Índice de valor social añadido: una propuesta para analizar la eficiencia hospitalaria / Social value added index: a proposal for analyzing hospital efficiency

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que es posible monetizar el valor social que genera un hospital y que con su análisis podemos establecer una perspectiva diferente para analizar la eficiencia del gasto público. MÉTODO: Utilizando el método del caso se ha seleccionado un hospital público en España. Es idóneo por dos razones: primero, porque su actividad es pequeña y esto facilita el diálogo con los stakeholders; y segundo, como es un hospital de carácter residencial, permite realizar una experiencia de aproximación de la contabilidad social en hospitales sencilla, modificable y que es posible testar. RESULTADOS: Se establece la traducción monetaria de la actividad de un hospital, incluyendo la parte social de las transacciones económicas (mercado), las variables que no han supuesto transacción económica, pero han sido percibidas y valoradas por los stakeholders (no mercado), y la satisfacción de los stakeholders (emocional). Este valor socioemocional asciende a aproximadamente 60 millones de euros anuales para el periodo de 2013 a 2017. CONCLUSIONES: El valor social generado para los stakeholders, y su monetización, permiten gestionar de forma más eficiente las decisiones hacia el propósito social de los hospitales públicos. En concreto, el índice de valor social añadido puede ser una herramienta para la eficiencia social del hospital, ya que se establece cuánto valor social genera a partir de la financiación pública que le han asignado. Así, la disminución de este valor en los últimos años denota un problema que, sin este análisis con perspectiva social y desde los stakeholders, no podría haberse detectado

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to monetize the social value generated by a hospital and use it to establish a different perspective to analyze the efficiency of public spending. METHOD: A public hospital in Spain was selected using the case method. It is suitable for two reasons; first, the hospital activity is small and therefore dialogue with stakeholders is easy; and second, as it is a hospital of a residential nature, it allows an easy, modifiable and testable approximation of social accounting in hospitals. RESULTS: It establishes the monetary translation of the activity of a hospital, including the social part of the economic transactions (market), the variables that have not been created based on economic transaction, but have been perceived and valued by the stakeholders (not market), and the satisfaction of the stakeholders (emotional). This socio-emotional value amounts to approximately 60 million Euros per year from 2013 to 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The social value generated for the stakeholders, and its monetization, allows more efficient management of decisions towards the social purpose of public hospitals. In particular, the social value added index can be a tool for the social-efficiency of hospitals, as it establishes how much social value it generates from the public funding allocated to it. Thus, the decline in this value in recent years denotes a problem that, without this analysis with a social perspective and from the stakeholders, could not have been detected

Is It Possible to Monetarily Quantify the Emotional Value Transferred by Companies and Organizations? An Emotional Accounting Proposal.

Social accounting focuses on value transactions between organizations and their stakeholders; both market ones, where the value perceived by the different stakeholders is identified, and non-markets ones, where transactions are monetized at their fair value. There was long awareness of an emotional value translation, linked to the transfer of different products, services, remunerations, and incentives, regardless of whether they were market or non-market. Yet that emotional value seemed to be anchored in the field of psychology and managed to elude economic science. This study seeks to identify emotional value with consumer surplus and, by extension, of the other stakeholders in a value transfer process. This proposal allows the emotional value to be anchored in the micro-economy and allows it to be objectively calculated using a regression involving three elements: the market price, the fair value interval, and a perceived satisfaction score by the different stakeholders in the form of significant sampling. The result obtained not only allows Social Accounting to be complemented with emotional value, but it also facilitates its incorporation in the strategy to optimize the emotional value. Furthermore, it enables a quantification of the perceived subjective utility, which opens up a research path where some possible lines are clearly identified.

[Social value added index: a proposal for analyzing hospital efficiency]. / Índice de valor social añadido: una propuesta para analizar la eficiencia hospitalaria.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to monetize the social value generated by a hospital and use it to establish a different perspective to analyze the efficiency of public spending. METHOD: A public hospital in Spain was selected using the case method. It is suitable for two reasons; first, the hospital activity is small and therefore dialogue with stakeholders is easy; and second, as it is a hospital of a residential nature, it allows an easy, modifiable and testable approximation of social accounting in hospitals. RESULTS: It establishes the monetary translation of the activity of a hospital, including the social part of the economic transactions (market), the variables that have not been created based on economic transaction, but have been perceived and valued by the stakeholders (not market), and the satisfaction of the stakeholders (emotional). This socio-emotional value amounts to approximately 60 million Euros per year from 2013 to 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The social value generated for the stakeholders, and its monetization, allows more efficient management of decisions towards the social purpose of public hospitals. In particular, the social value added index can be a tool for the social-efficiency of hospitals, as it establishes how much social value it generates from the public funding allocated to it. Thus, the decline in this value in recent years denotes a problem that, without this analysis with a social perspective and from the stakeholders, could not have been detected.

Social Accounting as an Enabling Tool to Develop Collective Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Diocese of Bilbao.

Religious oriented organizations (ROOs) have frequently higher levels of motivation among their employees, because the aims of ROOs and those of collaborators and stakeholders are usually aligned. However, sometimes, when the management of ROOs becomes professionalized, tensions between aims and efficiency are more frequent, and productivity levels start to decline. The most widespread current management theories are focused on profit maximization and are not especially helpful to religious organizations which try to enhance their productivity levels and, at the same time, achive their mission and aims. In order to fill this gap, in this research, we will develop two main concepts: social accounting and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We will propose the use of social accounting to calculate the social value generated by ROOs and, from that point, build new indicators able to measure the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of collaborators working in ROOs. We will exemplify this theoretical development with the actual case of the diocese of Bilbao. In short, the main objectives of this work are two. The first objective is the development of a theoretical framework able to enhance the levels of social value creation inside religious (and socially oriented) organizations using social accounting. The second objective is the use of data from the 16 educative centers of the diocese of Bilbao to ilustrate that social accounting is a valid tool to measure social value. Additionally, we will show that social accounting can be a tool to assess management decisions in order to enhance organizational and individual OCB in ROOs and, in this way, generate moral satisfaction for employees and collaborators in their organizations.

Participación de los stakeholders en la gobernanza corporativa: fundamentación ontológica y propuesta metodológica / Participation of stakeholders in corporate governance: foundation ontological and methodological proposal

La participación en la empresa es un tema de larga trayectoria en la investigación sobre organización empresarial; sin embargo, por lo general, se ha reducido únicamente a los trabajadores y ha excluido los niveles más altos de gobierno corporativo. En las modernas empresas, el valor aportado por el capital es cada vez más reducido, y el riesgo, en muchas ocasiones, es compartido por el conjunto de stakeholders de la empresa. Si la aportación de valor y la asunción de riesgos no son exclusivos de los shareholders, ¿por qué los derechos de gobierno han de ser únicos para los shareholders? En este artículo se reflexiona sobre los fundamentos de la participación de los diferentes grupos de interés que componen la empresa. Se abordan los problemas vinculados a la instrumentalización de la Teoría de Stakeholders, y al agotamiento deductivo de la misma y se propone adoptar la perspectiva ontológica, así como un acercamiento práctico de carácter inductivo. La principal aportación del trabajo es ofrecer una guía metodológica en la que se resume la participación de los stakeholders en las organizaciones.

The participation in the company is a longstanding issue in research on business organization, but usually is explained around workers and not around the highest levels of corporate governance. In the modern businesses, the value contribution of capital is dwindling, and the risk, in many situations, is shared by all of the stakeholders of the company. If the added value and the assumed risk are not unique to the shareholders, why should be the government right unique for shareholder? In this paper we reflect on the foundations of the participation of different stakeholders that group the company. We debate the problems associated with the manipulation of Stakeholder Theory, and the depletion deduction of it; moreover, we propose to take the ontological perspective and a practical approach of inductive character. The main contribution of work is to provide a methodological guide which summarizes the participation in organizations of stakeholders.