Diagnosis and management of patients with stage III non­small cell lung cancer: A joint statement by the Lebanese Society of Medical Oncology and the Lebanese Pulmonary Society (Review).

Proper management of stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) might result in a cure or patient long-term survival. Management should therefore be preceded by adequate and accurate diagnosis and staging, which will inform therapeutic decisions. A panel of oncologists, surgeons and pulmonologists in Lebanon convened to establish a set of recommendations to guide and unify clinical practice, in alignment with international standards of care. Whilst chest computerized tomography (CT) scanning remains a cornerstone in the discovery of a lung lesion, a positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT scan and a tumor biopsy allows for staging of the cancer and defining the resectability of the tumor(s). A multidisciplinary discussion meeting is currently widely advised for evaluating patients on a case-by-case basis, and should include at least the treating oncologist, a thoracic surgeon, a radiation oncologist and a pulmonologist, in addition to physicians from other specialties as needed. The standard of care for unresectable stage III NSCLC is concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy, followed by consolidation therapy with durvalumab, which should be initiated within 42 days of the last radiation dose; for resectable tumors, neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgical resection is recommended. This joint statement is based on the expertise of the physician panel, available literature and evidence governing the treatment, management and follow-up of patients with stage III NSCLC.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in critical COVID-19 patients.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an environmental aerobic non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli, has gained attention in many nosocomial outbreaks. COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit have extended hospital stay and are severely immunosuppressed. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S. maltophilia pneumonia in critical COVID-19 patients. A total of 123 COVID-19 patients in ICU admitted between March 2020 and March 2021 were identified from the authors' institutional database and assessed for nosocomial pneumonia. Demographic data and factors predisposing to S. maltophilia pneumonia were collected and analyzed. The mean age was 66 ± 13 years and 74% were males. Median APACHE and SOFA scores were 13 (IQR = 8-19) and 4 (3-6), respectively. The Median NEWS2 score was 6 (Q1 = 5; Q3 = 8). The Median ICU stay was 12 (Q1 = 7; Q3 = 22) days. S. maltophilia was found in 16.3% of pneumonia patients, leading to a lengthier hospital stay (34 vs. 20 days; p < 0.001). Risk factors for S. maltophilia pneumonia included previous treatment with meropenem (p < 0.01), thrombopenia (p = 0.034), endotracheal intubation (p < 0.001), foley catheter (p = 0.009) and central venous catheter insertion (p = 0.016). S. maltophilia nosocomial pneumonia is frequent in critical COVID-19 patients. Many significant risk factors should be addressed to reduce its prevalence and negative impact on outcomes.

Limiting the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Low-to-Middle-Income Countries: One Size Does Not Fit All.

The spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is associated with additional costs as well as higher morbidity and mortality rates. Risk factors related to the spread of MDRO can be classified into four categories: bacterial, host-related, organizational, and epidemiological. Faced with the severity of the MDRO predicament and its individual and collective consequences, many scientific societies have developed recommendations to help healthcare teams control the spread of MDROs. These international recommendations include a series of control measures based on surveillance cultures and the application of barrier measures, ranging from patients' being isolated in single rooms, to the reinforcement of hand hygiene and implementation of additional contact precautions, to the cohorting of colonized patients in a dedicated unit with or without a dedicated staff. In addition, most policies include the application of an antimicrobial stewardship program. Applying international policies to control the spread of MDROs presents several challenges, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). Through a review of the literature, this work evaluates the real risks of dissemination linked to MDROs and proposes an alternative policy that caters to the means of LMICs. Indeed, sufficient evidence exists to support the theory that high compliance with hand hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship reduces the risk of MDRO transmission. LMICs would therefore be better off adopting such low-cost policies without necessarily having to implement costly isolation protocols or impose additional contact precautions.

Pulmonary Artery Enlargement: An Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19.

Objective: To assess whether baseline pulmonary artery diameter (PAD), obtained from noncontrast nongated computed tomography (NCCT), can be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 admitted to Hôtel-Dieu de France university hospital (Beirut, Lebanon) between March 1, 2020 and March 1, 2021. Pulmonary artery diameter was measured at baseline NCCT. Various outcomes were assessed, including hospital length of stay, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, mortality, and Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale at discharge and at 2-month follow-up. Results: Four hundred sixty-five patients underwent baseline NCCT, including 315 men (67.7%) with a mean age of 63.7±16 years. Baseline PAD was higher in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (mean difference, 0.8 mm; 95% CI, 0.4-1.59 mm) and those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (mean difference, 1.1 mm; 95% CI, 0.11-2.04 mm). Pulmonary artery diameter at baseline correlated significantly with hospital length of stay (r=0.130; P=.005), discharge status (r=0.117; P=.023), and with Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale at 2-month follow-up (r=0.121; P=.021). Moreover, multivariable logistic regression showed that a PAD of 24.5 mm and above independently predicted in-hospital all-cause mortality remained unaffected in patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.05-4.09). Conclusion: Baseline PAD measurement using NCCT can be a useful prognostic parameter. Its measurement can help to identify early severe cases and adapt the initial management of patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Challenges and recommendations for the management of asthma in the Middle East and Africa.

Clinical presentation of asthma is variable, and its diagnosis can be a major challenge in routine health-care practice, especially in low-and-middle-income countries. The aim of asthma management is to achieve optimal asthma control and to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations and mortality. In the Middle East and in Africa (MEA), several patient- and physician-related factors lead to misdiagnosis and suboptimal management of asthma. A panel of experts comprising of specialists as well as general health-care professionals met to identify challenges and provide recommendations for the management of asthma in MEA. The major challenges identified for diagnosis of asthma were lack of adequate knowledge about the disease, lack of specialized diagnostic facilities, limited access to spirometry, and social stigma associated with asthma. The prime challenges for management of asthma in MEA were identified as overreliance on short-acting ß-agonists (SABAs), underprescription of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), nonadherence to prescribed medications, and inadequate insurance coverage for its treatment. The experts endorsed adapting the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines at country and regional levels for effective management of asthma and to alleviate the overuse of SABAs as reliever medications. Stringent control over SABA use, discouraging over-the-counter availability of SABA, and using as-needed low-dose ICS and formoterol as rescue medications in mild cases were suggested to reduce the overreliance on SABAs. Encouraging SABA alone-free clinical practice in both outpatient and emergency department settings is also imperative. We present the recommendations for the management of asthma along with proposed regional adaptations of international guidelines for MEA.

WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part III: Management strategies in primary and cough-specialty care. Updates in COVID-19.

Background: Chronic cough management necessitates a clear integrated care pathway approach. Primary care physicians initially encounter the majority of chronic cough patients, yet their role in proper management can prove challenging due to limited access to advanced diagnostic testing. A multidisciplinary approach involving otolaryngologists and chest physicians, allergists, and gastroenterologists, among others, is central to the optimal diagnosis and treatment of conditions which underly or worsen cough. These include infectious and inflammatory, upper and lower airway pathologies, or gastro-esophageal reflux. Despite the wide armamentarium of ancillary testing conducted in cough multidisciplinary care, such management can improve cough but seldom resolves it completely. This can be due partly to the limited data on the role of tests (eg, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide), as well as classical pharmacotherapy conducted in multidisciplinary specialties for chronic cough. Other important factors include presence of multiple concomitant cough trigger mechanisms and the central neuronal complexity of chronic cough. Subsequent management conducted by cough specialists aims at control of cough refractory to prior interventions and includes cough-specific behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy with neuromodulators, among others. Preliminary data on the role of neuromodulators in a proof-of-concept manner are encouraging but lack strong evidence on efficacy and safety. Objectives: The World Allergy Organization (WAO)/Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Joint Committee on Chronic Cough reviewed the recent literature on management of chronic cough in primary, multidisciplinary, and cough-specialty care. Knowledge gaps in diagnostic testing, classical and neuromodulator pharmacotherapy, in addition to behavioral therapy of chronic cough were also analyzed. Outcomes: This third part of the WAO/ARIA consensus on chronic cough suggests a management algorithm of chronic cough in an integrated care pathway approach. Insights into the inherent limitations of multidisciplinary cough diagnostic testing, efficacy and safety of currently available antitussive pharmacotherapy, or the recently recognized behavioral therapy, can significantly improve the standards of care in patients with chronic cough.

Impact of ABO and Rhesus blood groups on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A case-control study.

Early evidence from China suggested that blood groups may be involved in susceptibility to COVID-19. Several subsequent studies reported controversial results. We conducted a retrospective matched case-control study that aims to investigate the association between blood groups and the risk and/or severity of COVID-19. We compared the blood groups distribution of 474 patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 between March 2020 and March 2021, to that of a positive control group of outpatients infected with COVID-19 and matched them for sex and age, as well as to the distribution in the general population. Three hundred and eighteen HC+ pairs with available blood group information were matched. The proportion of group A Rh+ in hospitalized patients (HC+) was 39.9% (CI 35.2%-44.7%), compared to 44.8% (CI 39.8%-49.9%) and 32.3% in the positive outpatient controls (C+) and the general population (C-), respectively. Both COVID-19-positive groups (HC+ and C+) had significantly higher proportions of group A Rh+ compared to the general population (p = 0.0019 and p < 0.001, respectively), indicating that group A Rh+ increases susceptibility to COVID-19. Although blood group A Rh+ was more frequent in the outpatients C+ compared to the hospitalized group HC+, the association did not reach statistical significance, indicating that blood group A Rh+ is not associated with severity. There was no significant relationship between COVID-19 and other blood groups. Our findings indicate that blood group A Rh+ increases the susceptibility for COVID-19 but is not associated with higher disease severity.

WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part 1: Role of TRP channels in neurogenic inflammation of cough neuronal pathways.

BACKGROUND: Cough features a complex peripheral and central neuronal network. The function of the chemosensitive and stretch (afferent) cough receptors is well described but partly understood. It is speculated that chronic cough reflects a neurogenic inflammation of the cough reflex, which becomes hypersensitive. This is mediated by neuromediators, cytokines, inflammatory cells, and a differential expression of neuronal (chemo/stretch) receptors, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) and purinergic P2X ion channels; yet the overall interaction of these mediators in neurogenic inflammation of cough pathways remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The World Allergy Organization/Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (WAO/ARIA) Joint Committee on Chronic Cough reviewed the current literature on neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of chronic cough. The role of TRP ion channels in pathogenic mechanisms of the hypersensitive cough reflex was also examined. OUTCOMES: Chemoreceptors are better studied in cough neuronal pathways compared to stretch receptors, likely due to their anatomical overabundance in the respiratory tract, but also their distinctive functional properties. Central pathways are important in suppressive mechanisms and behavioral/affective aspects of chronic cough. Current evidence strongly suggests neurogenic inflammation induces a hypersensitive cough reflex marked by increased expression of neuromediators, mast cells, and eosinophils, among others. TRP ion channels, mainly TRP V1/A1, are important in the pathogenesis of chronic cough due to their role in mediating chemosensitivity to various endogenous and exogenous triggers, as well as a crosstalk between neurogenic and inflammatory pathways in cough-associated airways diseases.

WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part II: Phenotypes and mechanisms of abnormal cough presentation - Updates in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Chronic cough can be triggered by respiratory and non-respiratory tract illnesses originating mainly from the upper and lower airways, and the GI tract (ie, reflux). Recent findings suggest it can also be a prominent feature in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), laryngeal hyperresponsiveness, and COVID-19. The classification of chronic cough is constantly updated but lacks clear definition. Epidemiological data on the prevalence of chronic cough are informative but highly variable. The underlying mechanism of chronic cough is a neurogenic inflammation of the cough reflex which becomes hypersensitive, thus the term hypersensitive cough reflex (HCR). A current challenge is to decipher how various infectious and inflammatory airway diseases and esophageal reflux, among others, modulate HCR. OBJECTIVES: The World Allergy Organization/Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (WAO/ARIA) Joint Committee on Chronic Cough reviewed the current literature on classification, epidemiology, presenting features, and mechanistic pathways of chronic cough in airway- and reflux-related cough phenotypes, OSA, and COVID-19. The interplay of cough reflex sensitivity with other pathogenic mechanisms inherent to airway and reflux-related inflammatory conditions was also analyzed. OUTCOMES: Currently, it is difficult to clearly ascertain true prevalence rates in epidemiological studies of chronic cough phenotypes. This is likely due to lack of standardized objective measures needed for cough classification and frequent coexistence of multi-organ cough origins. Notwithstanding, we emphasize the important role of HCR as a mechanistic trigger in airway- and reflux-related cough phenotypes. Other concomitant mechanisms can also modulate HCR, including type2/Th1/Th2 inflammation, presence or absence of deep inspiration-bronchoprotective reflex (lower airways), tissue remodeling, and likely cough plasticity, among others.

COVID-19 in a Patient Treated for Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: Persistent Viral Shedding with No Cytokine Storm.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is considered a pandemic disease that has developed rapidly all over the world. As of today, it is unclear whether immunosuppression confers an increased risk for pulmonary complications, or conversely, whether it can be a protective factor with respect to a cytokine storm. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 55-year-old male patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis treated with rituximab who was infected with COVID-19 pneumonia. To the best of our knowledge, only 1 case has been reported in the literature with similar characteristics. The patient had a non-classic evolution of clinical symptoms with persistent fever and viral shedding, in addition to a negative serology. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the management and immunity response to COVID-19 pneumonia in such patients. Data are still needed regarding patients who have prolonged B-cell depletion, which may put the patient at a higher risk for reinfection. LEARNING POINTS: Demonstration of the immunity response to COVID-19 pneumonia in an immunosuppressed patient.To highlight the management and evolution of such rare cases during this pandemic.

Hydrocortisone mitigates ICU-AW by fine-tuning of muscle atrophic and hypertrophic signaling pathways in a sepsis model with limb immobilization.

AIMS: Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is a complex spectrum of disability that delays recovery of critically ill-immobilized patients with sepsis. Much discrepancy remain on the use of corticosteroids and their impact on muscle regeneration in critical illness management. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether hydrocortisone (HCT) modulates muscle mass turnover in ICU-AW induced by sepsis with limb immobilization (SI). MAIN METHODS: Sepsis by cecal ligation puncture (CLP) with forelimb-immobilization were performed in rats. The study consisted of four groups: Sham (left forelimb-immobilization), Sham HCT (left forelimb-immobilization + HCT), SI (CLP + left forelimb-immobilization) and SI HCT (CLP + left forelimb-immobilization + HCT). Motor force, blood and muscle sampling were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: HCT prevented body weight loss associated with SI and attenuated systemic and muscular inflammation. Besides, myosin was restituted in SI HCT group in conjunction to muscle mass and strength restoration. Pro-hypertrophic calcineurin (PP2B-Aß) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells C3 (NFATc3) but not protein kinase B (Akt) were re-activated by HCT. Finally, pro-atrophic extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38) but not nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) were inhibited in SI HCT group. SIGNIFICANCE: This study unravels new molecular events thought to control muscle protein synthesis in ICU-AW induced by sepsis and limb immobilization. HCT has a potential to fine-tune muscle-signaling pathways and to reduce the negative outcomes of ICU-AW.

A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing three sedation regimens during flexible bronchoscopy: Dexmedetomidine, alfentanil and lidocaine.

INTRODUCTION: No standardized sedation protocol is available for flexible bronchoscopy (FB). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three regimens used for sedation during FB. METHODS: This randomized double-blind controlled trial assessed patients undergoing bronchoscopy and receiving lidocaine alone (C) or combined with dexmedetomidine (D) or alfentanil (A). Tolerance was assessed using the bronchoscopy score, and level of sedation was assessed using the Nursing Instrument for the Communication of Sedation. Safety was evaluated in terms of pulmonary function and vital signs. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were enrolled. The bronchoscopy score was identical in all groups. Group D subjects were the most sedated (P = .013), whereas group A subjects were the least agitated. Linear regression showed a negative association between bronchoscopy score and age in A (ß = -0.06; P = .001). Positive predictors of bronchoscopy score were female gender (ß = 1.96; P = .003) in D and obesity (ß = 2.41; P = .012), longer procedures (ß = 0.08; P = .009) and female gender (ß = 1.15; P = .038) in C. Longer procedures (ß = -0.12; P = .010) was a negative predictor of bronchoscopy score in D. Desaturation, hypoxia and heart rate changes were most prevalent in group A. Hypotension was mostly observed in D. CONCLUSIONS: No consistent differences were present between the three regimens; however, each was more appropriate in certain patient profiles. We consequently proposed a protocol as a first step towards standardizing sedation practice in FB in a patient-tailored manner. A more comprehensive and detailed protocol including other sedative agents with their corresponding doses should be developed.

Factors predicting CPAP adherence in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a range of neurocognitive and cardiovascular complications, leading to a compromised quality of life. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard therapeutic intervention for this disorder, yet patient compliance remains essential to its success. This study aimed at identifying the determinants of short-term and long-term CPAP adherence in a group of Lebanese patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study, conducted at the Sleep Center of Hôtel-Dieu de France hospital in Lebanon, included patients diagnosed with OSA and treated with CPAP for at least one night between June 2008 and January 2015. Adherence was assessed based on patients' self-report. RESULTS: The study enrolled 138 patients. Adherence rate was 70.3 % at 6 months and around 50 % after 5 years. Cox models showed that use of nasal masks (HR 0.48, p = 0.048) and higher oxygen desaturation index at baseline (HR 0.98 p = 0.048) were associated with a better short-term CPAP adherence. Patients who bought their devices (HR 0.18, p < 0.001), those who were frequently contacted by the CPAP provider (HR 0.85, p 0.024), and those who reported improvement on treatment (HR 0.36, p < 0.001) were significantly more likely to remain adherent on the long term. Conversely, individuals on a diet plan tended to interrupt the treatment earlier (HR 4.85, p 0.039). CONCLUSION: The present findings should be further explored in order to tailor interventions to the specific needs of different patient profiles and secure an improved CPAP adherence.

Acquired haemophilia secondary to ivabradine presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The authors present the case of a 72-year-old patient who presented with severe dyspnoea, scant haemoptysis, pronounced desaturation and bilateral haematomas on the upper limbs. Chest radiography showed bilateral infiltrates mainly in the lower lobes. The patient's prothrombin time, and platelet count were normal. However, the activated partial thromboplastin time showed a prolongation that was not reversed on a correction study. Factor VIII (FVIII) levels were very low and evidence of FVIII inhibitor was found. The patient had started taking ivabradine 2 months earlier, and the diagnosis of idiosyncratic acquired haemophilia was established. The patient was treated with volume expansion therapy, high levels of oxygen, multiple transfusions, methylprednisolone, desmopressine and rituximab. On the 3rd day, the patient showed progressive amelioration of his dyspnoea, oxygen needs and chest infiltrates. On the 7th day, the patient was discharged.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causing septic arthritis with shock and revealing multiple myeloma.

The authors present the case of a 43-year-old male who presented at the emergency department, with a mean arterial pressure of 48 mm of Hg, a sinus tachycardia of 142/min and shallow breathing at 30/min. Two days previously, he started a high-grade fever with a concomitant reddish and painful left knee and right elbow, without any treatment. Septic shock was diagnosed and the patient was started on empiric antibiotics combining ceftriaxone and vancomycin and vasopressors (norepinephrine). The painful knee and elbow joints were aspirated and cultures grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient's clinical condition improved progressively and after investigation, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma was concluded. Pneumococcal septic arthritis, an extraordinary cause of septic arthritis, is a manifestation of an underlying disease and can be responsible for septic shock. Its diagnosis should direct further investigations. It can occur in patients with joint disease but should emphasise the search of systemic immunosuppression.

PCR use in miliary tuberculosis presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

A 30-year-old pregnant woman admitted to the hospital for rapidly progressive dyspnoea, non-productive cough and altered general status evolving over 1-month period. Her vital signs showed a low blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse rate 100 beats/min, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min and oxygen saturation on room air of 88%. Laboratory findings showed haemoglobin 9.7 g/dl, white blood cells 15 000/mm(3) (neutrophils 82%), C reactive protein 74 mg/l, alkaline phosphatase 320 U/l, alanine aminotransferase 62 IU/l, aspartate aminotransferase 120 IU/l, γ glutamyl transpeptidase 125 U/l; brain natriuretic peptide 25.4 pg/ml, procalcitonine >2, lactate dehydrogenase 1618 U/l. Chest radiographics showed diffuse bilateral micronodular pulmonary infiltrates and CT of the chest confirmed 1-3 mm diffuse bilateral micronodular infiltrates with ground glass opacities. Complete investigation including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for any viral, bacteriologic, acid-fast bacilli and full serum antibodies panel were all negative. DNA amplification for mycobacterium using PCR on the BAL rapidly rectified the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Prediction of the survival and functional ability of severe stroke patients after ICU therapeutic intervention.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the benefits and impact of ICU therapeutic interventions on the survival and functional ability of severe cerebrovascular accident (CVA) patients. METHODS: Sixty-two ICU patients suffering from severe ischemic/haemorrhagic stroke were evaluated for CVA severity using APACHE II and the Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Survival was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival tables and survival prediction factors were determined by Cox multivariate analysis. Functional ability was assessed using the stroke impact scale (SIS-16) and Karnofsky score. Risk factors, life support techniques and neurosurgical interventions were recorded. One year post-CVA dependency was investigated using multivariate analysis based on linear regression. RESULTS: The study cohort constituted 6% of all CVA (37.8% haemorrhagic/62.2% ischemic) admissions. Patient mean(SD) age was 65.8(12.3) years with a 1:1 male: female ratio. During the study period 16 patients had died within the ICU and seven in the year following hospital release. The mean(SD) APACHE II score at hospital admission was 14.9(6.0) and ICU mean duration of stay was 11.2(15.4) days. Mechanical ventilation was required in 37.1% of cases. Risk ratios were; GCS at admission 0.8(0.14), (p = 0.024), APACHE II 1.11(0.11), (p = 0.05) and duration of mechanical ventilation 1.07(0.07), (p = 0.046). Linear coefficients were: type of CVA - haemorrhagic versus ischemic: -18.95(4.58) (p = 0.007), GCS at hospital admission: -6.83(1.08), (p = 0.001), and duration of hospital stay -0.38(0.14), (p = 0.40). CONCLUSION: To ensure a better prognosis CVA patients require ICU therapeutic interventions. However, as we have shown, where tests can determine the worst affected patients with a poor vital and functional outcome should treatment be withheld?

An unusual pressure sore of the nasal bridge.

We report an unusual pressure sore of the nasal bridge caused by a non-invasive ventilation mask. Conservative treatment was unsuccessful, and the defect had to be repaired, with a good postoperative result.

Non-traumatic pulmonary haematoma complicating oral anticoagulation therapy.

Several cases of non-traumatic pulmonary haematoma have been reported in the literature. However, very few of them are related to anticoagulation therapy. The authors report two cases of pulmonary haematoma caused by oral anticoagulant therapy without any underlying pathological lesion. The evolution was fatal in the first case, whereas a slow spontaneous resolution of the haematoma was noted in the second. Non-traumatic pulmonary haematoma can be a complication of oral anticoagulation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary densities in this setting.