Neoplasms in neurofibromatosis 1 are related to gender but not to family history of cancer.

The risk of malignancies among persons with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is higher than in the general population, but the excess risk has not been precisely estimated. The effects of gender and inheritance pattern on cancer risk are unclear. Therefore, we conducted a historical cohort study to determine cancer risk factors by contacting 138 Caucasian NF1 patients originally seen at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) in Houston between 1978 and 1984. A total of 304 patients of all ethnic groups were evaluated at BCM during this period. We successfully located 173 patients, 138 of who were Caucasian. We computed standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with the age-, gender-, and time period-specific rates from the Connecticut Tumor Registry for 2,094 person-years of observation (median follow-up = 16 years). Eleven incident tumors were reported. Females were at much higher risk of cancer than males (SIR = 5.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-10.3 and SIR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.0-3.0, respectively). We found no elevated cancer risk in unaffected first-degree relatives, regardless of whether the proband had cancer or not (SIR = 1.1 95% CI, 0.6-1.8 and SIR = 1.0, 95% CI, 0.6-1.5, respectively). Our results suggest that malignancy in the proband is not the result of a modifying gene that has a significant impact on general cancer risk.

Associations of clinical features in neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1).

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant disease, exhibits extreme clinical variability. This variability greatly increases the burden for affected families and impairs our ability to understand the pathogenesis of NF1. Recognition of heterogeneity within a disease may provide important pathogenic insights, therefore we tested clinical data from three large sets of NF1 patients for evidence that certain common features are more likely to occur in some NF1 patients than in others. Clinical information on 4,402 patients with NF1 was obtained from three independent databases. We examined associations between pairs of clinical features in individual affected probands. We also examined associations between the occurrence of individual features in affected relatives. Associations were summarized as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We found associations between several pairs of features in affected probands: intertriginous freckling and Lisch nodules, discrete neurofibromas and plexiform neurofibromas, discrete neurofibromas and Lisch nodules, plexiform neurofibromas and scoliosis, learning disability or mental retardation and seizures. We also found associations between the occurrence of Lisch nodules, macrocephaly, short stature, and learning disability or mental retardation as individual features in parents and children with NF1. Our observations suggest that, contrary to established belief, some NF1 patients are more likely than others to develop particular manifestations of the disease. Genetic factors appear to determine the development of particular phenotypic features.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1.

One of the most clinically aggressive cancers associated with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). To determine the incidence and relative risk (RR) of MPNSTs in individuals with NF1, 1,475 individuals with NF1 were included from a cohort of patients examined by a single experienced geneticist from 1977 to 1996. The end points were incidence of MPNST, relative risk of MPNST, and relative risk associated with specific NF1 physical findings. Thirty-four individuals were identified with MPNST (2%). The relative risk of MPNST was higher than expected with an RR value of 113 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 78-158). The average 10-year annual incidence of MPNST between the second and fifth decade of life was roughly the same with a range of 0.0013 and 0.0068 MPNST per patient year. Most lesions occurred in the limbs (n = 18; 53%), and those with limb lesions survived longer than those with nonlimb MPNSTs. Pain associated with a mass was the greatest risk factor associated with MPNST development (RR = 31.4; 95% CI = 13.2-75.1). Further biological and epidemiological studies are needed to determine other factors that influence the risk of MPNST development in individuals affected with NF1. Am. J. Med. Genet. 93:388-392, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Modern medicine; modern consumerism.

If there is any one thing that is missing in today's health care delivery system, it is consumerism. This will be remedied as more and more Americans start taking direct responsibility for how their health care dollars are spent. Hand in hand with such developments will be increasing opportunities for developers and sellers of health-related products and services to promote their wares directly to medical consumers, who will either buy them outright or influence their healthplans to make the purchases. Purveyors of new technology and capital medical equipment will be especially likely to abet the new medical consumers and to derive financial benefits from them. From the perspectives of the many medical consumers who inquire to AMC about access to and use of radiologic services, the areas of greatest interest include high resolution ultrasonography, routine and functional magnetic resonance imaging, interventional radiology, gamma-knife surgery, and tumor-specific and patient-specific radiotherapy. Brain tumor and prostate cancer patients and their caregivers are particularly likely to be concerned about the radiotherapy modalities available.

Hair whorl as an indicator of a mediastinal plexiform neurofibroma.

We report a boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) who had nonspecific respiratory symptoms and a mediastinal mass. In addition to multiple caté au lait macules and subcutaneous neurofibromas, he had a hair whorl over the spine at the level of a deep mediastinal mass demonstrated by CT scan and MR examination. Thoracoscopy and biopsy of the mass revealed a plexiform neurofibroma. The clinical sign of a hair whorl may assist the clinician in early recognition of a paraspinal plexiform neurofibroma.

The ocular presentation of neurofibromatosis 2.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is an inherited disorder characterised primarily by bilateral vestibular schwannomas and other central nervous system tumours. Individuals with NF2 also have early onset cortical and posterior subcapsular or capsular cataract and other ocular abnormalities, such as retinal hamartomas. Although their diagnostic significance is rarely appreciated, the ocular manifestations are often the first sign of disease. We describe 5 cases that illustrate the diverse ocular manifestations of NF2.

Paternal age and sporadic neurofibromatosis 1: a case-control study and consideration of the methodologic issues.

Sporadic neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) occurs in the absence of a family history of the disease and usually results from a new mutation in the germ cell of one of the parents, most commonly the father. Older paternal age may increase the risk for a new germinal NF1 mutation, but the results of studies to address this question conflict. We investigated paternal age in sporadic NF1 by using a case-control study design. Patients who were seen at two specialty NF clinics in Houston, Texas, born between 1970 and 1992 and living in the Houston area and surrounding counties, were studied. Birth certificates with information on the father were found for 89 cases. For each case, two birth certificates were chosen at random from the same year and county of birth. In this way, the control group of 178 individuals was formed. Fathers of patients with NF1 were 1.5 years older than fathers of control subjects at the birth of the child, but the difference was only of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.07). This paternal age difference was not changed by adjustment for socioeconomic status or maternal age. These and previous data are consistent with either a small paternal age effect in sporadic NF1 or a bias such as that resulting from the selection of cases and/or controls.

Neurofibromatosis type 1--an update and review for the primary pediatrician.

With an incidence of 1 in 3,000, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, is one of the most common genetic disorders encountered by primary care physicians. NF1 is a multisystem disease that affects more than one million people worldwide (more than 80,000 in the United States). Although most pediatricians have patients with NF1 in their practices, many affected individuals go undiagnosed as children. This article is intended to facilitate the diagnosis and management of young patients with NF1.

Presymptomatic diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 2 using linked genetic markers, neuroimaging, and ocular examinations.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes nervous system tumors and ocular abnormalities such as early-onset lenticular opacities. We assessed the clinical spectrum of NF2 at the time of presymptomatic DNA diagnosis in at-risk first-degree relatives. We studied five multigeneration NF2 families with short tandem repeat markers near the NF2 gene (NF2); gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (GE-MRI); and ocular, dermatologic, and neurologic examinations. Eleven of 31 asymptomatic at-risk first-degree relatives were predicted by segregation analysis to be NF2 mutation carriers. Nine of the 11 NF2 mutation carriers were clinically evaluated. Four mutation carriers, including a 7-year-old, had vestibular schwannomas, early-onset cataracts, or both. However, five mutation carriers did not have clinical abnormalities, including a 38-year-old with normal cranial and spinal GE-MRIs and a normal ocular examination. These results indicate that clinical abnormalities can be present in young, but absent in middle-aged, presymptomatic NF2 mutation carriers. By identifying presymptomatic NF2 mutation carriers, DNA diagnosis of NF2 can improve genetic counseling and clinical management, and possibly reduce psychosocial difficulties in at-risk individuals.

Phenotypic variability in monozygotic twins with neurofibromatosis 2.

Mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22q12 cause a clinically variable autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs), other nervous system tumors, and early onset lenticular cataracts. We studied three pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins with NF2, all with bilateral VSs, to separate genetic from nongenetic causes of clinical variability. The evaluation included gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the head and spine, neuro-ophthalmic examination with slit lamp, physical examination, and zygosity testing with microsatellite markers. Each MZ pair was concordant for general phenotypic subtype (mild or severe) and often for the affected organ systems. However, the MZ pairs were discordant for some features of disease presentation or progression. For example, all three pairs were discordant for presence or type of associated cranial tumors. We hypothesize that phenotypic differences between NF2 MZ twins are at least partly due to stochastic processes, such as the loss of the second NF2 allele or alleles of other genes.

Type of mutation in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) frequently determines severity of disease.

The gene predisposing to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) on human chromosome 22 has revealed a wide variety of different mutations in NF2 individuals. These patients display a marked variability in clinical presentation, ranging from very severe disease with numerous tumors at a young age to a relatively mild condition much later in life. To investigate whether this phenotypic heterogeneity is determined by the type of mutation in NF2, we have collected clinical information on 111 NF2 cases from 73 different families on whom we have performed mutation screening in this gene. Sixty-seven individuals (56.2%) from 41 of these kindreds revealed 36 different putative disease-causing mutations. These include 26 proposed protein-truncating alterations (frameshift deletions/insertions and nonsense mutations), 6 splice-site mutations, 2 missense mutations, 1 base substitution in the 3' UTR of the NF2 cDNA, and a single 3-bp in-frame insertion. Seventeen of these mutations are novel, whereas the remaining 19 have been described previously in other NF2 individuals or sporadic tumors. When individuals harboring protein-truncating mutations are compared with cases with single codon alterations, a significant correlation (P < .001) with clinical outcome is observed. Twenty-four of 28 patients with mutations that cause premature truncation of the NF2 protein, schwannomin, present with severe phenotypes. In contrast, all 16 cases from three families with mutations that affect only a single amino acid have mild NF2. These data provide conclusive evidence that a phenotype/genotype correlation exists for certain NF2 mutations.

Ocular abnormalities in neurofibromatosis 2.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular abnormalities in patients with clinically diagnosed neurofibromatosis 2 and asymptomatic gene carriers. METHODS: Probands were ascertained through a surgical otolaryngology practice. In a cross-sectional study, we examined 49 patients with neurofibromatosis 2, 30 offspring of patients, and, as a comparison group, 18 parents and siblings of patients with sporadic neurofibromatosis 2. The examination included a complete neuro-ophthalmic assessment, physical examination, and, for patients and first-degree relatives at risk, cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement, if not previously performed. RESULTS: The most common ocular abnormalities were posterior subcapsular or capsular, cortical, or mixed lens opacities in 33 (67%) of 49 patients with neurofibromatosis 2 and retinal hamartomas in 11 (22%). We used segregation analysis to determine the mutation carrier status of six at-risk offspring who were 30 years old or younger in two multigeneration families. Three asymptomatic mutation carriers had cataracts, whereas those who were predicted not to carry the mutation did not have cataracts. Asymptomatic mutation carriers may have developmental abnormalities of the eye that are detectable in childhood or adolescence, a finding that may assist in early diagnosis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of ocular abnormalities are present in neurofibromatosis 2, including cataracts, retinal hamartomas, and ocular motor deficits. Many of these are developmental or acquired early in life and may assist in presymptomatic diagnosis. For screening at-risk relatives of patients with neurofibromatosis 2, the types of cataract that are most suggestive of neurofibromatosis 2 are plaque-like posterior subcapsular or capsular cataract and cortical cataract with onset under the age of 30 years.