Current and Future Climate Extremes Over Latin America and Caribbean: Assessing Earth System Models from High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP).

Extreme temperature and precipitation events are the primary triggers of hazards, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, and landslides, with localized impacts. In this sense, the finer grids of Earth System models (ESMs) could play an essential role in better estimating extreme climate events. The performance of High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) models is evaluated using the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) over the 1981-2014 period and future changes (2021-2050) under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5-8.5, over ten regions in Latin America and the Caribbean. The impact of increasing the horizontal resolution in estimating extreme climate variability on a regional scale is first compared against reference gridded datasets, including reanalysis, satellite, and merging products. We used three different groups based on the resolution of the model's grid (sg): (i) low (0.8° ≤ sg ≤ 1.87°), (ii) intermediate (0.5° ≤ sg ≤ 0.7°), and (iii) high (0.23° ≥ sg ≤ 0.35°). Our analysis indicates that there was no clear evidence to support the posit that increasing horizontal resolution improves model performance. The ECMWF-IFS family of models appears to be a plausible choice to represent climate extremes, followed by the ensemble mean of HighResMIP in their intermediate resolution. For future climate, the projections indicate a consensus of temperature and precipitation climate extremes increase across most of the ten regions. Despite the uncertainties presented in this study, climate models have been and will continue to be an important tool for assessing risk in the face of extreme events. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41748-022-00337-7.

Bioconversion of α-chitin into N-acetyl-glucosamine using chitinases produced by marine-derived Aeromonas caviae isolates.

N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide with great application potential in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomaterial areas. GlcNAc is currently produced by chemical hydrolysis of chitin, but the current processes are environmentally unfriendly, have low yield and high cost. This study demonstrates the potential to produce GlcNAc from α-chitin using chitinases of ten marine-derived Aeromonas isolates as a sustainable alternative to the current chemical process. The isolates were characterized as Aeromonas caviae by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using six housekeeping genes (gltA, groL, gyrB, metG, ppsA, and recA), not presented the virulence genes verified (alt, act, ast, ahh1, aer, aerA, hlyA, ascV and ascFG), but showed hemolytic activity on blood agar. GlcNAc was produced at 37 °C, pH 5.0, 2% (w/v) colloidal chitin and crude chitinase extracts (0.5 U mL-1) by all the isolates with yields from 14 to 85% at 6 h, 17-89% at 12 h and 19-93% after 24 h. The highest yield of GlcNAc was observed by A. caviae CH129 (93%). This study demonstrates one of the most efficient chitin enzymatic hydrolysis procedures and A. caviae isolates with great potential for chitinases expression and GlcNAc production.

Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas caviae CH129, a Marine-Derived Bacterium Isolated from the Coast of São Paulo State, Brazil.

We report here the draft genome sequence of Aeromonas caviae CH129, a marine-derived bacterium isolated from the coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Genomic analysis revealed genes encoding enzymes involved in binding, transport, and chitin metabolism and different virulence-associated factors.

Draft Genome Sequence of Marine-Derived Aeromonas caviae CHZ306, a Potential Chitinase Producer Strain.

We report here a draft genome sequence of Aeromonas caviae CHZ306, a marine-derived bacterium with the ability to hydrolyze chitin and express high levels of chitinases. The assembly resulted in 65 scaffolds with approximately 4.78 Mb. Genomic analysis revealed different genes encoding chitin-degrading enzymes that can be used for chitin derivative production.

Enhanced Surveillance for Fatal Dengue-Like Acute Febrile Illness in Puerto Rico, 2010-2012.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is a leading cause of morbidity throughout the tropics; however, accurate population-based estimates of mortality rates are not available. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We established the Enhanced Fatal Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance System (EFASS) to estimate dengue mortality rates in Puerto Rico. Healthcare professionals submitted serum and tissue specimens from patients who died from a dengue-like acute febrile illness, and death certificates were reviewed to identify additional cases. Specimens were tested for markers of dengue virus (DENV) infection by molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical methods, and were also tested for West Nile virus, Leptospira spp., and other pathogens based on histopathologic findings. Medical records were reviewed and clinical data abstracted. A total of 311 deaths were identified, of which 58 (19%) were DENV laboratory-positive. Dengue mortality rates were 1.05 per 100,000 population in 2010, 0.16 in 2011 and 0.36 in 2012. Dengue mortality was highest among adults 19-64 years and seniors ≥65 years (1.17 and 1.66 deaths per 100,000, respectively). Other pathogens identified included 34 Leptospira spp. cases and one case of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Neisseria meningitidis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: EFASS showed that dengue mortality rates among adults were higher than reported for influenza, and identified a leptospirosis outbreak and index cases of melioidosis and meningitis.

Detection and risk assessment of diarrheagenic E. coli in recreational beaches of Brazil.

Marine beaches are important recreational and economic resources in Brazil, but the beaches' water quality is negatively impacted by the discharge of domestic sewage effluent. The occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichiacoli among the E. coli isolated from three Brazilian marine beaches was investigated. Multiplex and single step PCR were used to screen 99 E. coli isolates for ten target toxin genes. Six toxin genes, stx1, eae, estp, esth, astA, and bfpA, were identified in 1% to 35% of the isolates. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of human exposure to diarrheagenic E. coli during marine recreation was carried out. The results indicated that the diarrheagenic E. coli risk is well below the U.S. EPA's recommended daily recreational risk benchmark. However, the overall recreational health risk due to all pathogens in the water could be much higher and exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark.

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria related to human pathogenic Vibrio species.

Vibrio species are both ubiquitous and abundant in marine coastal waters, estuaries, ocean sediment, and aquaculture settings worldwide. We report here the isolation, characterization, and genome sequence of a novel Vibrio species, Vibrio antiquarius, isolated from a mesophilic bacterial community associated with hydrothermal vents located along the East Pacific Rise, near the southwest coast of Mexico. Genomic and phenotypic analysis revealed V. antiquarius is closely related to pathogenic Vibrio species, namely Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio vulnificus, but sufficiently divergent to warrant a separate species status. The V. antiquarius genome encodes genes and operons with ecological functions relevant to the environment conditions of the deep sea and also harbors factors known to be involved in human disease caused by freshwater, coastal, and brackish water vibrios. The presence of virulence factors in this deep-sea Vibrio species suggests a far more fundamental role of these factors for their bacterial host. Comparative genomics revealed a variety of genomic events that may have provided an important driving force in V. antiquarius evolution, facilitating response to environmental conditions of the deep sea.

Conocimientos y comportamientos sobre planificación familiar y enfermedades de transmisión sexual en estudiantes de enfermería / Knowledge, behaviors and beliefs of family planning methods and sexually transmitted diseases among nursing students

Introducción. Existen riesgos de salud reproductiva para los adolescentes con repercusiones para su vida futura, como el embarazo no planeado y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Los estudiantes de Enfermería no están exentos de los mismos riesgos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre los conocimientos, comportamientos y creencias sobre la planificación familiar y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en estudiantes de Enfermería. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico, transversal y correlacional en 300 estudiantes de la licenciatura en Enfermería, de 17 a 24 años. Se diseñó un instrumento con base en indicadores de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los datos se procesaron en el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences para el análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados. Participaron 300 estudiantes, de primero a cuarto año escolar. La edad promedio fue de 20 ± 1.6 años DS. El 70.7% resultó sexualmente activo. Los conocimientos fueron diferentes según la edad, el estado civil y el nivel escolar: inferiores en menores de 19 años ( t = -5.217, gl = 298, p = 0.0001); mayores en divorciados versus solteros y casados ( F = 5.462, gl = 3, p = 0.001). La asociación entre los conocimientos y comportamientos mostró una correlación significativa al nivel 0.05 (bilateral), directamente proporcional ( rP = 0.139, p < 0.05). Las creencias se relacionaron positivamente con la edad. Conclusiones. Los conocimientos se relacionan con la edad, el estado civil y el nivel de escolaridad. Los comportamientos son similares, independientemente de los conocimientos, influenciados por las creencias.

Background. Adolescents present risks for their reproductive health such as unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases that can have a negative impact on their future. Nursing students are not exempt. Objective. To analyze the relationship between knowledge, behaviors and beliefs on family planning methods and sexually transmitted diseases among nursing students. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with nursing students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. We included nursing students from 17 to 24 years of age. Data were collected using a previously validated instrument based upon the World Health Organization indicators. The information was processed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential analysis. Results. The study included 300 nursing students from the first to the fourth year of schooling. Mean age was 20 ± 1.6 years; ~71% were sexually active. Level of knowledge was different according to age, marital status and educational level. It was lower in the group of 19-year-olds ( t = -5.217, gl = 298, p = .0001) and higher in divorced versus single and married students ( F = 5.462, gl = 3 and p = .001). The association between knowledge and behaviors showed a significant correlation at the level of a=0.05 (bilateral) and was directly proportional ( rP = 0.139, p < 0.05). Conclusions. The level of knowledge was related to age, marital status and education. The behaviors are equal, independent of the knowledge influenced by the beliefs.

Free-living and plankton-associated vibrios: assessment in ballast water, harbor areas, and coastal ecosystems in Brazil.

Ballast water (BW) is a major transport vector of exotic aquatic species and pathogenic microorganisms. The wide-ranging spread of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from harbor areas has been frequently ascribed to discharge of contaminated BW into eutrophic coastal environments, such as during the onset of the seventh cholera pandemic in South America in the early 1990s. To determine the microbiological hazards of BWs transported to Brazilian ports, we evaluated water and plankton samples taken from (i) BW tanks of recently arrived ships, (ii) port areas along the Brazilian coastline from ∼1 to 32°S and (iii) three coastal areas in São Paulo State. Vibrio concentration and toxigenic V. cholerae O1 occurrence were analyzed. Plankton-associated vibrios were more abundant than free-living vibrios in all studied environments. V. cholerae was found in 9.5% of ballast tanks and 24.2% of port samples, both as free-living and attached forms and, apart from the Santos harbor, was absent off São Paulo State. Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 isolates (ctxA(+), tcpA(+)), involved in cholera disease, were found in BW (2%) and harbor (2%) samples. These results confirm that BW is an important carrier of pathogenic organisms, and that monitoring of vibrios and other plankton-attached bacteria is of paramount importance in BW management programs.

Detecção de Salmonella spp. em mexilhões Perna perna dos bancos naturais de baía densamente urbanizada / Salmonella spp. detection in brown mussels Perna perna from natural sea beds of a densely urbanized bay

O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Salmonella spp. em amostras de mexilhão Perna perna(L.) de bancos naturais da Ilha das Palmas, Baia de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. No período de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011 foram realizadas dez coletas de mexilhões Perna perna de três pontos distintos, no total de 29 amostras. Estas foram processadas segundo a metodologia descrita no Compendium of Methods forthe Microbiological Examination of Foods. A Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 20,7 por cento das amostras analisadas. As cepas de Salmonella spp. apresentaram quatro diferentes sorotipos dentre os seis isolados. O sorotipo dominante foi o S. Livingstone, detectado em três (50 por cento) amostras, e os demais (S. Infantis, S. enterica subsp.salamae e S. Albany) foram isolados de uma amostra (16,6 por cento). Salienta-se que em cada um dos pontos de coleta foram isoladas duas cepas distintas de Samonella spp,; no ponto 1 S. Livingstone e S. Albany, ponto 2S. Infantis e S. Livingstone, e ponto 3 S. enterica subsp. salamae e S. Livingstone. A S. Livingstone foi isolada em amostras de três pontos, duas no mês de janeiro de 2011 e uma no mês de junho de 2011.

The importance of chitin in the marine environment.

Chitin is the most abundant renewable polymer in the oceans and is an important source of carbon and nitrogen for marine organisms. The process of chitin degradation is a key step in the cycling of nutrients in the oceans and chitinolytic bacteria play a significant role in this process. These bacteria are autochthonous to both marine and freshwater ecosystems and produce chitinases that degrade chitin, an insoluble polysaccharide, to a biologically useful form. In this brief review, a description of the structure of chitin and diversity of chitinolytic bacteria in the oceans is provided, in the context of the significance of chitin degradation for marine life.

Hospitales magnéticos para la mejora de la calidad del cuidado / Magnet Hospitals to Improve Quality of Care

Resumen

En las instituciones de salud a nivel nacional existe escasez y una alta rotación de enfermeras, ambas situaciones se atribuyen a la insatisfacción laboral que puede ser causada por el síndrome de Burnout, poco reconocimiento entre pares y de la sociedad, percepción de falta de apoyo para la capacitación y desarrollo profesional, sobrecarga de trabajo en relación a la asignación del número de paciente/enfermera; lo anterior provoca mala calidad en la atención, aumento en los eventos adversos, altos costos en salud y por consiguiente, insatisfacción del usurario. Una estrategia para resolver esta problemática son los Hospitales Magnéticos considerados como aquellos que atraen y retienen a los profesionales de enfermería en las instituciones de salud para brindar cuidados de excelencia a través de ocho elementos magnéticos. Es por ello que en este trabajo se vinculan las ocho fuerzas magnéticas con la trilogía de evaluación de la calidad de Donabedian, destacando los beneficios para el paciente, el profesional de enfermería, la institución y la sociedad. Con ello el lector identificará áreas de oportunidad para su práctica diaria.

Summary

Nationwide there is a shortage and high turnover of nurses in health institutions, both are attributed to job dissatisfaction that can be caused by Burnout syndrome, little recognition among peers and society, perceived lack of support for training and professional development, overburden related to the number of patients per nurse; aforesaid can led to poor quality of care, increase of adverse events, high costs in health care and therefore user dissatisfaction. A strategy for solving this problem are Magnet hospitals considered as those that attract and retain nurses in health institutions to provide excellence in care through eight magnetic elements. That is why this paper links the eight magnetic forces to Donabedian’s trilogy of quality assessment, highlighting the benefits for patient, nursing professionals, the institution and society. With this the reader will identify areas of opportunity in daily practice.

Pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of Brazil.

Oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from June 1998 to March 1999, in the Cananéia estuary, on the south coast of São Paulo, Brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (MPN) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. The presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and fecal coliforms counts were determined in oysters and in water samples too. Sixty percent of water samples contained fecal coliforms ranging from <1 to >200 CFU/100 ml and 100%, 30%, 20% and 10% were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Aeromonas, and V. vulnificus in 5 l of water samples, respectively. In oyster samples, the fecal coliforms concentration ranged from <3.0 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of untreated and from <3.0 to 1.1 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of treated samples. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa-negative was detected in all oyster samples and their concentration varied from 3.6 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g. For the untreated oyster samples 80%, 70%, and 10% were positive for V. vulnificus (<3 - 11.0 MPN/g), Aeromonas (<3-15 MPN/g), and Salmonella (presence in 25 g), respectively. However, for treated oyster samples 60%, 30%, and 0% of them contained the same bacteria, respectively. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., P. shigelloides, and V. cholerae O1 were not detected in any of the samples. Fecal indicators did not correlate with Vibrio presence (p>0.05), although the isolation of Aeromonas species had a positive correlation (p = 0.017). The results showed no correlation between temperature, salinity, and bacteria (p > 0.05). The comparison between bacterial concentration in treated and untreated oyster samples, showed that only Aeromonas was higher in untreated oyster samples (p = 0.039). This study contributes toward creating a more global understanding of food-borne bacterial pathogens. The presence and concentration of viable bacterial hazards in oysters and water surrounding areas was determined for the first time on the south coast of São Paulo and it helps to define better the true microbial hazard in the aquatic environment and oysters.

Extracellular proteolytic activity and molecular analysis of Microsporum canis strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats.

Microsporum canis is the main zoophylic dermatophyte in dogs and cats, and it is also an important zoonotic agent. The literature showed that cats are asymptomatic carriers of M. canis. This is apparently due to host resistance and/or the presence of strains with lower virulence. This study was aimed to evaluate the keratinolytic, elastinolytic and collagenolytic activities of M. canis strains and their relationship with symptomatic and asymptomatic cats. In addition, these strains were analysed by RFLP. The strains isolated from cats with clinical dermatophytosis had higher keratinase and elastase activity than those isolated from asymptomatic animals (p minus than 0.05). There were not differences in RFLP patterns based on Hind III digestion.

Viabilidade da aplicação do método respirométrico de Bartha para determinação da biodegradação de poluentes ou resíduos em latossolos / Feasibility of application of Bartha's respirometric method to determine biodegradation of pollutants or wastes in latosoils

Para avaliar a possibilidade de biorremediação em áreas contaminadas, é necessário determinar a biodegradação dos poluentes no solo. Para esta determinação, emprega-se comumente no Brasil, o método respirométrico de Bartha, adaptado de uma norma holandesa. Porém, os solos tropicais possuem características bem diferentes dos solos de regiões de clima temperado. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a aplicabilidade de tal método para um latossolo, tipo de solo predominante no Estado de São Paulo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que reações abióticas geram gás carbônico em quantidades significativas. Constatou-se, também, a dificuldade de esterilização do solo em autoclave, o que impossibilita a avaliação da remoção dos poluentes por outros mecanismos ou a biodegradação dos mesmos por microrganismos exógenos somente. Portanto, não se recomenda a aplicação do teste respirométrico de Bartha para a determinação da biodegradabilidade de poluentes em latossolos.

One of the major parameters that influence the feasibility of using bioremediation in contaminated sites is the biodegradability of the compounds of concern. The Bartha's respirometric method, adapted from a Dutch norm, is a common method used in Brazil to determine such biodegradability. However, tropical soils present different characteristics as compared to soils from regions of temperate climate. In this research, its applicability was studied for a latosoil, which is the predominant soil type in São Paulo State, Brazil. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that abiotic reactions in latosoil generated carbonic gas in significant concentrations. Furthermore, this research verified the difficulty of sterilizing the soil, which would make it difficult to evaluate the removal of contaminants by other mechanisms or the biodegradation by exogenous microorganisms. Therefore, the application of BarthaÆs respirometric method is not recommended to determine the biodegradability of pollutants in latosoils.

Oral rehabilitation of a patient with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate using an implant-retained speech-aid prosthesis: clinical report.

OBJECTIVE: To report the oral rehabilitation of velopharyngeal insufficiency due to a congenital anatomic defect using an implant-retained speech-aid prosthesis. CASE REPORT: A 65-year-old man with a diagnosis of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate on the left side with an unrepaired palate was examined. A removable partial denture with a speech bulb had been used for approximately 40 years. After primary care for gross caries and tooth mobility, an implant-retained obturator with a speech bulb was fabricated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Improvement in mastication, speech, and velopharyngeal function was achieved with a satisfactory esthetic result.

Extracellular proteolytic activity and molecular analysis of Microsporum canis strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats

Microsporum canis es el principal dermatofito en perros y gatos, siendoagente importante de zoonosis. La literatura informa la existencia de gatosque son portadores asintomáticos de M. canis, debido a la resistencia delportador y a la presencia de cepas con menor virulencia.Este estudio fue realizado para evaluar la actividad queratinolítica, elastinolíticay colagenolítica de M. canis y su relación con gatos (con y sin síntomas) ypara analizar molecularmente las cepas por el método de RFLP.Las cepas aisladas de gatos con dermatofitosis tenían actividad queratinasay elastasa mayores que las cepas aisladas de los gatos asintomáticos(p < 0.05). No hay diferencias en el análisis de RFLP basado en el patrónde digestión con Hind III(AU)

Microsporum canis is the main zoophylic dermatophyte in dogs and cats, andit is also an important zoonotic agent. The literature showed that cats areasymptomatic carriers of M. canis. This is apperently due to host resistanceand/or the presence of strains with lower virulence. This study was aimed toevaluate the keratinolytic, elastinolytic and collagenolytic activities of M. canisstrains and their relationship with symptomatic and asymptomatic cats.In addition, these strains were analysed by RFLP. The strains isolated fromcats with clinical dermatophytosis had higher keratinase and elastase activitythan those isolated from asymptomatic animals (p < 0.05). There were notdifferences in RFLP patterns based on Hind III digestion(AU)

Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from church towers in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil.

Cryptococcosis has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Aids. Many reservoirs of the agent Cryptococcus neoformans have been reported, but the ecology of this yeast must be elucidated in order to establish surveillance programs and to prevent infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. neoformans in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil. Ten churches were selected for sampling and detection of the yeast collecting pigeon dropping, air samples from church towers and neighboring areas during one year. The data demonstrated that C. neoformans has been present in every church selected and was present in 37.8% of 219 pigeon dropping samples. As well as, the yeast was isolated from soil, insects, eggs, pigeon nests and feathers. Fifteen air samples (4.9%) were positive. The growth on C.G.B. medium showed that all strains belonged to C. neoformans var. neoformans, with 98.8% of the strains belonging to serotype A.

Genetic diversity of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from patients with different clinical conditions.

The genetic diversity of 23 oral Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from 15 periodontal patients, eight from seven healthy subjects, nine from nine AIDS patients and two from two Cebus apella monkeys were analyzed. EcoRI restricted the bacterial DNA and 28 ribotypes grouped from A to J groups were obtained. Isolates formed 24 ribotypes which were contained into A, B, C, D, E and F groups, and three reference strains and two clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans, and E. coli CDC formed four different ribotypes into the G, H, I and J groups. Moreover, from nine F. nucleatum from AIDS patients, six were ribotyped as group C and three as group D. By using ribotyping we distinguished F. nucleatum recovered from different sources. It is possible that isolates from AIDS patients may contain some phenotypic or genotypic factor did not observed in this study.

Genetic diversity of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from patients with different clinical conditions

Neste estudo foi avaliada a diversidade genética de 23 amostras de Fusobacterium nucleatum isoladas da cavidade bucal de 15 pacientes com doença periodontal, de oito cepas isoladas de sete indivíduos sadios, de nove isoladas de nove pacientes com AIDS e de duas isoladas de dois macacos Cebus apella. Pela ação da enzima EcoRI sobre o DNA bacteriano foram reconhecidos 28 ribotipos agrupados de A a J. Os isolados testados formaram 24 ribotipos os quais foram contidos nos grupos A, B, C, D, E e F, e as três cepas de referência e dois isolados clínicos de A. actinomycetemcomitans e E. coli CDC formaram quatro diferentes ribotipos contidos nos grupos G, H, I e J. Em adição, as nove cepas de F. nucleatum isoladas de pacientes com AIDS, seis pertenciam ao grupo C e três ao grupo D. Usando-se a ribotipagem foi possível distinguir F. nucleatum isolados de diferentes origens.