Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Health, Sports Performance, and Recovery for Female Athletes and Other Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?" DATA SOURCES: The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION: The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers. CONCLUSION: Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5-6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, ß-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674.

Lifestyle Clusters of Diet Quality, Sleep, and Screen Time and Associations with Weight Status in Children from Madrid City: ENPIMAD Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity is a global concern and has increased in Spain over the last decades. Combinations of lifestyle behaviors (i.e., diet, sleep, and sedentarism) are highly related to weight status. Therefore, this study aimed to identify lifestyle patterns among children from Madrid City, and analyze associations with the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity, considering socio-economic factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 4545 children from the ENPIMAD study with data on diet, sleep, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify lifestyle clusters, and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between socio-economic indicators and cluster membership, and between clusters and weight status. RESULTS: Findings show three lifestyle clusters (healthy, mixed, and unhealthy), with boys and older children more represented in the unhealthy cluster. Food insecurity and low socio-economic status were associated with unhealthier clusters in boys and girls. Children in unhealthier clusters were more likely to have obesity and abdominal obesity. However, these associations disappeared in girls after controlling for food insecurity. CONCLUSION: These results provide insight into the combination of behaviors and socio-economic factors associated with childhood obesity that may aid in the design of future interventions.

Demographic, socioeconomic and health determinants of depressive symptoms in adults 50 years and older from Mexico: a secondary data longitudinal analysis from the Mexican Health and Aging Study.

BACKGROUND: Depression in ageing adults is a public health problem. Worldwide studies have identified social and health risk factors for depressive symptoms. However, little is known about their longitudinal determinants in Mexico. OBJECTIVES AND SETTING: To find the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their longitudinal individual and contextual risk factors in Mexican adults aged 50 and older. DESIGN: Secondary data of 6460 persons aged 50 years and older from the Mexican Health and Aging Study were analysed using a 'between-within' panel data analysis approach. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms increased from 35% in 2003 to 38% in 2015. The significantly longitudinal factors associated with these symptoms were getting older (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03), being a woman (OR 2.39, 95% CI 2.16 to 2.64), less time spent in formal education (0 years and less than 6 years OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.75 and OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.50, respectively), lower net worth (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.17), being recently unemployed (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.25), increased (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.25) or increasing number (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.31) of chronic conditions, poor (OR 4.68, 95% CI 4.26 to 5.15) or worsened (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.61 to 1.81) self-rated health and having impairments on instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (OR 2.94 95% CI 2.35 to 3.67) or a new IADL impairment (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.89), as well as having impairments on ADLs (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.86) or a new ADL impairment (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.48). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in Mexican adults aged 50 and older is high. Our findings show that they are longitudinally associated with the individual's demographic, socioeconomic, health and disability characteristics. Efforts in public policy should focus on preventing chronic conditions and disability, as well as fighting inequalities to reduce the prevalence of depressive symptoms.

The Use of Ketamine for the Treatment of Anhedonia in Depression.

Anhedonia, a complex symptom rooted in deficits across reward processes, is primarily linked to depression and schizophrenia but transcends diagnostic boundaries across various mental disorders. Its presence correlates with poorer clinical outcomes, including an increased risk of suicide and diminished response to treatment. The neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia remain incompletely understood despite advancements in biomarkers and imaging that contribute to deeper insights. Ketamine, known for its rapid-acting antidepressant properties, appears to possess antianhedonic effects through a mechanism of action not fully elucidated. This effect appears to be independent of its antidepressant properties. Explorations into alternative antianhedonic treatments have been underway, yet lingering questions persist, underscoring the imperative need for ongoing research to advance the field.

High-Protein Processed Foods: Impact on Diet, Nutritional Status, and Possible Effects on Health.

Proteins are macronutrients with multiple health benefits, but excessive consumption can negatively affect health. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of a sample of high-protein processed foods (HPPFs), describe how their consumption affects dietary balance, and acquire knowledge of the consumption patterns of these products in a Spanish population. A sample of HPPFs available in supermarkets and on websites was collected. The contribution to recommended protein intakes was calculated using national and international references and considering the single consumption of the HPPFs and the product plus 150 g of meat. Furthermore, an online survey was conducted among a convenience sample. A total of 36 enriched protein products were evaluated. The percentage of proteins in these products ranges from 10 to 88%. The contribution of the protein recommended intake was within a range of 87.4-306.6% and 66.4-232.8% (women and men, respectively), only considering the additional proteins from 150 g of meat. One hundred thirty-nine participants completed the survey; 67.6% affirmed that they had consumed HPPFs, and half consumed them without following any consumption control. Since these products are accessible to everyone in supermarkets and protein intake is generally higher than the recommended limits, regulating the mass sale of HPPFs is essential to ensure they do not lead to protein overconsumption.

Risk Factors for Pediatric Intracranial Neoplasms in the Kids' Inpatient Database.

INTRODUCTION: In children and adolescents, brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the leading types of cancers. Past studies have found differing rates of intracranial cancers among races and identified additional cancer risk factors. This study aimed to see if these differences can be substantiated with further investigation of the latest version (2019) of the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). METHODS: A total of 7,818 pediatric patients <21 years old in KID with ICD-10 codes consisting of malignant neoplasms of the brain, brainstem, and cerebral meninges (C700, C709-C719) were queried. Modifiable risk factors evaluated include: hospital region, insurance type, hospital city size, the average income of patient zip code, and location/teaching status of a hospital. Non-modifiable risk factors were race and sex at birth. Dependent variables were tested in Excel and GraphPad Prism 9 using a χ2 test with Yates' continuity correction and Tukey's one-way and two-way ANOVAs. RESULTS: Mortality rates of females (2.88%) compared to males (1.99%) were significant (p < 0.05). Mortality was (4.17%) in black patients compared to (1.68%) for white (p < 0.0001), Hispanic mortality (2.95%) compared to white (p < 0.01), and mortality of Asian/Pacific Islander (3.86%) compared to white (p < 0.01). Black patients had significantly higher mortality than white, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, and other races overall (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mortality rates between children's hospitals and large hospitals for any race. After accounting for patient race, mortality was still not significantly different for patients with Medicaid insurance compared to non-Medicaid insurance types. Of the children treated at children's hospitals, the most transferred in from outside hospitals were Native American (20.00%) followed by Asian/Pacific Islander (15.09%) then Hispanic patients (13.67%). A significant difference between races was also seen regarding length of stay (p < 0.001) and number of charges (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings confirm prior studies suggesting gender and race are significant factors in mortality rates for children with intracranial neoplasms. However, the findings do not identify the root causes of these discrepancies but may serve as an impetus for clinicians, healthcare administrators, and governmental leaders to improve national resource allocation to better care for pediatric patients with intracranial neoplasms.

The prevalence and demographic associations of headache in the adult population of Peru: a national cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The Global Campaign against Headache is conducting a series of population-based studies to fill the large geographical gaps in knowledge of headache prevalence and attributable burden. One major region not until now included is South America. Here we present a study from Peru, a country of 32.4 million inhabitants located at the west coast of South America, notable for its high Andes mountains. METHODS: The study was conducted in accordance with the standardized methodology used by the Global Campaign. It was a cross-sectional survey using cluster randomised sampling in five regions to derive a nationally representative sample, visiting households unannounced, and interviewing one randomly selected adult member (aged 18-65 years) of each using the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire translated into South American Spanish. The neutral screening question ("Have you had headache in the last year?") was followed by diagnostic questions based on ICHD-3 and demographic enquiry. RESULTS: The study included 2,149 participants from 2,385 eligible households (participating proportion 90.1%): 1,065 males and 1,084 females, mean age 42.0 ± 13.7 years. The observed 1-year prevalence of all headache was 64.6% [95% CI: 62.5-66.6], with age-, gender- and habitation-adjusted prevalences of 22.8% [21.0-24.6] for migraine (definite + probable), 38.9% [36.8-41.0] for tension-type headache (TTH: also definite + probable), 1.2% [0.8-1.8] for probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) and 2.7% [2.1-3.5] for other headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+). One-day prevalence of headache (reported headache yesterday) was 12.1%. Migraine was almost twice as prevalent among females (28.2%) as males (16.4%; aOR = 2.1; p < 0.001), and strongly associated with living at very high altitude (aOR = 2.5 for > 3,500 versus < 350 m). CONCLUSION: The Global Campaign's first population-based study in South America found headache disorders to be common in Peru, with prevalence estimates for both migraine and TTH substantially exceeding global estimates. H15 + was also common, but with fewer than one third of cases diagnosed as pMOH. The association between migraine and altitude was confirmed, and found to be strengthened at very high altitude. This association demands further study.

Asociación entre funcionalidad familiar y deterioro cognitivo leve en la familia con adulto mayor / Association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre funcionalidad familiar y deterioro cognitivo leve en la familia con adulto mayor. Metodología: Diseño transversal analítico en familias con pacientes geriátricos. Se consideró familia con paciente geriátrico cuando al menos uno de sus integrantes tenía más de 60años de edad. Los grupos de comparación fueron la familia con paciente geriátrico sin deterioro cognitivo y la familia con paciente geriátrico con deterioro cognitivo leve determinada con el instrumento MoCA. La funcionalidad familiar se evaluó con el instrumento APGAR familiar, el cual identifica tres categorías: funcionalidad familiar, disfuncionalidad familiar moderada y disfuncionalidad familiar severa. El análisis estadístico incluyó chi cuadrado y prueba de Mann Whitney. Resultados: En la familia con paciente geriátrico, en el grupo sin deterioro cognitivo la prevalencia de funcionalidad familiar es del 89,7% y en el grupo con deterioro cognitivo leve la prevalencia de funcionalidad familiar es del 59,3% (MW=4,87, p<0,000). Conclusión: Existe asociación entre funcionalidad familiar y deterioro cognitivo leve.(AU)

Aim: To determine the association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional design in families with geriatric patients. A family with a geriatric patient was considered when at least one of its members was over 60years of age. The comparison groups were the family with a geriatric patient without cognitive impairment and the family with a geriatric patient with mild cognitive impairment determined with the MoCA instrument. Family functionality was evaluated with the family APGAR instrument, which identifies three categories: family functionality, moderate family dysfunction, and severe family dysfunction. Statistical analysis included Chi square and Mann-Whitney test. Results: In the family with a geriatric patient, in the group without cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 89.7% and in the group with mild cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 59.3% (MW=4.87, P<.000). Conclusion: There is an association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment.(AU)

Costo y porcentaje de gasto en salud por COVID-19 en primer nivel de atención / Cost and percentage of health spending by COVID-19 at the first level of care

Antecedentes. Ante la pandemia de COVID-19 el sistema de salud reasignó recursos económicos para la atención. Objetivo. Determinar el costo de la atención y el porcentaje del gasto en salud por COVID-19 en una unidad de medicina familiar de primer nivel de atención. Metodología. Estudio de costo y porcentaje de gasto en COVID-19 en una unidad de primer nivel de atención. Se identificaron los servicios generales y finales, para construir el costo fijo se utilizó la técnica de tiempos y movimientos, se identificaron el total de partidas presupuestales ejercidas en la unidad médica para cada uno de los servicios, para desagregar el gasto de los servicios generales a los finales se construyeron ponderadores. El costo variable se realizó con la técnica consenso de expertos y microcosteo. El costo promedio se relacionó con la productividad por servicio y con el total de pacientes atendidos por COVID-19, el resultado se relacionó con el presupuesto ejercido de la unidad. Resultados. El costo anual de la atención de COVID-19 en módulo respiratorio fue 158.597,25 dólares americanos, en medicina familiar fue 192.549,36 dólares americanos, el costo total ejercido en el año 2021 para atención de SARS COV 2 en una unidad de primera atención fue 351.146,61 dólares americanos. Esta cantidad representa el 9,6 % del gasto en salud. Conclusión. El costo en atención de COVID-19 y el porcentaje del gasto en salud en primer nivel de atención es elevado (AU)

Background. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the health system reallocated financial resources for care. Objetive. To determine the cost of care and the percentage of health spending due to COVID-19 in a first level care family medicine unit. Metodology. Study of the cost and percentage of spending on COVID-19 in a first-level care unit. The general and final services were identified, to construct the fixed cost, the technique of times and movements was used, the total budget items exercised in the medical unit for each of the services were identified, to disaggregate the expense of general services to the endings were constructed weights. Variable costing was performed using the expert consensus technique and microcosting. The average cost was related to productivity per service and to the total number of patients treated for COVID-19, the result was related to the budget used by the unit. Results. The annual cost of COVID-19 care in the respiratory module was 158.597,25 US dollars, in family medicine it was 192.549,36 US dollars, the total cost incurred in 2021 for SARS COV 2 care in a unit of first attention was 351.146,61 US dollars. This amount represents 9,6% of health spending. Conclusion. The cost of COVID-19 care and the percentage of health spending at the first level of care is high (AU)

Hypersomnia as a predictor of response to intravenous ketamine/intranasal esketamine in treatment resistant depression.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in depressive episodes and are linked to higher mood severity and suicidal behaviors. Slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep are compromised in depression. Current evidence suggests that rapid antidepressant effects of intravenous (IV) ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is mediated by its effects on SWS and REM sleep. Sleep phenotypes may help predict ketamine response. METHOD: In this observational study, we investigated differences in rates of response among sleep phenotypes defined by QIDS-SR in a cohort of patients with TRD (n = 52) treated with IV ketamine or intranasal (IN) esketamine. Also, we explored a neurovegetative symptoms of atypical depression (NVSAD) phenotype and its association between response and change in QIDS-SR following the treatment with IV ketamine/IN esketamine. RESULTS: 94 % of patients reported sleep difficulties and 62 % reported more than one sleep phenotype with middle and early insomnia being the most prevalent. Individuals with baseline hypersomnia showed higher response rates and more pronounced improvements on their QIDS-SR score. Additionally, 15 % of patients presented with NVSAD phenotype; the majority of whom achieved response and had higher reductions on QIDS-SR. A trend towards faster response was identified for hypersomnia and atypical depression phenotypes. LIMITATIONS: Observational study design and lack of a placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that patients with TRD who have baseline hypersomnia and atypical depression features experienced a more substantial reduction in depressive symptoms and are more likely to achieve response with ketamine/esketamine. This could serve as a future predictor for clinical response.

[Association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly]. / Asociación entre funcionalidad familiar y deterioro cognitivo leve en la familia con adulto mayor.

AIM: To determine the association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment in the family with the elderly. METHODOLOGY: Analytical cross-sectional design in families with geriatric patients. A family with a geriatric patient was considered when at least one of its members was over 60years of age. The comparison groups were the family with a geriatric patient without cognitive impairment and the family with a geriatric patient with mild cognitive impairment determined with the MoCA instrument. Family functionality was evaluated with the family APGAR instrument, which identifies three categories: family functionality, moderate family dysfunction, and severe family dysfunction. Statistical analysis included Chi square and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: In the family with a geriatric patient, in the group without cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 89.7% and in the group with mild cognitive impairment the prevalence of family functionality is 59.3% (MW=4.87, P<.000). CONCLUSION: There is an association between family functionality and mild cognitive impairment.

Elder abuse experienced by older Mexican women with disabilities: a current and retrospective view on domestic violence.

The objectives of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of child abuse (CA), intimate partner violence (IPV), and elder abuse (EA) in a representative sample of older Mexican women by status, type, and cause of disability; and 2) to examine the associations of EA with CA, IPV, and disability status. We conducted a secondary data analysis of 21,718 women aged 60 years and older. Older women with disabilities had higher prevalences of CA, IPV, and EA than those with some difficulties or without disabilities. In older women whose disability was acquired at birth or due to aggression, this prevalence was especially high. Older women with disabilities and a history of CA and IPV were twice as likely to suffer EA. Policymakers and government leaders should incorporate the matter of violence against women with disabilities into their public agendas. This should be done while considering the women's various disabilities and causes of disability.

Maltrato de personas mayores con multimorbilidad y su relación con la calidad de vida / Elder abuse with multimorbidity and its relationship with quality of life

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia del maltrato y de la multimorbilidad, así como, analizar si el maltrato con la presencia de multimorbilidad está asociado con la autopercepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en personas mayores de Xalapa, Veracruz. Material y métodos: Este es un estudio transversal a partir de datos recolectados en una encuesta representativa de las personas mayores (≥60 años) de Xalapa, Veracruz. La encuesta se realizó de septiembre de 2018 a enero de 2019 (n = 993). Se utilizó un cuestionario para recolectar datos demográficos, socioeconómicos y de salud. El maltrato se evalúo mediante la Escala Geriátrica de Maltrato (EGM-22 ítems) y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud mediante el cuestionario de salud Short Form 36 (SF-36). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos para estimar las prevalencias y modelos de regresión logística para analizar la asociación. Resultados: La prevalencia del maltrato de personas mayores fue 16,2%. Los tipos de maltrato fueron: psicológico (13,6%), económico (4,8%), físico (3,2%), negligencia (2,3%) y abuso sexual (0,5%). La prevalencia de multimorbilidad fue 43.2%. Las personas mayores con maltrato y multimorbilidad presentaron menor calidad de vida en las dimensiones de rol físico (OR 2,362 IC: 1,254-4,452), dolor corporal (OR 2,278 IC: 1,277-4,065) y salud mental (OR 2,94 IC: 1,499-5,766). Conclusiones: El maltrato y la multimorbilidad son problemas comunes en las personas mayores de Xalapa, Veracruz, la presencia de estos dos eventos se asocia con una menor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. La investigación futura debería concentrarse en mejorar la comprensión de las relaciones familiares de las personas mayores con multimorbilidad y, los servicios sociales y de atención médica deben tomar en cuenta estos hallazgos para atender el maltrato de personas mayores con multimorbilidad antes de que ocurran más situaciones adversas que impacten en su calidad de vida.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of elder abuse and multimorbidity, as well as to analyze if elder abuse in the presence of multimorbidity is associated with self-perceived health-related quality of life in older adults from Xalapa, Veracruz. Material and methods: Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on data collected in a representative survey of older people (≥60 years) from Xalapa, Veracruz. The survey was conducted from September 2018 to January 2019 (n = 993). A questionnaire was used to collect demographic, socioeconomic, and health data. Elder abuse was assessed using the Geriatric Mistreatment Scale (GMS-22 items) and health-related quality of life using the short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36). Descriptive analyzes were performed to estimate the prevalence and logistic regression models to analyze the association. Results: The prevalence of elder abuse was 16.2%. The types of elder abuse were psychological (13.6%), economic (4.8%), physical (3.2%), neglect (2.3%) and sexual abuse (0.5%). The prevalence of multimorbidity was 43.2%. Older people with both elder abuse and multimorbidity presented lower health-related quality of life in the dimensions of physical role (OR 2,362 IC: 1,254-4,452), body pain (OR 2,278 IC: 1,277-4,065) and mental health (OR 2,94 IC: 1,499-5,766). Conclusions: Elder abuse and multimorbidity are common problems in the older population in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; the presence of these two events is associated with lower health-related quality of life. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the family relationships of older people with multimorbidity, and health care and social services should take these findings into account to address the elder abuse with multimorbidity before further adverse situations occur that impact their health-related quality of life.

[Impact of egg consumption on the nutritional status of young adults]. / Impacto del consumo de huevo en la situación nutricional de jóvenes adultos.

Introduction: Young adults move from adolescence into adulthood, and they face physical, social and personal changes that can affect their health. Regarding their nutritional needs, their energy requirements are lower than during adolescence, but they may need the same or higher amounts of other essential nutrients, such as folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and iron. Furthermore, their increasingly sedentary lifestyle has led to a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this group. However, despite being a vulnerable stage to nutritional problems, not enough attention has been paid to it from this point of view. In this context, eggs stand out as a food of great nutritional value for young adults, as they are an excellent source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, eggs are a nutritionally dense food, which makes them particularly useful in weight control and in situations with low energy requirements but high demands for other nutrients. Moderate egg consumption as part of a balanced diet helps to follow a healthy diet in this population group, contributing to improve their current and future health.

Introducción: Los adultos jóvenes, en su paso desde la adolescencia hacia la vida adulta, deben afrontar cambios físicos, sociales y personales que pueden afectar a su salud. Sus requerimientos energéticos son menores que durante la adolescencia, pero pueden necesitar la misma cantidad o mayor de otros nutrientes esenciales, como folatos, vitamina C, vitamina D, calcio y hierro. Además, su estilo de vida cada vez más sedentario ha llevado a una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en este grupo. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser una etapa sensible a los problemas nutricionales, no se le ha prestado suficiente atención desde este punto de vista. En este contexto, el huevo destaca como un alimento de gran valor nutricional para los adultos jóvenes, dado que es una excelente fuente de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. Además, el huevo es un alimento de alta densidad nutricional, lo que lo hace especialmente útil en el control de peso y en situaciones de bajas necesidades energéticas pero altas con respecto a otros nutrientes. El consumo de huevo en cantidades moderadas y como parte de una dieta equilibrada ayuda a seguir una dieta saludable en este grupo de población, lo que contribuye a mejorar su salud actual y futura.

[Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence on the preventive role of nutrition]. / Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Evidencia actual sobre el papel preventivo de la nutrición.

Introduction: Introduction: in the last decades, a significant increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been observed. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments available, which makes preventive measures particularly important. Objective: to analyze the available scientific evidence on nutritional and dietary factors and their association with AD prevention. Methods: a review of nutritional and dietary factors related to the prevention of AD was conducted. Results: several dietary components have been positively associated with AD prevention, including intake of complex carbohydrates, fiber, omega-3, plant-based proteins, vitamins (folates, choline, vitamin D, C, B6 and B9), zinc, some bioactive compounds such as flavonols and probiotics. Following the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets has been associated with a lower risk of developing the disease. Conclusion: nutrition may have a protective role against AD, although further studies are needed in this regard.

Introducción: Introducción: en las últimas décadas, se ha observado un incremento significativo en la incidencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la actualidad, no se dispone de tratamientos farmacológicos efectivos, lo que hace que las medidas preventivas sean particularmente importantes. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos y su asociación con la prevención de la EA. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre factores nutricionales y dietéticos relacionados con la prevención de la EA. Resultados: diversos componentes de la dieta se han asociado positivamente con la prevención de la EA. Estos incluyen hidratos de carbono complejos, fibra, omega-3, proteínas de origen vegetal, vitaminas (folatos, colina, vitamina D, C, B6 y B9), zinc y algunos compuestos bioactivos como los flavonoles, y los probióticos. El seguimiento de las dietas mediterránea, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) y Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) se ha asociado con un menor de riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad. Conclusión: la nutrición podría tener un papel protector frente a la EA, aunque se requieren más estudios al respecto.

[Nutritional problems in cis and trans women]. / Problemática nutricional de mujeres cis y trans.

Introduction: Women deserve special attention due to the different requirements they have in comparison with men. In the same way, transgender women need individualized attention. Transgender women are at greater risk of suffering heart attacks or ischemic accidents, among other diseases, and are also at greater risk of developing eating disorders, poorer weight control and poorer perception of their image. Hormone therapy for gender reaffirmation in trans women modifies their body composition, and may also increase the risk of suffering from some pathologies. The nutritional needs of cisgender women are different from those of men, and trans women also have special needs, which may depend on whether or not they follow hormone therapy. Dietary studies, although scarce, suggest that transgender women have poor dietary habits and lifestyle. It is necessary to deepen the study of the nutritional situation of the female group, considering its diversity, and to develop standards and references appropriate to each case that allow better attention to the needs of these groups.

Introducción: El colectivo femenino merece una especial atención debido a los diferentes requerimientos que tienen en comparación con el colectivo masculino. De la misma manera, se necesita atender de manera individualizada al colectivo transgénero. En concreto, las mujeres trans tienen más riesgo de sufrir infartos o accidentes isquémicos, entre otras enfermedades, y también tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos del comportamiento alimentario y peor control de peso y percepción de su imagen. La terapia hormonal de reafirmación de género en mujeres trans modifica su composición corporal y también puede aumentar el riesgo de padecer algunas patologías. Las necesidades nutricionales de las mujeres cisgénero son diferentes a las de los varones, y también tienen necesidades especiales las mujeres trans, que pueden depender del seguimiento o no de un tratamiento hormonal. Los estudios dietéticos, aunque escasos, sugieren que las mujeres transgénero tienen unos hábitos dietéticos y un estilo de vida menos saludables. Es necesario profundizar en el estudio de la situación nutricional del colectivo femenino, atendiendo a la diversidad del mismo, y desarrollar estándares y referencias adecuadas a cada caso que permitan una mejor atención de las necesidades de estos colectivos.

[Protocol of action in the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia]. / Protocolo de actuación en el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia.

Introduction: Introduction: dysphagia is classified under "symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen" in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, code R13). It is defined as obstruction in the region of the pharynx, sternum or xiphoid because of obstruction of the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach or cardia, and has become one of the most important causes affecting the adequate intake of energy and nutrients. An optimal dietary and nutritional approach plays a crucial role in the management of dysphagia. The main goal of such an approach is to ensure safe and sufficient nutrition to prevent malnutrition and complications associated with dysphagia. Objectives: to establish an action protocol for an effective dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia based on the existing scientific evidence. Methods: a review of the scientific literature on the dietary-nutritional approach to dysphagia was carried out. Results: the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach and is essential to improve the quality of life of patients with dysphagia. Through the implementation of an evidence-based action protocol, it is possible to guarantee preventing aspiration and ensuring safe swallowing and modification of textures of different foods (thus promoting adequate intake of nutrients and fluids to avoid malnutrition and dehydration). Conclusion: adequate and protocolized management, from a dietary and nutritional point of view, can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients, improving their well-being and preventing complications associated with this condition.

Introducción: Introducción: la disfagia se clasifica dentro de los "síntomas y signos que involucran el sistema digestivo y el abdomen" en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10, código R13). Dicho síntoma produce en la región de la faringe, el esternón o el xifoides como resultado de la obstrucción del paso de alimentos de la boca al estómago o al cardias, y se ha convertido en una de las causas más importantes que afecta a la ingesta adecuada de energía y nutrientes. Un abordaje dietético y nutricional óptimo desempeña un papel crucial en el manejo de la disfagia. El objetivo principal de dicho abordaje es garantizar una alimentación segura y suficiente para prevenir la desnutrición y las complicaciones asociadas a la disfagia. Objetivos: establecer un protocolo de actuación para realizar, de forma eficaz, el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia en base a la evidencia científica existente. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el abordaje dietético-nutricional de la disfagia. Resultados: el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar y personalizado, y es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con disfagia. A través de la implementación del protocolo de actuación basado en la evidencia, se puede garantizar: prevenir la aspiración y asegurar una deglución segura y, modificación de texturas de los diferentes alimentos (promoviendo de esta forma la ingesta adecuada de nutrientes y líquidos para evitar la desnutrición y la deshidratación). Conclusión: un manejo adecuado y protocolizado, desde el punto de vista dietético y nutricional, puede llegar a tener un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mejorando su bienestar y previniendo complicaciones asociadas a esta condición.

Association between Mineral Intake and Cognition Evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Mineral intake may protect against cognitive impairment (CI) and all-cause dementia, which affects a large number of adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mineral intake and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which is a sensitive and specific test. METHODS: In total, 201 adults were included in a cross-sectional study. They completed a three-day dietary record to estimate their average daily intake of minerals. Contributions to dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were also calculated. The participants were divided into tertiles according to their mineral intake. CI classifications were determined via the MoCA (score < 26). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping was carried out, and the patients' anthropometric measurements and physical activity, health and personal data were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of CI in this selective sample was 54.2% (34.3% females and 19.9% males). In women, being in the third tertiles of iron and manganese intake was associated with lower odds of having CI (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.11 ± 0.93]; 0.33 [0.12 ± 0.93], p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for any of the nutrients studied in men. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a low mineral intake, especially low iron and manganese intake in women, is associated with a worse cognition as assessed by MoCA.