Plasma profile of cimicoxib in sheep after oral administration at two different rates.

Sheep are often subjected to painful procedures and thus they need to be treated with analgesics. Nevertheless, knowledges about pharmacokinetic features of these drugs in this species are poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma behaviour of cimicoxib in sheep after a single oral administration at two different dose rates (4 and 6 mg/kg). Maximum plasma concentrations of cimicoxib were equal to 273.78 (median value; range 189.00-567.32) and 565.01 (range 308.27-822.59) ng/mL after treatment with 4 and 6 mg/kg, respectively. The time of maximum concentration (Tmax) was achieved between 4 and 10 hours following treatment at the lower dose, and between 6 and 10 hours after the administration of the higher dose, with one sheep achieving the concentration peak at 0.75 hours. The slow absorption and the great individual variability in plasma concentration, probably due to ruminal effects, suggest that cimicoxib is not suitable for oral treatment in sheep.

First Report of Seiridium unicorne Causing Bark Cankers on a Monterey Cypress in California.

In June 2009, dieback of distal branches and resin exudation associated with bark lesions were observed in an adult Cupressus macrocarpa tree in Sonoma County, California (Glenn Ellen; 38°21'N, 122°31'W, elevation 233 m). The fungal pathogen, Seiridium unicorne (Cooke and Ellis) Sutton, was obtained by plating fragments of necrotic bark from the margins of branch cankers on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Identification was based on cultural, morphological, and molecular traits (2,3). Colonies on PDA were dense, cottony, off-white at first and then turning pale gray-green, and 2.3 and 4.3 cm in diameter after 1 and 2 weeks of growth at 20°C, respectively. Colonies of the fungus showed a faster radial growth at 20°C than at 25°C. Acervuli were abundantly produced on water agar amended with autoclaved cypress seeds after 2 to 3 weeks at 18°C under a mixture of fluorescent and near UV light. Conidia were six celled (five euseptate), fusiform, 20.9 to 35.2 × 7.11 to 10.57 µm, straight or slightly curved, with four, brown median cells, and with end cells bearing unbranched appendages 2 to 5 µm long. The DNA sequence of a portion of the ß-tubulin locus (GenBank Accession No. HQ678171) revealed a 100% homology with sequences of S. unicorne isolates from Portugal and South Africa, while being clearly distinct from sequences of S. cupressi and S. cardinale isolates (2). Greenhouse stem inoculations were performed by underbark placement of a 3-mm plug taken from the margins of a colony of the fungus grown on PDA. Inoculations were repeated twice in the spring and fall of 2010 on 10 C. macrocarpa saplings grown in pots for 3 years. Three months postinoculation, the pathogen could be successfully reisolated from the edges of 15 to 30 mm long elliptical lesions, present on each one of the inoculated saplings. The observed S. unicorne isolate is atypical because of its shorter appendages compared with the form reported in the literature (2,3). Because of its shorter conidial appendages and in vitro temperature optimum of 18 to 20°C, the fungus described here is similar to an unnamed Coryneum sp. observed by Wagener on C. macrocarpa (4). S. unicorne is a pathogen of many Cupressaceae in Africa, New Zealand, Japan, and some U.S. states (Georgia, South Carolina, Kansas, and Texas) (3), and although it was mentioned in a USDA Plant Quarantine Division report from 1963 as found on cypress in San Francisco (1), it has never been officially reported from California. Since similar disease symptoms were observed on many Cupressaceae in the course of an extensive survey performed in 2009 in California, it may be important to evaluate the relative incidence of S. unicorne compared with that of S. cardinale, a pathogen more commonly reported in association with the disease (4). References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm , 1/19/2011. (2) P. Krokene et al. Mycologia 96:1352, 2004. (3) N. A. Tisserat. Plant Dis. 75:138, 1991. (4) W. W. Wagener. J. Agric. Res. 58:1, 1939.

Adhesion and sliding response of a biologically inspired fibrillar surface: experimental observations.

Inspired by the adhesion mechanisms of several animal species such as geckos, beetles and flies, several efforts in designing and fabricating surface engineering strategies have been made recently to mimic the adhesive and frictional behaviour of biological foot pads. An important feature of such biological adhesion systems is the ability to switch between strong attachment and easy detachment, which is crucial for animal locomotion. Recent investigations have suggested that such a 'switching' mechanism can be achieved by the elastic anisotropy of the attachment pad, which renders the magnitude of the detachment force to be direction dependent. This suggestion is supported by the observations that the fibres of the foot pads in geckos and insects are oriented at an angle to the base and that geckos curl their toes backwards (digital hyperextension) while detaching from a surface. One of the promising bio-inspired architectures developed recently is a film-terminated fibrillar PDMS surface; this structure was demonstrated to result in superior detachment force and energy dissipation compared with a bulk PDMS surface. In this investigation, the film-terminated fibrillar architecture is modified by tilting the fibres to make the surface vertically more compliant and elastically anisotropic. The directional detachment and the sliding resistance between the tilted fibrillar surfaces and a spherical glass lens are measured: both show significant directional anisotropy. It is argued that the anisotropy introduced by the tilted fibres and the deformation-induced change in the compliance of the fibre layer are responsible for the observed anisotropy in the detachment force.

Fenoldopam mesylate and renal function in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.

To test the relative effects on serum creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine output of small-dose dopamine and fenoldopam in patients undergoing liver transplantation, we randomized 43 patients to 1 of 2 continuous infusions over 48 h, starting with anesthesia induction: fenoldopam, 0.1 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1) or dopamine, 2 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1). We used predetermined hemodynamic and intravascular volume goals (intrathoracic blood volume index 800-1000 mL/m(2), extravascular lung water index <7 mL/kg) to manage patients with an algorithm for use of mannitol and furosemide to maintain urine output >1 mL . kg(-1) . h(-1). At postoperative day 3, the median CRE increase was 0.2 mg/dL (interquartile range [IQR] -0.2-0.5) with fenoldopam and 0.5 mg/dL (IQR 0.3-0.9, P = 0.004) in the dopamine group. The BUN increase was median 2 mg/dL (IQR -2-8) versus 8.5 mg/dL (IQR 5-12, P = 0.01), respectively, with fenoldopam versus dopamine. Urine output was similar; however, significantly fewer fenoldopam patients required furosemide compared with dopamine patients (median 1 [IQR 0-3] versus 3 [IQR 2-4], respectively, P = 0.003). The hemodynamic effects of dopamine and fenoldopam were similar. Compared with dopamine, in the setting of liver transplantation, fenoldopam is associated with better CRE and BUN values.