Patients with parosmia respond faster to unpleasant odors than patients with hyposmia: Insights from olfactory event-related potentials.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosing parosmia is a challenge. The present study aimed to explore the distinctions between hyposmic patients with and without parosmia utilizing electroencephalography-derived olfactory event-related potentials (ERP). METHODS: Forty-four patients with hyposmia were enrolled and divided into a group with parosmia (n = 23, mean age ± standard deviation = 48 ± 14 years, seven men) and a group without parosmia (n = 21, age = 52 ± 12 years, seven men) based on the clinical interview. Additionally, 21 healthy controls (mean age = 45 ± 14 years, six men) were included. Various measurements were obtained, including the Sniffin' Stick test, threshold tests for the odorants furfural mercaptan and 2,6-nonadienal, a modified Sniffin' Stick parosmia test, and well-being ratings. Chemosensory ERPs were recorded separately for each nostril using high-precision, computer-controlled air-dilution olfactometry. RESULTS: Patients with parosmia had a decreased olfactory function similar to that observed in patients with hyposmia, although the odor sensitivity of patients with severe parosmia remained relatively unaffected. Patients with parosmia reported a decrease in well-being compared to controls. The severity of parosmia was positively correlated with odor sensitivity. Furthermore, patients with severe parosmia exhibited faster responses to unpleasant odors than patients without parosmia. CONCLUSION: Overall, the present findings support the idea that parosmia predominantly occurs during olfactory recovery, significantly disturbing patients and warranting the development of effective treatments. Notably, the relatively faster responses of hyposmic patients with severe parosmia suggest that the generation of distorted olfactory responses may involve early stages of the processing of olfactory information.

NF1-mutated melanomas reveal distinct clinical characteristics depending on tumour origin and respond favourably to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: NF1-mutated tumours represent a small subset (10-15%) of melanomas, not sufficiently analysed in large clinical cohorts. This study investigated the largest multicentre collection of NF1-mutated melanomas to date. METHODS: This study analysed a multicentre tumour tissue sample cohort from 266 patients with NF1-mutated melanoma. Targeted next-generation sequencing of the TERT promoter and 29 relevant melanoma genes was performed. Survival was compared with NF1 wild-type cohorts from the Tissue Registry in Melanoma project (n = 432). RESULTS: Most NF1-mutated melanoma arose in the head-and-neck region of patients >60 years. NF1 alterations were frequently inactivating, primarily non-sense, less frequently truncating mutations. Non-inactivating NF1 mutations more frequently co-occurred with activating BRAF and RAS mutations. NF1-mutated tumours had higher numbers of gene mutations and UV signature C>T and CC>TT transitions than BRAF, RAS and triple wild-type melanomas. NF1-mutated acral and mucosal melanomas harboured a different mutation signature and were frequent in women (69% and 83%, respectively), differing from non-acral cutaneous NF1-mutated melanomas (men 73%, women 27%). Overall survival in stage IV disease was comparable for patients with NF1-mutated or wild-type melanoma. However, in patients receiving first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, better median overall survival (mOS) was observed for NF1-mutated than wild-type tumours (mOS = not reached vs mOS = 25.82, p = 0.0154, n = 80 and 432, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous, acral and mucosal NF1-mutated melanomas vary in clinical and genetic characteristics and demonstrate a favourable outcome on immune checkpoint inhibition therapy.

First evaluation of an outbreak of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Southern Brazil using multiplex PCR.

Outbreaks of tick-borne disease cases in Santa Catarina, Brazil are known, but the presence of the pathogen DNA has never been determined. In this study, the first survey of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis DNA on blood samples of 33 cattle from an outbreak in Ponte Alta Municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been carried out. A multiplex PCR detected 54.5% of animals were co-infected with 2 or 3 parasites, while 24.2% were infected with only 1 species. The most prevalent agent was B. bigemina (63.6%) followed by A. marginale (60.6%). This is the first report of tick-borne disease pathogens obtained by DNA analysis in Southern Brazil.