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OBJECTIVES: To assess how biomarkers indicating central nervous system insult (neurobiomarkers) vary in peripheral blood with exertional-heat stress from prolonged endurance exercise. DESIGN: Observational study of changes in neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100ß), Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) and Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCHL1) at Brighton Marathon 2022. METHODS: In 38 marathoners with in-race core temperature (Tc) monitoring, exposure (High, Intermediate or Low) was classified by cumulative hyperthermia - calculated as area under curve of Timeâ¯×â¯Tcâ¯>â¯38⯰C - and also by running duration (finishing time). Blood was sampled for neurobiomarkers, cortisol and fluid-regulatory stress surrogates, including copeptin and creatinine (at rested baseline; within 30â¯min of finishing; and at 24â¯h). RESULTS: Finishing in 236⯱â¯40â¯min, runners showed stable GFAP and UCH-L1 across the marathon and next-day. Significant (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) increases from baseline were shown post-marathon and at 24â¯h for S100ß (8.52 [3.65, 22.95] vs 39.0 [26.48, 52.33] vs 80.3 [49.1, 99.7] ng·L-1) and post-marathon only for NSE (3.73 [3.30, 4.32] vs 4.85 [4.45, 5.80] µg·L-1, Pâ¯<â¯0.0001). Whilst differential response to hyperthermia was observed for cortisol, copeptin and creatinine, neurobiomarker responses did not vary. Post-marathon, only NSE differed by exercise duration (High vs Low, 5.81⯱â¯1.77 vs. 4.69⯱â¯0.73 µg·L-1, adjusted Pâ¯=â¯0.0358). CONCLUSIONS: Successful marathon performance did not associate with evidence for substantial neuronal insult. To account for variation in neurobiomarkers with prolonged endurance exercise, factors additional to hyperthermia, such as exercise duration and intensity, should be further investigated.
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Temperatura Corporal , Carrera , Humanos , Carrera de Maratón , Creatinina , Hidrocortisona , Carrera/fisiología , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
PURPOSE: High protein weight loss diets are effective in aiding body weight management. However, high protein and low carbohydrate intakes can alter colonic fermentation profiles in humans and may impact on colonic health. This study aims to identify the most important dietary contributors to colonic fermentation during diet-controlled weight loss. METHODS: Overweight or obese male volunteers (n = 18) consumed a body weight maintenance diet (fed at 1.5× basic metabolic rate, BMR) followed by three weight loss diets (fed at 1× BMR) for 10 days each in a cross-over design. Weight loss diets were designed as normal protein (NPWL, 15% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate), normal protein enriched with free amino acids and moderate amounts of carbohydrate (NPAAWL, 15% of energy from protein, 15% from free AA, 40% from carbohydrate) or high protein containing moderate amounts of carbohydrate (HPWL, 30% of energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrate). Faecal samples collected at the end of each diet period were profiled for dietary metabolites using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: This study shows that the NPWL diet only induced very minor changes in the faecal metabolome, whereas NPAAWL and HPWL diets decreased carbohydrate-related metabolites (butyrate, ferulic acid) and increased protein-related metabolites. Most faecal metabolites were correlated with dietary carbohydrate and not protein intake. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that dietary carbohydrate is the main driver of colonic fermentation in humans and that a balance between dietary carbohydrate and protein should be maintained when designing safe, effective and healthy weight loss diets.
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Colon/microbiología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/farmacología , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Fermentación/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Cruzados , Dieta Baja en Carbohidratos/métodos , Dieta Rica en Proteínas/métodos , Heces/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pérdida de Peso , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether measures of cardiopulmonary fitness and relative exercise intensity were associated with high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) rise after a road marathon. METHODS: Fifty-two marathon runners (age 39±11 years, body mass 76.2±12.9kg, height 1.74±0.09m) attended the laboratory between 2 and 3 weeks prior to attempting the Brighton Marathon, UK. Running economy at 10kmh-1 (RE10) and race pace (RERP), ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2max tests were completed. CTnT was measured within 48h prior to the marathon and within 10min of completing the marathon, using a high sensitivity assay. Heart rates (HR) were recorded throughout the marathon. RESULTS: Runners demonstrated a significant increase in cTnT over the marathon (pre-race 5.60±3.27ngL-1, post-race 74.52±30.39ngL-1, p<0.001). Markers of endurance performance such as running economy (10kmh-1 223±18mlkg-1km-1; race pace 225±22mlkg-1km-1), VT (38.5±6.4mlkg-1min-1) and VËO2max (50.9±7.7mlkg-1min-1) were not associated with post-race cTnT. Runners exercise intensity correlated with post-race cTnT (mean HR %VT 104±5%, r=0.50; peak HR %VT 118±8%, r=0.68; peak HR %VËO2max 96±6, r=0.60, p<0.05) and was different between the low, medium and high cTnT groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CTnT increases above reference limits during a marathon. Magnitude of cTnT rise is related to exercise intensity relative to ventilatory threshold and VËO2max, but not individuals' absolute cardiopulmonary fitness, training state or running history.
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Capacidad Cardiovascular , Carrera/fisiología , Troponina T/sangre , Adulto , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Consumo de Oxígeno , Resistencia FísicaRESUMEN
Erythropoietin (EPO) rapidly decreases on return to sea level (SL) after chronic altitude exposure. Acute hypoxia may provide an additional stimulus to prevent the decline in EPO. Proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) have been shown to inhibit EPO production. Optimal normobaric hypoxic exposure has not been established; therefore, investigation of methods eliciting the greatest response in EPO to limit physiological stress is required. Eight men (age 27 ± 4 years, body mass 77.5 ± 9.0 kg, height 179 ± 6 cm) performed four passive exposures to different normobaric hypoxic severities [FiO2 : 0.209 (SL), FiO2 : ~0.135 (3600 m), FiO2 : ~0.125 (4200 m) and FiO2 : ~0.115 (4800 m)] in a hypoxic chamber for 2 h. Venous blood was drawn pre-exposure and then at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h to determine EPO concentration ([EPO]), IL-6, and TNFα. During 4200 and 4800 m, [EPO] increased from 5.9 ± 1.5 to 8.1 ± 1.5 mU/mL (P = 0.009) and 6.0 ± 1.4 to 8.9 ± 2.0 mU/mL (P = 0.037), respectively, with [EPO] increase peaking at 4 h (2 h post-exposure). There were no differences in IL-6 or TNFα during or post-exposure. Increased [EPO] was found 2 h post hypoxic exposure as result of 2 h of normobaric hypoxia ≥4200 m. There was no dose-response relationship in [EPO] between simulated hypoxia severities.
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Altitud , Eritropoyetina/sangre , Hipoxia/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Método Simple Ciego , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Liver resection or transplantation offer the best chance of long-term survival. The aim of this study was to perform a survival and prognostic factor analysis on patients who underwent resection of HCC at two major tertiary referral hospitals, and to investigate a pre-operative prediction model for microvascular invasion (MVI). METHODS: Clinico-pathological and survival data were collected from all patients who underwent liver resection for HCC at two tertiary referral centres (Royal North Shore/North Shore Private Hospitals and Westmead Hospital) from 1998 to 2012. An overall and disease-free survival analysis was performed and a predictive model for MVI identified. RESULTS: The total number of patients in this series was 125 and the 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 56% and 37%, respectively. MVI was the only factor to be independently associated with a poor prognosis on both overall and disease-free survival. Age ≥64 years, a serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥400 ng/ml (×40 above normal) and tumor size ≥50 mm were independently associated with MVI. An MVI prediction model using these three pre-operative factors provides a good assessment of the risk of MVI. CONCLUSION: MVI in the resected specimen of patients with HCC is associated with a poor prognosis. A preoperative MVI prediction model offers a useful way to identify patients at risk of relapse. However, more precise predictive models using molecular and genetic variables are needed to improve selection of patients most suitable for radical surgical treatment.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Hepatectomía , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidad , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Masculino , Microvasos/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: R0 resection rates (complete tumour removal with negative resection margins) in pancreatic cancer are 70-80 per cent when a 0-mm margin is used, declining to 15-24 per cent with a 1-mm margin. This review evaluated the R0 resection rates according to different margin definitions and techniques. METHODS: Three databases (MEDLINE from 1946, PubMed from 1946 and Embase from 1949) were searched to mid-October 2014. The search terms included 'pancreatectomy OR pancreaticoduodenectomy' and 'margin'. A meta-analysis was performed with studies in three groups: group 1, axial slicing technique (minimum 1-mm margin); group 2, other slicing techniques (minimum 1-mm margin); and group 3, studies with minimum 0-mm margin. RESULTS: The R0 rates were 29 (95 per cent c.i. 26 to 32) per cent in group 1 (8 studies; 882 patients) and 49 (47 to 52) per cent in group 2 (6 studies; 1568 patients). The combined R0 rate (groups 1 and 2) was 41 (40 to 43) per cent. The R0 rate in group 3 (7 studies; 1926 patients) with a 0-mm margin was 72 (70 to 74) per cent The survival hazard ratios (R1 resection/R0 resection) revealed a reduction in the risk of death of at least 22 per cent in group 1, 12 per cent in group 2 and 23 per cent in group 3 with an R0 compared with an R1 resection. Local recurrence occurred more frequently with an R1 resection in most studies. CONCLUSION: Margin clearance definitions affect R0 resection rates in pancreatic cancer surgery. This review collates individual studies providing an estimate of achievable R0 rates, creating a benchmark for future trials.
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Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/epidemiología , Pancreatectomía/métodos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Salud Global , Humanos , Incidencia , PronósticoRESUMEN
Twelve males completed three incremental, discontinuous treadmill tests in the heat [31.9(1.0) °C, 61.9(8.9)%] to determine speed at two fixed blood lactate concentrations (2 and 3.5 mmol/L), running economy (RE), and maximum oxygen uptake ( V Ë O 2 m a x ). Trials involved 20 min of either internal cooling (ICE, 7.5 g/kg ice slurry ingestion) or mixed-methods external cooling (EXT, cold towels, forearm immersion, ice vest, and cooling shorts), alongside no intervention (CON). Following precooling, participants ran 0.3 km/h faster at 2 mmol/L and 0.2 km/h faster at 3.5 mmol/L (P = 0.04, partial η(2) = 0.27). Statistical differences were observed vs CON for ICE (P = 0.03, d = 0.15), but not EXT (P = 0.12, d = 0.15). There was no effect of cooling on RE (P = 0.81, partial η(2) = 0.02), nor on V Ë O 2 m a x (P = 0.69, partial η(2) = 0.04). An effect for cooling on physiological strain index was observed (P < 0.01, partial η(2) = 0.41), with differences vs CON for EXT (P = 0.02, d = 0.36), but not ICE (P = 0.06, d = 0.36). Precooling reduced thermal sensation (P < 0.01, partial η(2) = 0.66) in both cooling groups (P < 0.01). Results indicate ICE and EXT provide similar physiological responses for exercise up to 30 min duration in the heat. Differing thermoregulatory responses are suggestive of specific event characteristics determining the choice of cooling. Precooling appears to reduce blood lactate accumulation and reduce thermoregulatory and perceptual strain during incremental exercise.
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Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Vestuario , Frío , Ingestión de Líquidos , Calor/efectos adversos , Inmersión , Carrera/fisiología , Adulto , Umbral Anaerobio , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Hielo , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the use of hypoxic sprint interval training (SIT) for the improvement of aerobic capacity. METHOD: Twenty-seven participants (mean±SD), age 21±1 yrs, body mass 72.4±9.7 kg and height 175±7 cm, completed an VÌO2peak Incremental Exercise Test and time to exhaustion (TTE) trial (80% VÌO2peak) pre and post SIT. Participants were randomly assigned to either, control (CONT), normoxic (NORM) or hypoxic (FiO2: 0.15) (HYP) conditions. SIT involved 30 s sprints interspersed with 4 min rest. The number of sprints progressed from four to seven over six sessions separated by 1-2 days rest. Two-way mixed design ANOVA was performed to determine changes between conditions. RESULTS: VÌO2peak improved (P<0.05) pre to post SIT in NORM (11.2±10.8%) and HYP (10.9±6.2%), but not CONT (0.7±14.3%). TTE post SIT was significantly improved from pre SIT in NORM and HYP but not CONT (CONT=1±6, NORM=56±25, HYP=34±25%, P<0.05). Peak and recovery heart rate was lower in NORM (P<0.05) than HYP as SIT sessions progressed. SpO2 (%) was lower in HYP (86.1±4.3%) compared to NORM (97.1±0.7%), decreasing within all HYP sessions, and increasing with SIT. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic and normoxic SIT caused improvement in VÌO2peak and TTE compared to a control. Hypoxic SIT did not cause further improvements, indicating hypoxia based SIT offers no additional benefit for improvement of endurance performance.
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Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Carrera , Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Adulto , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Femenino , Humanos , Hipoxia/fisiopatología , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologíaRESUMEN
New technologies afford convenient modalities for skin temperature (TSKIN) measurement, notably involving wireless telemetry and non-contact infrared thermometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of skin temperature measurements using a telemetry thermistor system (TT) and thermal camera (TC) during exercise in a hot environment. Each system was compared against a certified thermocouple, measuring the surface temperature of a metal block in a thermostatically controlled waterbath. Fourteen recreational athletes completed two incremental running tests, separated by one week. Skin temperatures were measured simultaneously with TT and TC compared against a hard-wired thermistor system (HW) throughout rest and exercise. Post hoc calibration based on waterbath results displayed good validity for TT (mean bias [MB]=-0.18 °C, typical error [TE]=0.18 °C) and reliability (MB=-0.05 °C, TE=0.31 °C) throughout rest and exercise. Poor validity (MB=-1.4 °C, TE=0.35 °C) and reliability (MB=-0.65 °C, TE=0.52 °C) was observed for TC, suggesting it may be best suited to controlled, static situations. These findings indicate TT systems provide a convenient, valid and reliable alternative to HW, useful for measurements in the field where traditional methods may be impractical.
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Ejercicio Físico , Tecnología de Sensores Remotos/métodos , Temperatura Cutánea , Termografía/métodos , Adulto , Calor , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
A new Radiometer™ hemoximeter (ABL-80) has recently become available to measure carboxyhaemoglobin concentration for the optimized CO-rebreathing method (oCOR-method). Within the English Institute of Sport (EIS), hemoximeters are used in three different laboratories; therefore, precision and agreement of total haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) determination across sites is essential, and comparison to the previous model OSM-3 is desirable. Six male and one female (age 30 ± 6 years, body mass 78.1 ± 10.6 kg) undertook the oCOR-method. Venous blood (~2 ml) was sampled immediately before and at 7 min during the oCOR-method; with seven replicates from each time point simultaneously analysed on five different Radiometer™ hemoximeters [OSM-3(1), OSM-3(2), ABL-80(1), ABL-80(2) and ABL-80(3)]. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between Δ%HbCO or mean tHbmass analysed with five different hemoximeters (OSM-3(1): 886 ± 167 g; OSM-3(2): 896 ± 160 g: ABL-80(1): 904 ± 157 g; ABL-80(2): 906 ± 163 g: ABL-80(3): 906 ± 162 g). However, the Bland-Altman plot revealed that there was closer agreement between ABL-80 machines for tHbmass than for the OSM-3. The variance (i.e. % error) across replicate samples decreased as the number of samples increased, with the error derived from the 'worse-case' scenario (single samples) being 1.2 to 1.6 fold greater in the OSM-3 than the ABL-80. Although there were no differences in the average tHbmass measured with five different hemoximeters, the new ABL-80 were in better agreement with each other compared to the old OSM-3. Previously, five replicates were required to achieve a low error using the OSM-3; however, three replicates are sufficient with the ABL-80 model to produce an error of ≤ 1% in tHbmass.
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Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre/instrumentación , Monóxido de Carbono , Carboxihemoglobina/análisis , Respiración , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
The optimized carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method (oCOR-method) is routinely used to measure total haemoglobin mass (tHbmass). The tHbmass measure is subject to a test-retest typical error of ~2%, mostly from the precision of carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) measurement. We hypothesized that tHbmass would be robust to differences in the bolus of CO administered during the oCOR-method. Twelve participants (ten males and two females; age 27 ± 6 yr, height 177 ± 11 cm and mass 73.9 ± 12.1 kg) completed the oCOR-method on four occasions. Different bolus of CO were administered (LOW: 0.6 ml kg(-1); MED1: 1.0 ml kg(-1) and HIGH: 1.4 ml kg(-1)); to determine the reliability of MED1, a second trial was conducted (MED2). tHbmass was found to be significantly less from the HIGH CO bolus (776 ± 148 g) when compared to the LOW CO (791 ± 149 g) or MED1 CO (788 ± 149 g) trials. MED2 CO was 785 ± 150 g. The measurement of tHbmass is repeatable to within 0.8%, but a small and notable difference was seen when using a HIGH CO bolus (1.4 to 1.9% less), potentially due to differences in CO uptake kinetics. Previously, an improved precision of the oCOR-method was thought to require a higher bolus of CO (i.e. larger Δ%HbCO), as commercial hemoximeters only estimate %HbCO levels to a single decimal place (usually ± 0.1%). With the new hemoximeter used in this study, a bolus of 1.0 ml kg(-1) allows adequate precision with acceptable safety.
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Artefactos , Análisis Químico de la Sangre/métodos , Monóxido de Carbono/farmacología , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Respiración , Adulto , Monóxido de Carbono/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
A 67 year-old man with paraplegia and depression presented with self-inflicted evisceration and small bowel injury. Damage control surgery was undertaken at emergency laparotomy with definitive anastomosis performed at second-look laparotomy following 24 hours resuscitation in ICU. He had an uncomplicated post-operative course and was discharged to an inpatient psychiatric unit.
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Traumatismos Abdominales/cirugía , Colon/lesiones , Intestino Delgado/lesiones , Intento de Suicidio , Heridas Punzantes/cirugía , Anciano , Colon/cirugía , Humanos , Intestino Delgado/cirugía , MasculinoRESUMEN
Fatty acid (FA) signature analysis has been increasingly used to assess dietary preferences and trophodynamics in marine animals. We investigated FA signatures of connective tissue of the whale shark Rhincodon typus and muscle tissue of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi. We found high levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), dominated by arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; 12-17 % of total FA), and comparatively lower levels of the essential n-3 PUFA-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; ~1 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; 3-10 %). Whale sharks and reef manta rays are regularly observed feeding on surface aggregations of coastal crustacean zooplankton during the day, which generally have FA profiles dominated by n-3 PUFA. The high levels of n-6 PUFA in both giant elasmobranchs raise new questions about the origin of their main food source.
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Tejido Conectivo/química , Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/química , Músculo Esquelético/química , Tiburones/fisiología , Rajidae/fisiología , AnimalesRESUMEN
We used a comparative approach to investigate the impact of the disposal of gold mine tailings into the ocean near the Lihir mine (Niolam Island, Papua New Guinea). We found abundance and diversity of zooplankton, micronekton and pelagic fish to be similar or higher in the mine region compared to the reference site. We also found relatively high trace metal concentrations in lower trophic level groups, especially zooplankton, near the mine discharge, but few differences in tissue concentrations of micronekton, baitfish and pelagic fish between the two regions. Biomagnification of some trace metals by micronekton, and of mercury by fish was evident in both regions. We conclude that ocean mine waste disposal at Niolam Island has a local impact on the smaller and less mobile pelagic communities in terms of trace metal concentrations, but has little effect on the abundance and biodiversity of the local food web.
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Ecosistema , Oro , Minería , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Zooplancton/clasificación , Animales , Biodiversidad , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces/metabolismo , Cadena Alimentaria , Mercurio/análisis , Mercurio/metabolismo , Metales/análisis , Metales/metabolismo , Papúa Nueva Guinea , Eliminación de Residuos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Zooplancton/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zooplancton/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Mobulidae are zooplanktivorous elasmobranchs comprising two recognized species of manta rays (Manta spp.) and nine recognized species of devil rays (Mobula spp.). They are found circumglobally in tropical, subtropical and temperate coastal waters. Although mobulids have been recorded for over 400 years, critical knowledge gaps still compromise the ability to assess the status of these species. On the basis of a review of 263 publications, a comparative synthesis of the biology and ecology of mobulids was conducted to examine their evolution, taxonomy, distribution, population trends, movements and aggregation, reproduction, growth and longevity, feeding, natural mortality and direct and indirect anthropogenic threats. There has been a marked increase in the number of published studies on mobulids since c. 1990, particularly for the genus Manta, although the genus Mobula remains poorly understood. Mobulid species have many common biological characteristics although their ecologies appear to be species-specific, and sometimes region-specific. Movement studies suggest that mobulids are highly mobile and have the potential to rapidly travel large distances. Fishing pressure is the major threat to many mobulid populations, with current levels of exploitation in target fisheries unlikely to be sustainable. Advances in the fields of population genetics, acoustic and satellite tracking, and stable-isotope and fatty-acid analyses will provide new insights into the biology and ecology of these species. Future research should focus on the uncertain taxonomy of mobulid species, the degree of overlap between their large-scale movement and human activities such as fisheries and pollution, and the need for management of inter-jurisdictional fisheries in developing nations to ensure their long-term sustainability. Closer collaboration among researchers worldwide is necessary to ensure standardized sampling and modelling methodologies to underpin global population estimates and status.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Elasmobranquios/crecimiento & desarrollo , Elasmobranquios/fisiología , Animales , Elasmobranquios/clasificación , Explotaciones Pesqueras , Actividades Humanas , Dinámica PoblacionalRESUMEN
Laser photogrammetry was found to be a promising new cost-effective technique for measuring free-swimming whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Photogrammetric measurements were more precise than visual size estimates by experienced researchers, with results from the two methods differing by 9· 8 ± 1· 1% (mean ±s.e.). A new metric of total length and the length between the fifth gill and first dorsal fin (r² = 0· 93) is proposed to facilitate easy, accurate length measurements of whale sharks in the field.
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Tamaño Corporal , Tiburones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Rayos Láser , Fotogrametría , Tiburones/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric disorder and is amongst the top thirty causes of worldwide disability. Mood stabilisers are the primary pharmacological intervention, both in the treatment of acute episodes and in prophylaxis. There is, however, mounting evidence that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial in psychiatric conditions, particularly those involving disturbances of mood. OBJECTIVES: To review the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids as either a monotherapy or an adjunctive treatment for bipolar disorder. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches of the following databases were performed: CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References were searched on 12/2/2008, Supplementary searches were carried out on Biological Abstracts, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, CCDAN Register, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. The search strategy also included cited reference searching, personal contact with all authors of studies initially included and contact with the omega-3 producing pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant randomised controlled trials were included in the review. Studies involving males and females of all ages with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder qualified for inclusion. Studies using any type or dose of omega-3 fatty acid treatment as monotherapy or in addition to standard pharmacotherapy were eligible. The primary outcome was symptom severity; and secondary outcomes were adverse effects, dropout and satisfaction with treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently inspected the citations identified from the search. Potentially relevant abstracts were identified and full papers ordered and reassessed for inclusion and methodological quality. All relevant data were extracted. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used for continuous outcome data, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Five studies met inclusion criteria for the review, however, methodological quality was highly variable. Only one study, involving 75 participants, provided data for analysis, and showed a benefit of active treatment over control for depression symptom levels (WMD -3.93, 95% CI -7.00 to -0.86)and Clinical Global Impression scores (WMD -0.75, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.17) but not for mania (WMD -2.81, 95% CI -7.68 to 1.90). No serious adverse effects were reported in the five studies. The pattern of dropout was highly variable between studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Results from one study showed positive effects of omega-3 as an adjunctive treatment for depressive but not manic symptoms in bipolar disorder. These findings must be regarded with caution owing to the limited data available. There is an acute need for well-designed and executed randomised controlled trials in this field.
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Antimaníacos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Bipolar/terapia , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Depresivo/terapia , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to examine the association of arachidonic acid-related signal transduction with cerebral metabolism in patients with schizophrenia who have violently and dangerously offended while psychotic. Cerebral 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was carried out in 11 male patients with schizophrenia who had violently offended (homicide, attempted murder, or wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm) while psychotic. Spectra were obtained from 70 x 70 x 70 mm(3) voxels using an image-selected in vivo spectroscopy pulse sequence. Niacin flush testing results were quantified as the volumetric niacin response. There was a strong, and negative, correlation between the volumetric niacin response and the metabolite concentration of inorganic phosphate expressed as a ratio of the total 31-phosphorus signal (p<0.005). Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia who have violently offended and have poor phospholipid-related signal transduction may have higher levels of cerebral energy metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/química , Niacina/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Violencia , Adulto , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Rubor , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Fosfatos/química , Pruebas Cutáneas , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
The niacin skin test reflects a flush and oedema owing to the production of prostaglandin D2 from arachidonic acid. A diminished response may indicate abnormalities in the phospholipid metabolism, which has been shown in schizophrenia. There is evidence that dyslexia might also involve phospholipid abnormalities, therefore we examined the skin response in 51 dyslexics and 45 controls. Four concentrations of aqueous methyl nicotinate were applied topically to the forearm. Flushing was rated using a seven-point scale at 3 min intervals over 21 min. Repeated measures ANOVA for the four concentrations across all seven time-points showed no significant effect of subject group, but when analyses were confined to the first 9 min, flushing was reduced in dyslexics. Significant group differences were also found for the lowest niacin concentration (0.0001M) across six out of seven time-points. The results indicate a slightly reduced and delayed response to niacin in dyslexia.
Asunto(s)
Dislexia , Rubor , Niacina/metabolismo , Pruebas Cutáneas , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Dislexia/metabolismo , Dislexia/fisiopatología , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Left-right asymmetrical brain function underlies much of human cognition, behavior and emotion. Abnormalities of cerebral asymmetry are associated with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The molecular, developmental and evolutionary origins of human brain asymmetry are unknown. We found significant association of a haplotype upstream of the gene LRRTM1 (Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 1) with a quantitative measure of human handedness in a set of dyslexic siblings, when the haplotype was inherited paternally (P=0.00002). While we were unable to find this effect in an epidemiological set of twin-based sibships, we did find that the same haplotype is overtransmitted paternally to individuals with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in a study of 1002 affected families (P=0.0014). We then found direct confirmatory evidence that LRRTM1 is an imprinted gene in humans that shows a variable pattern of maternal downregulation. We also showed that LRRTM1 is expressed during the development of specific forebrain structures, and thus could influence neuronal differentiation and connectivity. This is the first potential genetic influence on human handedness to be identified, and the first putative genetic effect on variability in human brain asymmetry. LRRTM1 is a candidate gene for involvement in several common neurodevelopmental disorders, and may have played a role in human cognitive and behavioral evolution.