Cancer advocacy in residency education: From principles to competencies.

INTRODUCTION: The global cancer burden is increasing. Current global evidence indicates there will be a 47% rise of cancer cases for the period 2020-2040. The cancer rate differential also is evident within countries and regions. Efforts have been used to reduce the health disparities; however, the inequity prevails. One potential way to help reduce the disparity is through advocacy by physicians. METHODS: Two recent systematic review articles on advocacy among physicians note that physicians are unlikely to be taught advocacy in medical education, and also note there are no advocacy competencies or skill sets that are either taught or valued in medical education. We explore literature and develop a model to understand the components of advocacy in medical education, specifically in resident training. We follow the model's main components by examining principles of advocacy, relevant domains of advocacy, and competencies and values for advocacy education. RESULTS: Four ethical principles of advocacy education are identified: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. These principles must be applied in meaningful, culturally sensitive, respectful, and promotion of the well-being ways. Three domains are identified: the practice domain (provider-patient interaction), the community domain (provider-community collaboration), and the health policy domain (the larger social environment). Advocacy occurs differently within each domain. Finally, competencies in the form of knowledge, skills, and values are described. We present a table noting where each competency occurs (by domain) as well as the value of each knowledge and skill. POLICY SUMMARY: The significance of including advocacy instruction in medical education requires a change in the current medical education field. Besides valuing the concept of including advocacy, principles, domains, and competencies of inclusion are critical. In summary, we encourage the inclusion of advocacy education in resident medical programs so physicians become competent medical providers at diverse levels of society.

Long-term Mammography Utilization after an Initial Randomized Intervention Period by all Underserved Chilean Women in the Clinics.

Chile has one of the highest rates of breast cancer in Latin America. Mammography rates among women, especially those of low socioeconomic status (SES), are thought to contribute to high breast cancer morbidity and mortality. A successful randomized controlled trial among women aged 50 to 70 in a low-SES primary care clinic in Chile led to a significant increase in mammography screening rates in a two-year intervention trial. This study assesses the sustainability of the intervention after ten years and identifies factors that might have been associated with a long-term effect using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework. The mammography rates among women aged 50 to 70 in the low-SES intervention clinic were compared to two populations of women aged 50 to 70 from middle-SES clinics and to national data. Qualitative data were used to answer questions of adoption, implementation, and maintenance, while quantitative data assessed the reach and effectiveness. After ten years, low-SES women at the intervention clinic maintained significantly higher mammography screening rates vs. middle-SES women at the comparison clinics (36.2% vs. 30.1% and 19.4% p < 0.0001). Women of a low SES at the intervention clinic also had significantly higher screening rates compared to women of a low SES at a national level (44.2% vs. 34.2% p < 0.0001). RE-AIM factors contributed to understanding the long-term difference in rates. Mailed contact, outreach interventions, and the integration of health promoters as part of the Community Advisory Board were important factors associated with the effects observed. This study provides information on factors that could contribute to reducing the social gap on breast cancer screening.

Advancing towards the implementation of patient-centred care in Chile: An opportunity to effectively practice shared decision-making.

In Chile, local normative and guidelines place patient-centred care (PCC) as a desirable means and outcome for each level of health care. Thus, a definition of PCC is provided, and for the first time shared decision-making (SDM) is included as an intended practice. During the past five years the country has shown progress on the implementation of PCC. A large pilot study was conducted in one of the Metropolitan Health Services, and now the health authority is committed to escalate a PCC strategy nationwide. From the practice domain, most of the work is being placed on the training of health professionals. Patients' preparation for the clinical encounter is scarce, thereby limiting their potential to participate in their care. At the research domain, the country shows a strengthened agenda that has advanced from a diagnostic phase (including the exploration from social sciences) to a purposeful stage which involves the development of training programs, patient decision aids, international collaborations, and other PCC interventions. The country is now positioned to secure new initiatives to empower patients and allow them to take an active role, as a key component of PCC and SDM.

Caregiver's depressive symptoms and asthma control in children from an underserved community.

Caregiver's or maternal depression has been associated with increased asthma morbidity in children from prosperous nations, but little is known about this link in low and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To examine if caregiver's depressive symptoms are associated with poor asthma control and abnormal immune responses in school-aged children. METHODS: Case-control study of 87 asthmatic children (aged 4-11 years) attending a primary care clinic in an underserved area of Santiago (Chile). Cases were children with poor asthma control (Child Asthma Control Test [cACT] <20 points) and controls were children with adequate asthma control (cACT ≥20 points). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) and a locally validated family health vulnerability test (SALUFAM) were used to assess caregivers' depression and family health vulnerability. Serum from participating children was assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, TGF-ß, cortisol, and total IgE. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of study participants was 8.23 (2.15 years), and 55.2% were females. Use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), family health vulnerability, and caregiver's depressive symptoms were significantly more common in cases than in controls (65.4% vs. 34.6%, p = 0.003; 41.3% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.07; and 39.1% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.04, respectively). There was no significant difference in the level of any serum biomarkers between groups. In a multivariate analysis, only ICS use was significantly associated with better asthma control (OR = 3.56 [1.34-9.48], p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of caregiver's depressive symptoms is associated with poor asthma control among children from an underserved community, but this association was no longer significant after accounting for ICS use.

Herramientas diagnósticas en testículo no palpable / Diagnostic tools in non palpable testis

Objetivo: Estimar la precisión de dos herramientas diagnósticas diferentes: el examen físico realizado por urólogo pediátrico y la ecografía inguino-escrotal, en la localización de un testículo no palpable(TNP) diagnosticado por médico pediatra. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de 46 pacientes derivados a urología pediátrica con el diagnóstico de testículo no palpable. A todos se les realizó una ecografía inguino-escrotal y resueltos quirúrgicamente según los resultados ultrasonográficos, entre exploración inguinal y laparoscopía.Se compararon los hallazgos clínicos por especialista, los resultados ecográficos y los hallazgos quirúrgicos. De este modo se estimó porcentualmente la precisión en la localización testicular del examen físico por urólogo pediátrico y de la ecografía en un TNP diagnosticado por manos no especializadas. Resultados: 46 pacientes con TNP referidos al urólogo pediátrico, de los cuales 36 eran unilateral y10 bilaterales, con un total de 56 gónadas evaluadas. Se realizó ultrasonografía en 50 casos (89 por ciento), todas en el mismo centro. De los 56 casos, 40 (71 por ciento) fueron sometidos a cirugía. De estas 56 gónadas estudiadas, 18 (32 por ciento) fueron palpables por el especialista, en todas la ecografías demostró igual localización; 14 de los 18 testículos se sometieron a cirugía, ninguno de ellos resultó ser falso positivo. De los 38 TNP para el urólogo, 24 (63 por ciento) fueron identificados por ecotomografía; 13inguinales y 11 intra-abdominales, resultando 3 de las 24 ser falsos positivos ecográficos al compararlos con los hallazgos quirúrgicos. La ecografía no logró identificar 14 (57 por ciento) de las 24 gónadas no palpables, 10 (71 por ciento) de ellas resultaron efectivamente ausentes en la laparoscopia y 4 (28 por ciento) falsos negativos; 2 inguinales (1 de tamaño normal, 1 de tamaño disminuido), 1 intra-abdominal y 1 ectópico perineal pequeño. Conclusión: La evaluación clínica del urólogo pediátrico...

Objective: To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of two different approaches to non-palpable testis (NPT): physical examination conducted by a pediatric urologist and inguino-scrotal ultrasound. Material and Methods: Data from 46 patients referred to the pediatric urologist with the diagnosis of non palpable testicle was prospectively analyzed. Every patient had clinical and imagenologic information. Surgical findings were matched to preoperative paraclinical evaluation. Surgery for NPT was performed either inguinally or laparoscopically. Percentage of accuracy in the location of testicle was estimated for every evaluation. Results: Forty six patients with NPT were referred to the pediatric urologist. Out of these 36 and 10presented with presented with unilateral and bilateral disease, respectively. A total of with 56 gonads were evaluated. Ultrasound was performed in 50 cases (89 percent) at the same site. Of these 56 cases, 40(71 percent) underwent surgery. Out of 56 of these gonads 18 (32 percent) were palpable by the specialist, all them confirmed the same location showed in the ultrasound ; 14 of the 18 testes underwent surgery, none of them turned out to be false positive. Of the 38 NPT evaluated by urologist, 24 (63 percent) were identified by ecotomography. Thirteen corresponded to inguinal and 11 intra abdominal. 3 false positives were verified when compared with sonographic findings. Ultrasound failed to identify 14 (57 percent) of 24non-palpable gonads, 10 (71 percent) of them were actually not found in laparoscopy and 4 (28 percent) were false negatives; 2 inguinal (1 normal size, reduced in size 1), 1 and 1 intra-abdominal perineal ectopic small. Conclusion: In one third of cases, the clinical re-evaluation of pediatric urologist identify NPT diagnosed by medical non specialists, with an excellent accuracy in testicular location, hence pre-operative ultrasound evaluation might not be mandatory. Inguino-scrotal ultrasonography identifies most of NPT...