographic factors, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and dementia (gray matter: hazard ratio [HR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-4.9; white matter diffusivity: HR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.3). INTERPRETATION: This study demonstrates considerable gray and white matter pathology among individuals with LOE, which is present prior to the onset of seizures and provides important insights into the role of neurodegeneration, both of gray and white matter, and the risk of LOE.

Detection in seized samples, analytical characterization, and in vitro metabolism of the newly emerged 5-bromo-indazole-3-carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and new structural scaffolds have emerged on the recreational drug market since the enactment of Chinese SCRA analog controls in 2021. This study reports the first SCRAs to be detected with a bromide at the 5 position (5'Br) on the phenyl ring of the indazole core and without a tail moiety. ADB-5'Br-INACA (ADMB-5'Br-INACA) and MDMB-5'Br-INACA were detected in seized samples from Scottish prisons, Belgian customs, and US forensic casework. The brominated analog with a tail moiety, ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA (ADMB-5'Br-BUTINACA), was also detected in Scottish prisons and US forensic casework. The metabolites of these compounds and the predicted compound MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA were identified through incubation with primary human hepatocytes to aid in their toxicological identification. The bromide on the indazole remains intact on metabolites, allowing these compounds to be easily distinguished in toxicological samples from their non-brominated analogs. Glucuronidation was more common for tail-less analogs than their butyl tail-containing counterparts. Forensic toxicologists are advised to update their analytical methods with the characteristic ions for these compounds, as well as their anticipated urinary markers: amide hydrolysis and monoOH at tert-butyl metabolites (after ß-glucuronidase treatment) for ADB-5'Br-INACA; monoOH at tert-butyl and amide hydrolysis metabolites for ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA; and ester hydrolysis metabolites with additional metabolites for MDMB-5'Br-INACA and MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA. Toxicologists should remain vigilant to the emergence of new SCRAs with halogenation of the indazole core and tail-less analogs, which have already started to emerge.

Fairness for Whom? Learning Health Systems' Approach to Equity in Healthcare.

Many healthcare systems use "equity" as a catch-all term to underscore their commitment to delivering care matching users' needs. Despite its ubiquity, it is often haphazardly used and applied to care and improvement efforts. As the learning health systems (LHSs) approach gains prominence, LHS researchers have sought to embed equity into their work while navigating systems with differing views of equity. We examine several components of equity, its definitions within LHSs and knowledge from LHSs' equity approach that could be implemented across systems. We conclude by suggesting various ways in which readers can embed equity into their respective LHSs.