A virtually supervised exercise program improved fitness and mental wellness in healthy and comorbidity older adult individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected older adults worldwide. Sedentary older adults experienced more severe adverse health effects due to their shelter-in-place. Physical activity was strongly recommended during periods of social distancing. The present study evaluated the impact of a virtually supervised exercise program on the physical fitness and mental health of Mexican older adults during the pandemic's lockdown. Methods: Participants were 44 older adults who were assigned to one of four physical fitness groups: a healthy control group (Ctrl-H, n = 15), a comorbidity control group (Ctrl-COM, n = 9), an exercise group without comorbidities (Exe-H, n = 11), and an exercise group with comorbidities (Exe-COM, n = 9). The participants engaged in a 60-min, virtually-supervised concurrent exercise session three times/week for 12 weeks. Fitness was measured using the online Senior Fitness Tests and the 4-m Gait Speed Test. Mental health was evaluated through virtual interviews using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Within-subject pre vs. post-intervention comparisons tested for significant differences, between-groups and over time. Results: Significant interactions were found in the scores of the Geriatric Depression Scale (p ≤ 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.35), the Hamilton Depression Scale (p ≤ 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.35), resilience scores (p ≤ 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.46), lower-body strength (p ≤ 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.32), timed up-and-go test (p = 0.018; ηp2 = 0.18), the 6MWT distance scores (p ≤ 0.0001; ηp2 = 0.39), and the 4-m gait speed test scores (p = 0.011; ηp2 = 0.20). Conclusion: A long-term virtually-supervised exercise program conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown period led to marked improvements in both the fitness and mental health of older Mexican adults. Comorbidities did not diminish these benefits. These findings provide empirical support for online exercise programs in the daily routines of older adults to make clinically meaningful improvements in both physical and mental well-being.

Physical exercise and cognition in older adults, a scientific approach scanty reported in Latin America and Caribbean populations.

The advancement of public services, including the increased accessibility of health services, has led to a rise in life expectancy globally. As a result, aging populations are becoming more prevalent, raising concerns about cognitive decline. Fortunately, non-pharmacological methods, such as physical exercise, have been shown to mitigate the effects of aging on the brain. In this perspective article, we examined meta-analyses on the impact of physical exercise on cognition in older adults. The results indicate that combined exercise (i.e., aerobic plus strength training), has a significant positive effect on overall cognition and executive function. However, we found a lack of scientific studies on this topic in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Therefore, there is a pressing need for research to identify the feasibility of physical exercise interventions to improve cognitive skills in older adults from these regions.

Breasts as a perceived barrier to physical activity in Mexican women: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence exists on barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Despite evidence from other countries, no research has investigated the influence of the breast on PA in this population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the breast and physical activity in Mexican women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: Volunteers were 279 Mexican women from Veracruz, Durango, and Baja California states, who completed a paper survey of their demographics, brassiere characteristics, breast pain, and frequency and amounts of weekly physical activity. RESULTS: The first barrier to physical activity was time constraints, followed by breast-related issues. Breast pain was reported by 47.1% of women, and the breast as a barrier to physical activity participation was reported by 30.6%. Responses, such as "I am embarrassed by excessive breast movement" and "My breasts are too big" were the most frequently reported breast-related barriers to physical activity. Breast pain was associated with the menstrual cycle and exercise. Breast health knowledge and pain intensity were unrelated to moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity. The 36.4% and 6.7% of women did not meet weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity guidelines, respectively. Weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was similar between women reporting breast pain and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Because the breast was the second most significant barrier to physical activity, it is imperative to increase breast health knowledge in Mexican women to reduce impediments to physical activity.

Perception of Mexican women regarding their breasts as a barrier to physical activityPhysical activity provides numerous health benefits, sometimes associated with reversing or delaying several diseases. However, barriers to increasing physical activity in women remain, as the breast is an anatomical aspect that is unique to women. Breast pain has been reported in more than 50% of women who perform physical exercise. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the associations between breast characteristics and barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Two hundred and seventy-nine women from three Mexican states voluntarily participated in the study. They answered survey questions on the history of bra use, barriers to physical activity, and essential demographic characteristics. The main findings of this study were that issues related to the breasts were reported as the second barrier to physical activity participation. In addition, time constraints were reported as the main reason impeding physical activity participation. Public health initiatives should support attempts to increase breast satisfaction among women of all breast sizes to stimulate engagement in physical activity throughout their lives.

Remote, Whole-Body Interval Training Improves Muscular Endurance and Cardiac Autonomic Control in Young Adults.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise modality acknowledged to maintain physical fitness with more engagement in an active lifestyle compared with other traditional exercise models. Nevertheless, its effects on cardiac control and physical performance in an online-guided setting are not yet clarified. The present work assessed physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after an online, home-based HIIT program in college-age students while pandemic lockdowns were in effect. Twenty university students (age: 21.9 ± 2.4 years.) that were solely enrolled in online classes were distributed into three groups: control-CON-(n = 6), 14 min of HIIT-HIIT-14-(n = 8), and 21 min of HIIT-HIIT-21-(n = 6). A maximal push-up test was employed to assess muscular endurance and performance, and resting HRV signals were collected with wireless heart rate monitors and were processed in Kubios HRV Std. (Kubios Oy, Finland). There was an increase in total push-up capacity compared to CON (p < 0.05 HIIT-21 vs. CON; p < 0.001 HIIT-14 vs. CON) after 8 weeks. A significant interaction was observed in high-frequency and low-frequency spectra ratios after the HIIT-21 intervention (p < 0.05). The current work demonstrated that either short- or mid-volume online, whole-body HIIT improves muscle strength, whereas mid-volume HIIT (HIIT-21) was the only intervention that developed a sympathovagal adaptation. This study showed promising results on muscular endurance and cardiac autonomic modulation through whole-body HIIT practice at home.

Short-Term High-Intensity Circuit Training Does Not Modify Resting Heart Rate Variability in Adults during the COVID-19 Confinement.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increased sedentary behavior, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances in the population favoring the installation of alterations in the cardiovascular system. In this sense, physical exercise has widely been suggested as an efficient treatment to improve health. The current study determined the impact of short-term high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on resting heart rate variability (HRV) in adults. METHODS: Nine healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.4 yr.) performed 36 HICT sessions (3 times per day; 3 days per week) and four participants (age: 29.5 ± 1.7 yr.) were assigned to a control group. The HICT consisted of 12 min of whole-body exercises performed during a workout. Twenty-four hours before and after the exercise program, HRV parameters were recorded. RESULTS: The heart rate exercise during the last session trended to be lower when compared with the first HICT session (p = 0.07, d = 0.39, 95% CI = -13.50, 0.72). The interval training did not modify the HRV time (Mean NN, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50) and frequency (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, total power) domain parameters. CONCLUSION: Thirty-six HICT sessions did not provide enough stimuli to modify the resting HRV in adults during social isolation elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the data suggested that exercise protocol did not induce cardio-vagal adaptations.

Unhealthy Dieting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opinion Regarding the Harmful Effects on Brain Health.

Since 2020, the world has been suffering from a pandemic that has affected thousands of people regardless of socio-economic conditions, forcing the population to adopt different strategies to prevent and control the advance of the disease, one of which is social distancing. Even though social distancing is a safe strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19, it is also the cause of a rising sedentary behavior. This behavior develops an excess of fat tissue that leads to metabolic and inflammatory disruption related to chronic diseases and mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and sleep issues. Furthermore, the adoption of dietary patterns involving the consumption of ultra-processed foods, higher in fats and sugars, and the reduction of fresh and healthy foods may play a role in the progress of the disease. In this perspective, we will discuss how an unhealthy diet can affect brain function and, consequently, be a risk factor for mental health diseases.

Concurrent Training Increases Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Older Adults Regardless of the Exercise Frequency.

Background: Human brain function declines with aging. In this sense, exercise-based interventions has a promising effect on brain plasticity for older adults. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a positive biomarker for brain neuroplasticity in healthy older adults also modified by exercise training. Selected features of the exercise prescription for improving brain health are missing; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of concurrent exercise training frequency on serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (age: 65 ± 4 year; body mass index: 28.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) completed either a three times/week (3-t/w) (n = 8) or five times/week (5-t/w) (n = 11) concurrent exercise program. The exercise program lasted 11 weeks and all exercise sessions were performed for 50 min at moderate intensity. Serum BDNF, body composition, cardiovascular, and physical fitness variables were assessed before and after the exercise training program. Results: Regardless of the group, the serum BDNF increased following the intervention (p < 0.001), and there were no significant group (p = 0.827) or interaction (p = 0.063) effects. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased regardless of the group (p = 0.007), with a non-significant group (p = 0.722) or interaction (p = 0.223) effects. Upper- and lower-body strength increased in both groups (p = 0.003); however, there was no effect of the training frequency (p = 0.53). For the skeletal muscle mass, there was a trend in the interaction effect (p = 0.053). Finally, the body fat percentage was unchanged. Conclusion: Eleven weeks of combined exercise training increased serum BDNF levels in healthy older adults, a response independent of the training frequency. The overall fitness level improved similarly in both exercise groups. These data reveal that a minimal dosage of concurrent exercise enhance functional capacity and a brain health biomarker in older adults.

The effects of interval training on peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of the current meta-analysis was to determine the effects of acute and chronic interval training (IT) on serum and plasma BDNF concentrations in healthy young adults. A literature search was performed using six databases until February 2020. The TESTEX scale was used to assess the quality of studies. Effect sizes (ES) were computed and two-tailed α values < 0.05 and non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity, inconsistency (I2), and small-study effects using the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index were examined. Fifteen studies (n = 277 participants, age = 24 ± 3 years) were included. The overall effects of IT on circulating BDNF concentrations were moderate and significant (ES = 0.62, 95% CI 0.00, 1.24, heterogeneous (p < 0.001), highly inconsistent (I2 = 90%), and with major asymmetry (LFK index = 2.76). The acute effect of IT on peripheral BDNF levels was large and significant (ES = 1.10, 95% CI 0.07, 2.14), heterogeneous (p < 0.001), highly inconsistent (I2 = 92%), and with major asymmetry (LFK index = 3.34). The chronic effect of IT on circulating BDNF was large and significant (ES = 0.93, 95% CI 0.40, 1.46), heterogeneous (p < 0.001), with moderate inconsistency (I2 = 70%), and minor asymmetry (LFK index = 1.21). Acute and chronic IT elicited a moderate increase in serum and plasma BDNF concentrations in a healthy young population.

Acute Systemic Response Of BDNF, Lactate and Cortisol to Strenuous Exercise Modalities in Healthy Untrained Women.

Acute bouts of intense exercise increase lactate concentration, which in turn stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production. Cortisol released during intense exercise might inhibit BDNF synthesis. This study examined the acute effects of 2 protocols of strenuous exercise on serum BDNF. Seventeen physically-active healthy females (Age = 20.0 ± 0.9 yr., BMI = 23.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) performed a strenuous cycle-ergometer graded exercise test (GXT) and a high-intensity interval training session (HIIT). Serum BDNF, serum cortisol, cortisol: BDNF ratio and blood lactate (BLa) were recorded at baseline and immediately following exercise. Although non-statistically significant, the HIIT session elicited a higher magnitude of change from baseline for BDNF (d = 0.17) and cortisol (d = 1.18) than after the GXT (d = -0.26, and d = 0.82, respectively). An interaction was found between GXT and HIIT trials and measurements on BLa levels, with higher post-exertion values after HIIT than after GXT (p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.650, 95%CI = 2.2, 5.2). The higher BLa levels did not raise circulating BDNF. The elevated cortisol levels may have overcome the effects of lactate on BDNF. However, the higher BLa induced by HIIT suggest that interval exercise modality on the long-term could be a feasible intervention to increase circulating peripheral BDNF, at least in untrained healthy women.

Hemodynamic Adaptations Induced by Short-Term Run Interval Training in College Students.

Perceived lack of time is one of the most often cited barriers to exercise participation. High intensity interval training has become a popular training modality that incorporates intervals of maximal and low-intensity exercise with a time commitment usually shorter than 30 min. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term run interval training (RIT) on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory responses in undergraduate college students. Nineteen males (21.5 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) or RIT (n = 9). Baseline measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (HRrest), double product (DP) and BC were obtained from both groups. VO2max and running speed associated with VO2peak (sVO2peak) were then measured. RIT consisted of three running treadmill sessions per week over 4 weeks (intervals at 100% sVO2peak, recovery periods at 40% sVO2peak). There were no differences in post-training BC or VO2max between groups (p > 0.05). HRrest (p = 0.006) and DP (p ≤ 0.001) were lower in the RIT group compared to CON at completion of the study. RIT lowered HRrest and DP in the absence of appreciable BC and VO2max changes. Thereby, RIT could be an alternative model of training to diminish health-related risk factors in undergraduate college students.

Assessing the Relationship between Autonomy Support and Student Group Cohesion across Ibero-American Countries.

Teacher-endorsed supporting behaviors present themselves as key influencers of student adaptive academic and social functions. The objective of this paper was twofold. First, this study sought to test a model in which student-perceived autonomy support was associated with group cohesion, considering the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Second, the current study examined the dimensionality of the model across five Western countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. A convenience sample of 3033 college students (Mage = 21.51 ± SD = 3.71) were recruited for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived autonomy support was positively associated with needs satisfaction, being consequently associated with intrinsic motivation and, ultimately, with group cohesion. Additionally, a multigroup analysis revealed that the model was invariant across college students from the different countries. The current results are discussed around the promotion of teacher uses of autonomy-supportive behaviors fostering adaptive outcomes in students regarding positive social relations and that the cultures of Ibero-American countries are equivalent in this process.

Impact of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on peripheral markers of glycemic control in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Glycemic control is essential to reduce the risk of complications associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aerobic and resistance exercise performed alone or in combination improve glycemic control in both conditions. However, perceived lack of time and commitment are considered principal barriers to performing exercise regularly. High intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) can be performed in a fraction of the time required for continuous aerobic exercise. A substantial scientific evidence indicates that HIIT/SIT improve glycemic control to a similar or greater extent than aerobic exercise in populations without MetS or T2D. Likewise, growing evidence suggest that HIIT/SIT improve the glycemic control during MetS and T2D. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of interval training protocols on peripheral markers of glucose metabolism in patients with MetS and T2D.

Short-term high-Intensity interval training increases systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy women.

BACKGROUND: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases neuronal viability and cognitive function, peripheral lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle repair. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum BDNF concentrations in healthy young women. METHODS: Seventeen women (age:22 ± 1 years); body mass index (BMI:24.2 ± 2.2 kg/m²), body fat percentage (% fat:25.8 ± 4.7) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 8) or HIIT group (n = 9). All participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) on an electronically-braked cycle ergometer to determine maximal aerobic power (MAP, Watts). HIIT was performed three days per week for four weeks. Each HIIT session consisted of three to five cycling bouts of 30 s each at 80% MAP, followed by four-minutes of recovery at 40% MAP. Forty-eight hours after the last bout of exercise, both groups performed a follow-up GXT. Non-fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after each GXT. Mixed factorial (2 groups x 4 measures, and 2 groups x 2 measures) ANOVA was used to assess BDNF concentrations, performance and anthropometric variables. RESULTS: Serum BDNF concentrations in the HIIT group (21.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL) increased compared to control (19.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL) (∼12%, P < 0.05) following HIIT. In contrast, circulating BDNF concentrations were reduced following the GXT (P < 0.05). The MAP and % Fat did not change with HIIT. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve sessions of HIIT increases circulating BDNF concentrations in healthy young women despite no change in physical performance or % fat.

The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein mainly synthetized in the neurons. Early evidence showed that BDNF participates in cognitive processes as measured at the hippocampus. This neurotrophin is as a reliable marker of brain function; moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that BDNF participates in physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The BDNF has been also studied using the exercise paradigm to determine its response to different exercise modalities; therefore, BDNF is considered a new member of the exercise-related molecules. The high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise protocol characterized by low work volume performed at a high intensity [i.e., ≥80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)]. Recent evidence supports the contention that HIIT elicits higher fat oxidation in skeletal muscle than other forms of exercise. Similarly, HIIT is a good stimulus to increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Few studies have investigated the impact of HIIT on the BDNF response. The present work summarizes the effects of acute and long-term HIIT on BDNF.

Factores que inciden el daño oxidativo en niños con obesidad: estudio piloto / Factors affecting oxidative damage in obese children: an exploratory study

Introducción: La obesidad es un trastorno metabólico que crea condiciones oxidantes, las cuales pueden generar niveles elevados de estrés fisiológico, así como una perturbación en el estado de oxidación-reducción celular conocido como Estrés Oxidativo. Objetivo: Examinar la asociación entre el daño en el ADN cromosómico y la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) en niños clasificados con obesidad severa. Métodos: En el estudio participaron 11 niños con edad e índice de masa corporal promedio de 9.5±1.2 años y 27.7±3.3 kg/m2 , respectivamente, de quienes se obtuvieron muestras de sangre entera venosa y se analizó algunos factores de riesgo característicos del síndrome metabólico, así como el número de sitios abásicos (SA) en la molécula de ADN y los niveles de CAT. Los biomarcadores se determinaron utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas y de ensayo ELISA. Resultados: Se reconocieron en promedio 4.0±4.1x105 sitios abásicos en la molécula de ADN y un nivel de concentración en plasma sanguíneo de la Capacidad Antioxidante Total de 0.218±0.03 mmol/L, donde se obtuvo una correlación inversa entre ambas variables (r = - 0.63, p = 0.038, r2 = 0.4). Advirtiéndose un desequilibrio del estado de reducción-oxidación (REDOX) celular. Conclusión: Los valores altos de sitios abásicos y bajos niveles de concentración de la Capacidad Antioxidante Total en presencia de obesidad severa sugieren la existencia de estrés oxidativo, lo que podría considerarse como un factor de riesgo alto, vinculado al desarrollo temprano de comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad (AU)

Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that creates oxidizing conditions, which can generate high levels of physiological stress as well as a disturbance in the state of redox cell known as Oxidative Stress. Objective: To examine the association between the damage on chromosomal DNA and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in obese children with severe obesity. Methods: Participants were 11 children with a mean age and body mass index of 9.5±1.2 years and 27.7±3.3 kg/m2, respectively, from which venous blood samples were obtained to determine distinctive risk factors of metabolic syndrome, the number of DNA abasic sites (AS) and TAC levels. Biomarkers were quantified from spectrophotometric techniques and ELISA assays. Results: Were identified 4.1±4.0x105 AS and TAC of 0.218±0.03 mmol/L, and an inverse correlation between AS and TAC (r = -0.63, p=0.038). These results suggest an imbalance in reduction-oxidation status (REDOX) within the cell. Conclusion: Increased AS and decreased TAC concentrations in the presence of severe obesity suggest that oxidative stress could be considered as an important risk factor closely linked to the early development of comorbidities associated to obesity (AU)

[Factors affecting oxidative damage in obese children: an exploratory study]. / Factores que inciden el daño oxidativo en niños con obesidad: estudio piloto.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that creates oxidizing conditions, which can generate high levels of physiological stress as well as a disturbance in the state of redox cell known as Oxidative Stress. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the damage on chromosomal DNA and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in obese children with severe obesity. METHODS: Participants were 11 children with a mean age and body mass index of 9.5±1.2 years and 27.7±3.3 kg/m2, respectively, from which venous blood samples were obtained to determine distinctive risk factors of metabolic syndrome, the number of DNA abasic sites (AS) and TAC levels. Biomarkers were quantified from spectrophotometric techniques and ELISA assays. RESULTS: Were identified 4.1±4.0x105 AS and TAC of 0.218±0.03 mmol/L, and an inverse correlation between AS and TAC (r = -0.63, p=0.038). These results suggest an imbalance in reduction-oxidation status (REDOX) within the cell. CONCLUSION: Increased AS and decreased TAC concentrations in the presence of severe obesity suggest that oxidative stress could be considered as an important risk factor closely linked to the early development of comorbidities associated to obesity.

Introducción: La obesidad es un trastorno metabólico que crea condiciones oxidantes, las cuales pueden generar niveles elevados de estrés fisiológico, así como una perturbación en el estado de oxidación-reducción celular conocido como Estrés Oxidativo. Objetivo: Examinar la asociación entre el daño en el ADN cromosómico y la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) en niños clasificados con obesidad severa. Métodos: En el estudio participaron 11 niños con edad e índice de masa corporal promedio de 9.5±1.2 años y 27.7±3.3 kg/m2, respectivamente, de quienes se obtuvieron muestras de sangre entera venosa y se analizó algunos factores de riesgo característicos del síndrome metabólico, así como el número de sitios abásicos (SA) en la molécula de ADN y los niveles de CAT. Los biomarcadores se determinaron utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas y de ensayo ELISA. Resultados: Se reconocieron en promedio 4.0±4.1x105 sitios abásicos en la molécula de ADN y un nivel de concentración en plasma sanguíneo de la Capacidad Antioxidante Total de 0.218±0.03 mmol/L, donde se obtuvo una correlación inversa entre ambas variables (r = - 0.63, p = 0.038, r2 = 0.4). Advirtiéndose un desequilibrio del estado de reducción-oxidación (REDOX) celular. Conclusión: Los valores altos de sitios abásicos y bajos niveles de concentración de la Capacidad Antioxidante Total en presencia de obesidad severa sugieren la existencia de estrés oxidativo, lo que podría considerarse como un factor de riesgo alto, vinculado al desarrollo temprano de comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad.

Valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 a 11 años, en estados de la frontera norte de México y Estados Unidos de América / Reference values for cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in a hispanic children population from 6 to 11 y, in the northern border of Mexico and the United States of America

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de la frontera México-USA tienen una evolución distinta al resto de sus respectivos países, se requieren nuevos valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa para tratarla. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 y 11 años, en la frontera México-USA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se estudió una población de niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años de ambos sexos pertenecientes a tres instituciones públicas de las ciudades de Ensenada y Chihuahua, aleatoriamente elegidas. Las variables de estudio fueron los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y glucosa (G) en ayuno. Resultados: De 300 sujetos estudiados, 54 niños culminaron el estudio. Se observaron valores promedio altos de CT (168.7±27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6±48.4 mg/dl) y G (88.3±8.9 mg/dl). Adicionalmente se observa un comportamiento, nunca antes reportado previamente hasta el límite del conocimiento de los autores, en los niveles de glucosa de los niños estudiados, éstos disminuyen conforme aumentan los de colesterol y triglicéridos. Para descartar una relación aleatoria entre las variables, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la Circunferencia de Cintura e IMC, verificándose una asociación inversa con la G y directa con los TG. Conclusión: Los valores de referencia para niños hispanosde entre 6 y 11 años que viven en la frontera norte de México-USA, difieren a los valores promedio nacionales de los países estudiados. Adicionalmente se requieren estudios en grupos poblacionales mayores para poder confirmar la tendencia observada en los niveles de glucosa de niños normales, con sobrepeso y obesos (AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in children in the Mexico-USA border have evolved differently to the rest of their respective countries. New reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are required to treatment. Objective: To determine the reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years in the Mexico-USA border. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. A population of Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years of both boys and girls, belonging to three public institutions in the cities of Ensenada and Chihuahua, randomly selected, were studied. The study variables were the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (G). Results: From 300 subjects studied just 54 children completed the study. Higher average values of TC (168.7 ± 27.2 mg / dl), TG (80.6 ± 48.4 mg / dl) and G (88.3 ± 8.9 mg / dl) were observed. An additional behavior was founded, never reported previously to the limit of the knowledge of the authors; glucose levels of the children studied decreased with increased of cholesterol and triglycerides. To discard a random relationship between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between waist circumference and BMI, verifying an inverse association with G and direct with the TG. Conclusion: The reference values for Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years living on the northern border of Mexico-USA differ with respect to the national average values of the countries studied. Further studies are needed in larger populations to confirm the trend observed in glucose levels of normal children, overweight and obese (AU)

[Reference values for cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in a population of Hispanic children from 6 to 11 y, in the northern border of Mexico and the United States of America]. / Valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 a 11 años, en estados de la frontera norte de México y Estados Unidos de América.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in children in the Mexico-USA border have evolved differently to the rest of their respective countries. New reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are required to treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years in the Mexico-USA border. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. A population of Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years of both boys and girls, belonging to three public institutions in the cities of Ensenada and Chihuahua, randomly selected, were studied. The study variables were the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (G). RESULTS: From 300 subjects studied just 54 children completed the study. Higher average values of TC (168.7 ± 27.2 mg / dl), TG (80.6 ± 48.4 mg / dl) and G (88.3 ± 8.9 mg / dl) were observed. An additional behavior was founded, never reported previously to the limit of the knowledge of the authors; glucose levels of the children studied decreased with increased of cholesterol and triglycerides. To discard a random relationship between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between waist circumference and BMI, verifying an inverse association with G and direct with the TG. CONCLUSION: The reference values for Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years living on the northern border of Mexico-USA differ with respect to the national average values of the countries studied. Further studies are needed in larger populations to confirm the trend ob served in glucose levels of normal children, overweight and obese.

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de la frontera México-USA tienen una evolución distinta al resto de sus respectivos países, se requieren nuevos valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa para tratarla. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 y 11 años, en la frontera México-USA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se estudió una población de niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años de ambos sexos pertenecientes a tres instituciones públicas de las ciudades de Ensenada y Chihuahua, aleatoriamente elegidas. Las variables de estudio fueron los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y glucosa (G) en ayuno. Resultados: De 300 sujetos estudiados, 54 niños culminaron el estudio. Se observaron valores promedio altos de CT (168.7±27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6±48.4 mg/dl) y G (88.3±8.9 mg/dl). Adicionalmente se observa un comportamiento, nunca antes reportado previamente hasta el límite del conocimiento de los autores, en los niveles de glucosa de los niños estudiados, éstos disminuyen conforme aumentan los de colesterol y triglicéridos. Para descartar una relación aleatoria entre las variables, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la Circunferencia de Cintura e IMC, verificándose una asociación inversa con la G y directa con los TG. Conclusión: Los valores de referencia para niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años que viven en la frontera norte de México-USA, difieren a los valores promedio nacionales de los países estudiados. Adicionalmente se requieren estudios en grupos poblacionales mayores para poder confirmar la tendencia observada en los niveles de glucosa de niños normales, con sobrepeso y obesos.

Comparison of agility and dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome / Comparación de la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en mujeres adultas mayores con somatotipo mesomorfo endomorfico y presencia o ausencia de síndrome metabólico

Physical function declines in efficiency with advancing age, contributing to disability. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome is a common illness in elderly populations, somatotayping is a technique for description of the physique and can establish a relation with performance and pathology. The aim of this work was to compare the agility, dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. A sample of 18 volunteers was obtained (age 66.5+/-4.7 years old), all were elderly sedentary women. They were assessed whit anthropometric variables in accordance with ISAK protocol in order to determine Heath & Carter somatotype; presence of metabolic syndrome they were evaluated according with the NCEP ATP-III, the agility and dynamic balance was assessed with the functional test Time Up and Go (TUGT). Mean of somatotype in subjects with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome was 6.2-7.9-0.2 and 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectively; Shapiro­Wilk test checked the normality of the distribution in the functional test Time Up and Go, in the group with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome, based on its normality distribution for the intergroup comparison, the Student t test was applied, the significance level, utilized was 95 percent (P , 0.05) for the sample assessed without metabolic syndrome, the execution time of the functional test TUGT was better in spite of the same somatotype intergroup. The pathological components of metabolic syndrome can be related whit dysfunctional mobility in elderly women.

Conforme la edad progresa, se presenta una pérdida en la funcionalidad física del ser humano, contribuyendo al deterioro de su autonomía funcional, además el síndrome metabólico (SM) es un padecimiento común en poblaciones de adultos mayores. El somatotipo es una técnica utilizada para describir la forma del físico en diferentes tipos de poblaciones que puede establecer una relación con su rendimiento físico y patologías. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en adultas mayores con un somatotipo mesomorfo-endomorfico con presencia o ausencia de SM. Fue reclutada una muestra de 18 mujeres adultas mayores sedentarias (edad promedio de 66.5+/-4.7 años). Las variables antropométricas fueron valoradas utilizando los lineamientos establecidos por ISAK y se determinó el índice morfológico del somatotipo por el procedimiento de Heath & Carter. La presencia de SM fue evaluada de acuerdo al NCEP ATP-III, la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico fue medido mediante el test funcional de Timed up and go (TUGT). La media del somatotipo en las sujetos con ausencia y presencia de SM fue de 6.2-7.9-0.2 y 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectivamente; el test de Shapiro­Wilk fue utilizado para observar la normalidad de la distribución de los datos en el test de funcionalidad (TUGT)de ambos grupos, ya comprobada la normalidad de los datos, se aplicó la prueba t de Student con el nivel de significancia 95 por ciento (P , 0.05), comprobando que el grupo con ausencia de SM presentó una mejor agilidad y equilibrio dinámico. Es posible que los componentes patológicos del SM puedan estar relacionados con una pérdida de autonomía funcional en mujeres adultas mayores.