Efficiency of two-member crews in delivering prehospital advanced life support cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A scoping review.

Background: Advanced Life Support (ALS) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is frequently administered by two-member crews. However, ALS CPR is mostly designed for larger crews, and the feasibility and efficacy of implementing ALS guidelines for only two rescuers remain unclear. Objective: This scoping review aims to examine the existing evidence and identify knowledge gaps in the efficiency of pre-hospital ALS CPR performed by two-member teams. Design: A comprehensive search was undertaken across the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The search covered publications in English or German from January 1, 2005, to November 30, 2023. The review included studies that focused on ALS CPR procedures carried out by two-member teams in adult patients in either simulated or clinical settings. Results: A total of 22 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Seven topics in two-person prehospital ALS/CPR delivery were identified: 1) effect of team configuration on clinical outcome and CPR quality, 2) early airway management and ventilation techniques, 3) mechanical chest compressions, 4) prefilled syringes, 5) additional equipment, 6) adaptation of recommended ALS/CPR protocols, and 7) human factors. Conclusion: There is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the adaptation of the recommended ALS algorithm in CPR for two-member crews. Although simulation studies indicate potential benefits arising from the employment of mechanical chest compression devices, prefilled syringes, and automation-assisted protocols, the current evidence is too limited to support specific modifications to existing guidelines.

Video Emergency Calls in Medical Dispatching: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Video emergency calls (VCs) represent a feasible future trend in medical dispatching. Acceptance among callers and dispatchers seems to be good. Indications, potential problems, limitations, and directions of research of adding a live video from smartphones to an emergency call have not been reviewed outside the context of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to examine the scope and nature of research publications on the topic of VC. The secondary goal is to identify research gaps and discuss the potential directions of research efforts of VC. DESIGN: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, online bibliographic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and gray literature were searched from the period of January 1, 2012 through March 1, 2022 in English. Only studies focusing on video transfer via mobile phone to emergency medical dispatch centers (EMDCs) were included. RESULTS: Twelve articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and six main themes were identified: (1) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guided by VC; (2) indications of VCs; (3) dispatchers' feedback and perception; (4) technical aspects of VCs; (5) callers' acceptance; and (6) confidentiality and legal issues. CONCLUSION: Video emergency calls are feasible and seem to be a well-accepted auxiliary method among dispatchers and callers. Some promising clinical results exist, especially for video-assisted CPR. On the other hand, there are still enormous knowledge gaps in the vast majority of implementation aspects of VC into practice.

Non-technical skills in pre-hospital care in the Czech Republic: a prospective multicentric observational study (NTS study).

BACKGROUND: Non-technical skills (NTS) are important for the proper functioning of emergency medical ambulance crews but have hardly been researched in the conditions of clinical pre-hospital care. The primary objective of this study, therefore, is to describe the use of NTS in practice. The secondary objective is to compare if the performance of NTS varies according to the type of case. METHODS: In this multicentric observational study the modified Team Emergency Assessment Measure (TEAM) score was used to assess the performed NTS of two or more crews on site. The evaluation consisted of leadership, teamwork and task management, rated by a field supervisor. The study observations took place in real clinical pre-hospital emergency medical cases when two or more crews were dispatched between October 2019 and August 2020. The sample size was determined by researchers prior to the study to at least 100 evaluated events per each of the three participating emergency medical services. The results are presented as median and interquartile range. The internal reliability, consistency and validity of test items and results were evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the post hoc Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction were used for multiple comparisons of three groups. RESULTS: A total of 359 events were evaluated. Surprisingly, the median value for all eight items was as high as 3.0 with a similar interquartile range of 1.0. There were no differences observed by case type (CPR vs. TRAUMA vs. MEDICAL) except from item 1. A post hoc analysis revealed that this difference is in favour of a higher rated performance of non-technical skills in CPR. CONCLUSIONS: The overall result of the performance of non-technical skills can be regarded as very good and can serve for further evaluations. The crews achieved better parameters of NTS in leadership in resuscitation situations in comparison with general medical events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered at Clinical Trials under the ID: NCT04503369 .

Pilot implementation of the competence of Czech paramedics to administer sufentanil for the treatment of pain in acute trauma without consulting a physician: observational study.

BACKGROUND: The use of intravenous opioids in the traumatic pain in pre-hospital care in the Czech Republic is based primarily on the indication of a physician. If the paramedic crew arrives at the site earlier or only on their own, analgesia is given after phone-call consultation with the physician or after his arrival at the site. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the indication and administration of sufentanil by paramedics in the treatment of pain in acute trauma adult patients without the physician's control. METHODS: Paramedics underwent voluntarily the simulation training aimed at administering intravenously sufentanil to treat pain in acute trauma in adults without physician's indication. Subsequently, the adverse events and efficacy were monitored for a six-month period and compared in two groups: administration of sufentanil by paramedics without this competence, who further consulted the administration by telephone with physicians (group Consultation) and those with this competence (group Competence). RESULTS: A total number of sufentanil administration in group Consultation was 88 and in group Competence 70. There was no respiratory arrest, bradypnea, or need for oxygen therapy reported in any of the study groups. The incidence of nausea was 3% in both groups - Consultation (n = 3) and in Competence (n = 2). Vomiting was not reported in the Consultation group and in 6% in the Competence group (n = 4). Intravenous antiemetic drugs were used in the Consultation group only in 1% (n = 1) and in the Competence group in 7% of patients (n = 5) (p < 0,05). In both groups there was observed a decrease in the pain numeric rating scale (Consultation: M =-3,2; SD = 1,2 points vs. Competence: M =-3,9; SD = 1,8 points). CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of sufentanil by properly trained paramedics without consultation with a physician in acute trauma can be considered safe.

Bypassing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients to a regional cardiac center: Impact on hemodynamic parameters and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines recommend systematic care for patients who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and the development of cardiac arrest centers (CACs). However, data regarding prolonged transport time of these often hemodynamically unstable patients are limited. METHODS: Data from a prospective OHCA registry of a regional CAC collected between 2013 and 2017, when all OHCA patients from the district were required to be transferred directly to the CAC, were analyzed. Patients were divided into two subgroups: CAC, when the CAC was the nearest hospital; and bypass, when OHCA occurred in a region of another local hospital but the subject was transferred directly to the CAC (7 hospitals in the district). Data included transport time, baseline characteristics, hemodynamic and laboratory parameters on admission (systolic blood pressure, lactate, pH, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and initial doses of vasopressors and inotropes), and final outcomes (30-day in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit stay, days on artificial ventilation, and cerebral performance capacity at 1 year). RESULTS: A total of 258 subjects experienced OHCA in the study period; however, 27 were excluded due to insufficient data and 17 for secondary transfer to CAC. As such, 214 patients were analyzed, 111 in the CAC group and 103 in the bypass group. The median transport time was significantly longer for the bypass group than the CAC group (40.5 min [IQR 28.3-55.0 min] versus 20.0 min [IQR 13.0-34.0], respectively; p˂0.0001). There were no differences in 30-day in-hospital mortality, 1-year neurological outcome, or median length of mechanical ventilation. There were no differences in baseline characteristics, initial hemodynamic parameters on admission, catecholamine dosage(s). CONCLUSION: Individuals who experienced OHCA and taken to a CAC incurred significantly prolonged transport times; however, hemodynamic parameters and/or outcomes were not affected. These findings shows the safety of bypassing local hospitals for a CAC.

Audiovisual Consults by Paramedics to Reduce Hospital Transport After Low-Urgency Calls: Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: The effect and subjective perception of audiovisual consults (AVCs) by paramedics with a distant physician in prehospital emergency care (PHEC) remain unexplained, especially in low-urgency calls. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of AVCs by paramedics with a base physician on the rate of patients treated on site without the need of hospital transfer. The co-primary safety outcome was the frequency of repeated ambulance trips within 48 hours to the same patient. Secondary objective was the qualitative analysis of perception of the AVCs. METHODS: During a six-week period, the dispatching center of Karlovy Vary Emergency Medical Service (EMS) randomized low-urgency events from a rural area (n = 791) to receive either a mandatory phone-call consult (PHONE), AVC (VIDEO), or performed by the paramedic crew in a routine manner, when phone-call consultation is for paramedic crew optional (CONTROL). Secondarily, the qualitative analysis of subjective perception of AVCs compared to consultation over the phone by the paramedic and consulting physician was performed. RESULTS: Per-protocol analysis (PPA) was performed (CONTROL, n = 258; PHONE, n = 193; and VIDEO, n = 192) in addition to the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Patients (PPA) in both mandatory consulted groups were twice as likely to be treated and left on site compared to the CONTROL (PHONE: OR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.58; P = 0.01 or VIDEO: OR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.15 to 3.49; P = .01). Repeated trips to patients treated and left on site in 48 hours occurred in three (8.6%) of 35 cases in the PHONE group and in eight (23.5%) of 34 cases in the VIDEO group. CONCLUSIONS: The AVCs of the emergency physician by paramedics was not superior to the mandatory conventional phone call in increasing the proportion of patients treated and left at home after a low-urgency call. The AVC improved the subjective feelings of safety by physicians, but not the satisfaction of patients or paramedics, and may lead to an increased need of repeated trips.