RESUMEN
PURPOSE: In the past, a role of thyroid hormones in human evolution has been hypothesized. T3, the metabolically active form, derives from extrathyroidal conversion of T4 by deionidase 2 (D2) enzyme encoded by DIO2 gene. In thyroid-deficient patients, decreased levels of free T3 have been associated with the polymorphism rs225014 A/G in DIO2, which causes the substitution of Threonine with Alanine (p.Thr92Ala) at protein level. METHODS: We compared DNA and protein sequences of D2 from archaic human subspecies with those of contemporary humans. RESULTS: Neanderthals and Denisovans displayed only the G allele at the rs225014 polymorphism, which encodes for an Alanine on the amino acid level. These data suggest that these hominines were homozygous for the Ala amino acid. These arcaic humans often lived in condition of iodine deficiency and thus, defective mechanisms of T3 biosynthesis could be life threatining. A reduced D2 activity is likely to cause decreased T3 levels, which could be critical for those individuals. Neanderthals and Denisovans were hunters/gatherers, and their diet was mainly based on the consumption of meat, with a low intake of carbohydrates. The need for circulating T3 is reduced at such alimentary conditions. On the basis of our genome comparisons the A allele, corresponding to Threonine and associated with higher levels of circulating T3 in thyroid-deficient patients, appeared for the first time during evolution in Anatomically Modern Humans during the Upper Pleistocene and has been conserved during the Neolithic age. With the advent of agriculture and herding, individuals carrying A allele might have a higher probability for surviving and reproducing. Thus, the variant was positively selected during the evolution. CONCLUSION: Here we present an evolutionary perspective for p.Thr92Ala variant of D2 from Neanderthals to Anatomically Modern Humans.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Yoduro Peroxidasa/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alanina/genética , Alelos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Geografía , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Hombre de Neandertal/genética , Treonina/genética , Yodotironina Deyodinasa Tipo IIRESUMEN
Personal experience of 33 cases of foreign rectal bodies introduced transanally with or without associated lesions is reported. After examining the principles of diagnosis, stress is laid on therapy and personal experience and it is suggested that more energy should be applied to extracting the foreign body transanally even using more or less deep anaesthesia, so avoiding the need for abdominal surgery.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpos Extraños/terapia , Recto/lesiones , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Cuerpos Extraños/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The authors shortly illustrate the etiopathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, complications and treatment of liver blunt trauma. They describe their experience of 33 hepatic lesions out of 210 abdominal blunt trauma with a 12,1% mortality, and emphasize the usefulness of the laparoscopic investigation in the precocious diagnosis of such disease.
Asunto(s)
Hígado/lesiones , Heridas no Penetrantes , Traumatismos Abdominales/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Drenaje , Femenino , Técnicas Hemostáticas , Humanos , Hígado/cirugía , Masculino , Complicaciones PosoperatoriasRESUMEN
The authors report their experience of 11 cases of hemoperitoneum due to hemorrhagic endoabdominal neoformation, diagnosed through laparoscopy, and the diagnosis of which was confirmed by the biopsy under the sight. They describe the casuistry observed: 4 hepatic neoplasms (11,9%); 4 ovary neoplasmus (12,1%); 1 neuroblastoma (10%); 2 ovary endometriosic cysts (16,6%). They, at last, emphasize the usefulness of laparoscopy as an investigating mean offering a sure diagnostical reliability.
