Epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenia: study of adult patients at a referral hematology service in Northeastern Brazil.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired bleeding disorder observed in the clinical practice. Little is known about its epidemiology in Brazil. The present study was conducted at a hematology referral center which covers a population of over 8 million in 184 municipalities in the state of Ceará. The purpose of this study was to draw a demographic profile of adult ITP patients with regard to sex, age, geographical origin and distribution across the state, and the proportion of secondary ITP. Following ethics committee approval, information was collected with an ad hoc instrument. The sample consisted of 187 adult ITP patients attending the Walter Cantídio University Hospital in 2015. The median follow-up time was 67 months (range: 1 month to 29 years). Female sex (n = 154; 82.35 %) was strongly prevalent in all age brackets, with an overall female/male ratio of 4.7:1. The median age was 41 ± 16.1 with an interquartile range of 29-55.5 years; there was no difference between the genders. Secondary ITP (18/187; 9.6 %) displayed a bimodal distribution and a linear increase between 38 and >68 years of age. The results of this survey on the epidemiology of ITP in Brazil suggest that ethnic and geographical factors may have a great impact on age and sex distribution and on the distribution of secondary ITP.

Factor VIII prophylactic therapy reduces neurological complications in patients with Hemophilia A.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding in hemophiliacs can cause complications in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage has reduced after the introduction of prophylactic treatment with factor VIII or IX, but the benefits of this therapy have not yet been evaluated on PNS complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neurological complications in hemophiliacs and verify the effect of prophylactic therapy in these patients, including PNS disorders. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of CNS and PNS disorders caused by bleeding in hemophiliacs seen at the Hemocentro Regional Norte, Ceará, Brazil, from 1992 to 2018, and we compared the incidence in different periods (before and after the introduction of prophylactic treatment in 2011). RESULTS: Of 75 hemophilia A patients evaluated (4.61/100.000 population), 13.3% (n=10) had either CNS (n=5) or PNS (n=5) disorders secondary to bleeding. Patients submitted to factor VIII replacement prophylactic therapy were less likely to have CNS events: from 1992 to 2011, 5 of 63 patients had CNS disease, while from 2011 to 2018, there were no new cases (p=0.0181). From 2011 to 2018, 5 PNS events occurred in patients without prophylactic therapy, whereas none occurred in those covered by prophylactic therapy (5/20 versus 0/29, p=0.0081). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of neurological complications in hemophiliacs in our cohort is similar to other studies. Similar to CNS, prophylactic therapy also reduces the risk of PNS complications. This is the first report in the literature showing this benefit.

Factor VIII prophylactic therapy reduces neurological complications in patients with Hemophilia A / Terapia profilática com Fator VIII reduz complicações neurológicas em paciente com Hemofilia A

ABSTRACT Background: Bleeding in hemophiliacs can cause complications in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage has reduced after the introduction of prophylactic treatment with factor VIII or IX, but the benefits of this therapy have not yet been evaluated on PNS complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of neurological complications in hemophiliacs and verify the effect of prophylactic therapy in these patients, including PNS disorders. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of CNS and PNS disorders caused by bleeding in hemophiliacs seen at the Hemocentro Regional Norte, Ceará, Brazil, from 1992 to 2018, and we compared the incidence in different periods (before and after the introduction of prophylactic treatment in 2011). Results: Of 75 hemophilia A patients evaluated (4.61/100.000 population), 13.3% (n=10) had either CNS (n=5) or PNS (n=5) disorders secondary to bleeding. Patients submitted to factor VIII replacement prophylactic therapy were less likely to have CNS events: from 1992 to 2011, 5 of 63 patients had CNS disease, while from 2011 to 2018, there were no new cases (p=0.0181). From 2011 to 2018, 5 PNS events occurred in patients without prophylactic therapy, whereas none occurred in those covered by prophylactic therapy (5/20 versus 0/29, p=0.0081). Conclusions: The prevalence of neurological complications in hemophiliacs in our cohort is similar to other studies. Similar to CNS, prophylactic therapy also reduces the risk of PNS complications. This is the first report in the literature showing this benefit.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O sangramento em hemofílicos causa complicações no sistema nervoso central e periférico (SNC e SNP). A incidência de hemorragia intracraniana diminuiu após a introdução da profilaxia com fator VIII ou IX, entretanto esse benefício ainda não foi avaliado no SNP. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de complicações neurológicas em hemofílicos, verificando o efeito da terapia profilática também no SNP. Métodos: Avaliamos retrospectivamente a prevalência de complicações neurológicas causadas ​​por sangramentos em hemofílicos atendidos no Hemocentro Regional Norte, Ceará, Brasil, de 1992 a 2018, comparando a incidência em diferentes períodos (antes e depois da introdução do tratamento profilático em 2011). Resultados: Foram avaliados 75 pacientes com hemofilia A (4,61/100 mil habitantes). Deles, 13,3% (n=10) tinham distúrbios do SNC (n=5) ou do SNP (n=5) secundários a hemorragias. Os pacientes submetidos à terapia profilática com fator VIII apresentaram menor probabilidade de eventos do SNC: de 1992 a 2011, cinco de 63 pacientes apresentaram hemorragia no SNC, enquanto de 2011 a 2018 não ocorreram novos casos (p=0,0181). De 2011 a 2018, cinco eventos no SNP ocorreram entre pacientes sem terapia profilática, e nenhum ocorreu entre aqueles cobertos pela profilaxia (5/20 × 0/29, p=0,0081). Conclusões: A prevalência de complicações neurológicas em hemofílicos em nossa coorte é similar à de outros estudos. Assim como no SNC, a terapia profilática também reduz o risco de complicações no SNP. Este é o primeiro relato na literatura a mostrar esse benefício.

Proposal of treatment algorithm for immune thromocytopenia in adult patients of a hematology service at a referral center in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: The management of adult (≥18 years) immune thrombocytopenia patients relies on platelet count, the risk of bleeding and presence of bleeding. Objective: Confirming the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia and the start of therapy, our hematology service, a referral center, favors the establishment of this algorithm to treat those patients. Results: Presentation, recently diagnosed or recurrence - group 1: life-threatening bleeding: high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins with methylprednisolone or dexamethasone. Hospitalization and platelet transfusion are considered. Group 2: Platelets <30 × 109/L with bleeding or risk factor for bleeding, or platelets <20 × 109/L: prednisone or dexamethasone. No response, platelets <20 × 109/L: replace corticoid or increase doses. If platelets continue <20 × 109/L: immunization and splenectomy. Investigation of Helicobacter pylori, if positive: treatment for H. pylori. Chronic immune thrombocytopenia with platelets <20 × 109/L we propose two new groups (A and B): Group A: <65 years, no or low surgical risk, patient declines maintenance therapy or patient intends to get pregnant: immunization and splenectomy. Group B: failure of splenectomy (refractory) or no splenectomy indication or history of exposure to malaria or babesiosis and no response to corticoids or corticoid dependence: choose thrombopoietin receptor agonists: eltrombopag or romiplostim. Patient at high risk for arterial or venous thrombosis: recommend rituximab. After rituximab or thrombopoietin receptor agonists, if platelets continue <20 × 109/L: indicate immunosuppressants (azathioprine or cyclophosphamide), dapsone or mycophenolate mofetil or vinca alkaloids. The goals of treatment for chronic or refractory immune thrombocytopenia are to keep platelets >20 × 109/L and stop bleeding.

Proposal of treatment algorithm for immune thromocytopenia in adult patients of a hematology service at a referral center in Northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The management of adult (≥18 years) immune thrombocytopenia patients relies on platelet count, the risk of bleeding and presence of bleeding. OBJECTIVE: Confirming the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia and the start of therapy, our hematology service, a referral center, favors the establishment of this algorithm to treat those patients. RESULTS: Presentation, recently diagnosed or recurrence - group 1: life-threatening bleeding: high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins with methylprednisolone or dexamethasone. Hospitalization and platelet transfusion are considered. Group 2: Platelets <30×109/L with bleeding or risk factor for bleeding, or platelets <20×109/L: prednisone or dexamethasone. No response, platelets <20×109/L: replace corticoid or increase doses. If platelets continue <20×109/L: immunization and splenectomy. Investigation of Helicobacter pylori, if positive: treatment for H. pylori. Chronic immune thrombocytopenia with platelets <20×109/L we propose two new groups (A and B): Group A: <65 years, no or low surgical risk, patient declines maintenance therapy or patient intends to get pregnant: immunization and splenectomy. Group B: failure of splenectomy (refractory) or no splenectomy indication or history of exposure to malaria or babesiosis and no response to corticoids or corticoid dependence: choose thrombopoietin receptor agonists: eltrombopag or romiplostim. Patient at high risk for arterial or venous thrombosis: recommend rituximab. After rituximab or thrombopoietin receptor agonists, if platelets continue <20×109/L: indicate immunosuppressants (azathioprine or cyclophosphamide), dapsone or mycophenolate mofetil or vinca alkaloids. The goals of treatment for chronic or refractory immune thrombocytopenia are to keep platelets >20×109/L and stop bleeding.

Doença de Hodgkin na infância e na adolescência / Hodgkin's disease in childhood and adolescence

Os autores estudaram 105 pacientes portadores da doença de Hodgkin com idade igual ou menor do que 18 anos, divididos em dois grupos etários: 0 a 10 anos e 11 a 18 anos. A relaçäo M:F foi de 5.8:1 nos dois grupos respectivamente. Quanto aos tipos histológicos mostraram: PL-15.3%, EN-16.5% e DL-10.6%. O tipo depleçäo linfocitária mostrou menor freqüência no grupo etário de 0 a 10 anos e näo ocorreu abaixo dos seis anos. O estadiamento clínico revelou: I-25.5%, II-34%, III-34.3% e IV-16.5%. Os estágios clínicos de doença localizada (IA e IIA) predominaram na faixa etária de 0 a 10 anos enquanto os estágios de doença avançada (IIIB e IVB) predominaram de 11 a18 anos. Nos estágios clínicos IA e IIA houve maior freqüência dos tipos histológicos PL e EN e nos estágios IIIB e IVB e IVB predominaram os tipos CM e DL. Em 56.5% dos casos a doença teve início cervical alto, apresentando esta localizaçäo 73.1% dos pacientes na faixa etária de 0 a 10 anos. O comprometimento do mediastino, no momento do diagnóstico, näo ocorreu nas crianças de 0 a 10 anos e em 71.4% dos pacientes com este comprometimento o início aparente da doença foi na regiäo cervical baixa. Os resultados mostram na faixa etária de 0 a 10 anos uma tendência ao melhor prognóstico da doença de Hodgkin