Factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection in indigenous communities of Colombia / Factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en comunidades indígenas de Colombia.

Introduction. Colombia is home to 2 million indigenous people who live in conditions of poverty and with health deficiencies, making them vulnerable to contracting hepatitis B (HBV). Amazonas has a high virus prevalence, and there are barriers to accessing vaccination; thus, part of the population is susceptible to infection. Objective. To identify factors associated with HBV in Colombian indigenous people. Materials and Methods. A case-control study of people over 18 years from four departments of Colombia. Cases were identified through the national hepatitis B notification registry (2015-2022). Controls were selected and matched to cases (2:1) by age, sex, ethnicity, and department. Sociodemographic characteristics, factors associated with contact with body fluids, cultural practices, and vaccination history were identified by means of a survey. The ethics committee of the Universidad de Antioquia approved the project. Results. Seventy five cases and 150 controls from 13 ethnic groups were surveyed. Amazonas contributed 49% of participants, 83% were women, and the median age of cases was 30 years (IQ range: 27-37). The associated factors were a family history of hepatitis B [adjusted OR: 2.61 (95% CI: 1.09-6.27)] and, in women, the number of pregnancies [adjusted OR: 1.61 (95% CI 1.02- 2.54)]. The vaccination history showed a protective effect, but the association was not significant. Conclusion. Aspects associated with family life and unprotected sexual relations seem to be responsible for the potential transmission of the virus. It was not possible to identify associated cultural practices. Innovative and differential strategies are required for indigenous people to achieve a reduction of HBV.

Introducción. Colombia alberga dos millones de indígenas, que viven en condiciones de pobreza y tienen deficiencias en salud, por lo cual están expuestos a contraer infecciones virales como la hepatitis B. El departamento del Amazonas presenta una gran prevalencia del virus y barreras para acceder a la vacunación; por esto, parte de la población es propensa a la infección. Objetivo. Identificar factores asociados con la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en indígenas colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles en mayores de 18 años de cuatro departamentos del país. Los casos se identificaron mediante el registro nacional de notificación de hepatitis B (2015-2022). Los controles seleccionados de manera concurrente fueron pareados con los casos por edad, sexo, etnia y departamento. En una encuesta se consignaron las características sociodemográficas, los factores asociados con el contacto con sangre y fluidos, las prácticas socioculturales y los antecedentes de vacunación. El proyecto fue aprobado por Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Antioquia. Resultados. Participaron 75 casos y 150 controles de 13 grupos étnicos. El departamento del Amazonas aportó el 49 % de los participantes (83 % mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 30 años (RIC = 27-37). Los factores asociados con una mayor probabilidad de contraer la infección fueron el antecedente de algún familiar infectado con el virus de la hepatitis B (OR ajustado = 2,61) (IC95%: 1,09-6,27) y número de embarazos en mujeres, (OR ajustado = 1,61) (IC95%: 1,02-2,54). La vacunación mostró un efecto protector sin asociación significativa. Conclusión. Los aspectos asociados con la convivencia familiar y el número de embarazos contribuyen a una potencial transmisión vertical y horizontal del virus. No se identificaron prácticas culturales asociadas. Se requieren estrategias novedosas y diferenciales para reducir la transmisión del virus de la hepatitis B en poblaciones indígenas.

Advances in Tissue Culture and Transformation Studies in Non-model Species: Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae).

Over the years, our team has dedicated significant efforts to studying a unique natural dye-producing species, annatto (Bixa orellana L.). We have amassed knowledge and established foundations that support the applications of gene expression analysis in comprehending in vitro morphogenic regeneration processes, phase transition aspects, and bixin biosynthesis. Additionally, we have conducted gene editing associated with these processes. The advancements in this field are expected to enhance breeding practices and contribute to the overall improvement of this significant woody species. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol based on somatic embryogenesis and an optimized transformation protocol utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus outbreak in Peru in 2022-2023.

Background: An epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) has spread worldwide since 2022. Even though this virus has been extensively studied for many decades, little is known about its evolution in South America. Methods: Here, we describe the sequencing and characterization of 13 H5N1 genomes collected from wild birds, poultry, and wild mammals in Peru during the genomic surveillance of this outbreak. Results: The samples belonged to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) 2.3.4.4b clade. Chilean and Peruvian samples clustered in the same group and therefore share a common ancestor. An analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes detected new mutations, some dependent upon the host type. Conclusions: The genomic surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza is necessary to promote the One Health policy and to overcome the new problems entailed by climate change, which may alter the habitats of resident and migratory birds.

Multimethods study to develop tools for competency-based assessments of implementation research training programmes in low and middle-income countries.

INTRODUCTION: Methods and validated tools for evaluating the performance of competency-based implementation research (IR) training programmes in low-middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. In this study, we developed tools for assessing the performance of IR training programmes based on a framework of IR core competencies in LMICs. METHODS: We developed self-assessment and objective-assessment tools drawing on the IR competency framework. We used exploratory factor analyses and a one-parameter logistic model to establish construct validity and internal consistency of the tools drawing on a survey conducted in 2020 with 166 trainees before and after an index IR course across five universities and LMICs under the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases postgraduate IR training scheme. We conducted key informant interviews (KII) with 20 trainees and five trainers to reflect on the usefulness of the tools and framework for guiding IR training in LMICs. RESULTS: Two 16-item tools for self-assessment of IR knowledge and self-efficacy and a 40-item objective assessment tool were developed. The factor loadings of items in the self-assessment tools were 0.65-0.87 with Cronbach's alpha (α) of 0.97, and 0.77-0.91 with α of 0.98 for the IR knowledge and self-efficacy tools, respectively. The distribution of item difficulty in the objective-assessment tool was consistent before and after the index IR course. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the self-assessed and objectively assessed IR knowledge before the index IR course was low, r=0.27 (p value: <0.01), with slight improvements after the index IR course, r=0.43 (p value: <0.01). All KII respondents reported the assessment tools and framework were valid for assessing IR competencies. CONCLUSION: The IR competency framework and tools developed for assessing IR competencies and performance of IR training programmes in LMICs are reliable and valid. Self-assessment methods alone may not suffice to yield a valid assessment of performance in these settings.

Predictors of response to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. While treatment advancements have improved survival rates, primarily through targeted therapies based on KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations, personalized treatment strategies for CRC remain limited. Immunotherapy, mainly immune checkpoint blockade, has shown efficacy in various cancers but is effective in only a small subset of patients with CRC with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) proteins or high microsatellite instability (MSI). Recent research has challenged the notion that CRC is immunologically inert, revealing subsets with high immunogenicity and diverse lymphocytic infiltration. Identifying precise biomarkers beyond dMMR and MSI is crucial to expanding immunotherapy benefits. Hence, exploration has extended to various biomarker sources, such as the tumor microenvironment, genomic markers, and gut microbiota. Recent studies have introduced a novel classification system, consensus molecular subtypes, that aids in identifying patients with CRC with an immunogenic profile. These findings underscore the necessity of moving beyond single biomarkers and toward a comprehensive understanding of the immunological landscape in CRC, facilitating the development of more effective, personalized therapies.

Characterization of medium and small-scale gold processing operations, wastewaters, and tailings in the Arequipa region of Peru.

Gold cyanidation facilities in the Arequipa Region of Peru are challenged by the availability and quality of water for processing in an arid environment. The facilities reuse decant water which recycles residual cyanide but also undesirable constituents. To understand the impact of intensive water recycling on cyanide and metals concentrations, we collected barren water, decant water, and tailings samples from six gold cyanidation facilities with ore capacities of 10-430 tons per day. Processing facilities in Arequipa recycle all effluents, with decant waters making up 58 ± 11 % of process waters. Decant water contained non-target metals: copper (394 ± 161 mg/L), iron (59 ± 34 mg/L), and zinc (74 ± 42 mg/L). In addition, decant water mean free and complexed cyanide concentrations were 534 ± 129 mg/L and 805 ± 297 mg/L, respectively. Complexed cyanide concentrations remained more constant than free cyanide concentrations with 786 ± 299 mg/L for barren water and 805 ± 297 mg/L for decant water. Cyanide mass balances showed between 21 % and 42 % of unaccounted free cyanide from the start of gold cyanidation and discharge to the tailings storage facility (TSF). Free cyanide estimated losses due to volatilization were 0.8 kg and 2.5 kg of hydrogen cyanide per ton of ore processed at barren water pH of 10.1 and 9.7. Together these results indicate two acute hazards: 1) volatilization of free cyanide during processing and 2) loading and retention of cyanides and metals into TSFs. This study elucidates the extent of uncontrolled vapor phase cyanide release during gold processing operation and contaminant concentrations in the tailings storage facilities. The data highlights the need for improvement oversight, accountability, and regulation of gold processing facilities practicing intensive recycling and zero discharge.

Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 lineage BA.5.1.25 and its descendants in Peru during two COVID-19 waves in 2022.

During the third year of the pandemic in Peru, the persistent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 led to the appearance of more transmissible and immune-evasive Omicron sublineages; in that context, the National Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 performed by the Peruvian National Institute of Health detected spike mutations in the circulating Omicron BA.5.1.25 sublineage which was later designated as DJ.1 and increased during the fourth COVID-19 wave, this eventually branched into new sublineages. The introduction, emergence, and timing of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of BA.5.1.25 and its descendants (DJ.1, DJ.1.1, DJ.1.2, and DJ.1.3) were investigated in this paper as well as the time lags between their emergence and identification by the Peruvian National Institute of Health. Our findings show that ongoing genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for understanding its phylogenetic evolution and the emergence of novel variations.

Bintrafusp alfa and chemotherapy as first-line treatment in biliary tract cancer: A randomized phase 2/3 trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We compared the safety and efficacy of bintrafusp alfa (BA) in combination with gemcitabine+cisplatin (GemCis), to those of GemCis alone, in patients with biliary tract cancer. APPROACH AND RESULTS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive design phase 2/3 trial (NCT04066491) included adults who are treatment-naive with locally advanced/metastatic biliary tract cancer. Patients (N = 297) were randomized to receive an IV infusion of BA (2400 mg once/3 wk) plus GemCis (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 +cisplatin 25 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8/3 wk; 8 cycles) (BA group, n = 148) or placebo+GemCis (placebo group, n = 149). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). For adaptation analysis (phase 2-phase 3; data cutoff: May 20, 2021), efficacy was assessed in the first 150 patients who were antibiotic-naive when 80 progression-free survival events had occurred and ≥ 19 weeks of follow-up had been completed (BA, n = 73; placebo, n = 77). Median OS (95% CI) for the BA (11.5 mo [9.3-not estimable]) and placebo (11.5 mo [10.0-not estimable]) groups was comparable (hazard ration 1.23 [95% CI 0.66-2.28]; p = 0.7394); OS data maturity was 27.2% (41 events/151 patients). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse event was anemia (BA, 26.0%; placebo, 22.8%). Bleeding adverse events were reported more frequently in the BA group (28.8%) versus the placebo group (7.4%). Deaths within 60 days of the first dose were reported in 7.5% and 1.3% of patients in the BA and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BA+GemCis did not provide a clinically meaningful benefit compared with GemCis alone as first-line treatment for biliary tract cancer, and the study was discontinued early (terminated: August 20, 2021).

Mortality prediction model from combined serial lactate, procalcitonin and calprotectin levels in critically ill patients with sepsis: A retrospective study according to Sepsis-3 definition.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To evaluate the ability of baseline and on 24 h serum calprotectin, in comparison to canonical biomarkers (lactate and procalcitonin), for prognosis of 28-day mortality in critically ill septic patients; and 2) To develop a predictive model combining the three biomarkers. DESIGN: A single-center, retrospective study. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and seventy three septic pacientes were included. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of baseline lactate, procalcitonin and calprotectin level and procalcitonin and calprotectin levels on 24 h. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographics and comorbidities, SOFA score on ICU admission, baseline lactate, procalcitonin and calprotectin on admission and on 24 h and 28-day mortality. RESULTS: 1) On ICU admission, lactate was the only biomarker achieving a significant accuracy (AUC: 0.698); 2) On 24 h, no differences were found on procalcitonin and calprotectin levels. Procalcitonin and calprotectin clearances were significantly lower in non-survivors and both achieved a moderate performance (AUCs: 0.668 and 0.664, respectively); 3) A biomarker based-model achieved a significant accuracy (AUC: 0.766), trending to increase (AUC: 0.829) to SOFA score alone; y 4) Baseline lactate levels and procalcitonin and calprotectin clearance were independent predictors for the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Baseline and on 24 h calprotectina and procalcitonin levels lacked ability in predicting 28-day mortality; 2) Accuracy of clearance of both biomarkers was moderate; and 3) Combination of SOFA score and the predictive biomarker based-model showed a high prognostic accuracy.

Examining the effects of brand and licensed characters on parents' perceptions of Children's breakfast cereals.

Brand and licensed characters frequently appear on children's breakfast cereal boxes and are known to affect children's product perceptions, selection, and consumption. However, less is known about their impact on parents' perceptions of foods they purchase for their child. The present study assessed the impact of brand and licensed characters featured on three children's breakfast cereal packages on parents' intentions and perceptions in an online experiment. Parents of children aged 2-12 years (n = 1013) were randomized into one of two conditions: breakfast cereals containing brand and licensed characters or breakfast cereals without any characters. Within each condition, participants viewed three breakfast cereal brands in random order per their assigned condition and reported their purchase intentions, healthfulness perceptions, and perceptions of appeal to children using 5-point Likert scales. No significant differences in purchase intentions (p = 0.91), perceived healthfulness (p = 0.52) or perceived child appeal (p = 0.59) were observed between the experimental and control groups. However, exploratory moderation analyses revealed that educational attainment moderated the impact of experimental condition on purchase intentions (p for interaction = 0.002) such that participants with a bachelor's degree in the character condition reported 0.36 points lower purchase intentions compared to the control with no difference between conditions for those with an associate's degree/trade school or high school degree or less. This study did not find an impact of brand and licensed characters on children's breakfast cereals, suggesting that their primary appeal is directly to children. Parents with higher educational attainment may be skeptical of characters on cereal brands. Additional research on the impact of brand and licensed characters on other products, in real-world settings, is needed.

Anomalous origin of the circumflex artery from the right pulmonary artery.

Anomalous origin of the circumflex artery from the pulmonary artery (ACxAPA) is a rare but clinically significant condition in which the circumflex artery arises from either the main pulmonary artery or one of its main branches. Untreated patients with ACxAPA may develop severe heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis is established with either catheter or CT angiography. We present a case of an adult male with no prior known cardiac history who was found to have ACxAPA after presenting to our institution in acute decompensated heart failure.

Effects of front-of-package nutrition labelling systems on objective understanding and purchase intention in Panama: results from a multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of different front-of-package (FOPL) schemes on the objective understanding of the nutritional content and intention to purchase products, in Panama. DESIGN: Single-blinded multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Supermarkets across Panama. Participants were exposed to two-dimensional images of 15 mock-up products presented at random and balanced orders. Participants assigned to the intervention groups were exposed to mock-ups featuring one FOPL scheme: black octagonal warning labels (OWL), traffic-light labelling (TFL), or guideline daily amounts (GDA). Control group was not exposed to any FOPL scheme. PARTICIPANTS: Adult supermarket shoppers (n=1200). Participants were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS: Similar number of participants were randomised to and analysed in each group: OWL (n=300), TFL (n=300), GDA (n=300), and control (n=300). The odds for choosing to purchase the least harmful or none of the options more often was the highest in the OWL group. Compared to the control group, two times higher in the OWL group (OR 2·13, 95% confidence interval 1·60-2·84), and 57% higher in the TFL (1·57, 1·40-2·56), with no changes in the GDA (0·97, 0·73-1·29). OWL also resulted in the highest odds for correctly identifying the least harmful option, and for correctly identifying a product with excessive amounts of sugars, sodium and/or saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS: OWL performed best in helping shoppers to correctly identify when a product contained excessive amounts of nutrients of concern, to correctly identify the least harmful option, and to decide to purchase the least harmful or none of the options, more often.

Induction of Monoterpenoid Oxindole Alkaloids Production and Related Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Response to Signaling Molecules in Hamelia patens Plant Cultures.

Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae), known as firebush, is a source of bioactive monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloids (MOAs) derived from monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs). With the aim of understanding the regulation of the biosynthesis of these specialized metabolites, micropropagated plants were elicited with jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). The MOA production and MIA biosynthetic-related gene expression were evaluated over time. The production of MOAs was increased compared to the control up to 2-fold (41.3 mg g DW-1) at 72 h in JA-elicited plants and 2.5-fold (42.4 mg g DW-1) at 120 h in plants elicited with SA. The increment concurs with the increase in the expression levels of the genes HpaLAMT, HpaTDC, HpaSTR, HpaNPF2.9, HpaTHAS1, and HpaTHAS2. Interestingly, it was found that HpaSGD was downregulated in both treatments after 24 h but in the SA treatment at 120 h only was upregulated to 8-fold compared to the control. In this work, we present the results of MOA production in H. patens and discuss how JA and SA might be regulating the central biosynthetic steps that involve HpaSGD and HpaTHAS genes.

Applicability and usefulness of pupillometry in the study of lexical access. A scoping review of primary research.

Pupil dilation has been associated with the effort required to perform various cognitive tasks. At the lexical level, some studies suggest that this neurophysiological measure would provide objective, real-time information during word processing and lexical access. However, due to the scarcity and incipient advancement of this line of research, its applicability, use, and sensitivity are not entirely clear. This scoping review aims to determine the applicability and usefulness of pupillometry in the study of lexical access by providing an up-to-date overview of research in this area. Following the PRISMA protocol, 16 articles were included in this review. The results show that pupillometry is a highly applicable, useful, and sensitive method for assessing lexical skills of word recognition, word retrieval, and semantic activation. Moreover, it easily fits into traditional research paradigms and methods in the field. Because it is a non-invasive, objective, and automated procedure, it can be applied to any population or age group. However, the emerging development of this specific area of research and the methodological diversity observed in the included studies do not yet allow for definitive conclusions in this area, which in turn does not allow for meta-analyses or fully conclusive statements about what the pupil response actually reflects when processing words. Standardized pupillary recording and analysis methods need to be defined to generate more accurate, replicable research designs with more reliable results to strengthen this line of research.

The Relationship Between Anti-SSA-52 and Interstitial Lung Disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess whether a relationship between anti-SSA-52 and interstitial lung disease (ILD) can be further defined, and to enhance screening, detection, and potentially guide treatment. METHODS: A historical cohort study of 201 patients was conducted at a single tertiary care center between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020. All included patients were anti-SSA-52 antibody positive. Chart review was performed for laboratory values, symptoms, pulmonary function tests, treatment, and imaging. Chest computed tomographies were reviewed by chest radiologists. RESULTS: Among anti-SSA-52 antibody-positive patients, ILD was found in 125 (62.2%) compared with 76 (37.8%) with no ILD (p = 0.001). For those with ILD, 78 (62.4%) were diagnosed with connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated ILD, 28 (22.4%) were diagnosed ILD only, and 19 (15.2%) met the criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features. In patients with CTD-ILD, 18 (23.0%) had their ILD diagnosis made over 6 months before a CTD diagnosis, and an additional 43 (55.1%) had their ILD and CTD diagnosed within 6 months of each other (p < 0.001). Common computed tomography patterns were nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/organizing pneumonia overlap in 44 (35.2%), 25 (20.0%) nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and 15 (12%) usual interstitial pneumonia. Twenty-eight (35.9%) had antisynthetase syndrome, followed by 16 (20.5%) with dermatomyositis, 10 (12.8%) with CTD overlap, and 6 (7.7%) with systemic scleroderma. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between anti-SSA-52 antibodies and ILD across a wide spectrum of rheumatological diagnoses. A significant portion of patients were diagnosed with ILD either at the same time or before their CTD diagnosis. Further study will be needed to assess effective treatment and response.

Word or pseudoword? The lexicality effect in naming and lexical decision tasks during advanced aging.

Although there is evidence that recognizing pseudowords is more difficult than recognizing words during childhood, adulthood, and early old age (60-75 years), it is not yet clear what happens during advanced aging or the fourth age, a stage when the decline of fluid intelligence strongly affects processing speed, but a good performance of crystallized intelligence is described through an increase in vocabulary and knowledge. The objective of this study was to determine the lexicality effect in advanced aging, specifically exploring how the ability to recognize words and pseudowords (ortho-phonologically plausible for Spanish) is affected during the third and fourth-ages. The lexicality effect was measured using naming and lexical decision tasks. Response time and accuracy were compared between a fourth-age group (80+ years) and two third-age groups (60-69 and 70-79 years) through linear regression models. The results showed that, in general, the fourth-age group had longer response times and reduced accuracy when recognizing words and pseudowords. Moreover, they showed a significant lexicality effect (which increases from the third- age onwards), reflected in higher costs during pseudoword recognition, especially when the task required more cognitive effort (lexical decision task). These results were consistent with the impact of the deterioration of fluid intelligence on the speed of lexical recognition and with the better performance that crystallized intelligence can generate on accuracy, especially in the early stages of old age. Additionally, this study supports the fact that pseudoword recognition resists cognitive decline, as accentuated deterioration is visualized only after 80 years.

A new species of Cosmetocleithrum (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) from the gills of Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) from the Peruvian Amazonia / Una nueva especie de Cosmetocleithrum (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) de las branquias de Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) de la Amazonía peruana

Abstract In this study, a new species of Monogenoidea, Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp., parasitizing the gills of the silurid Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942), is documented. Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp. is distinguished from all other congeners by possessing an elongated, sclerotized, and sinuous male copulatory organ (MCO) with poorly defined spirals, a sclerotized border at the base, and the distal region supported by the accessory piece. The accessory piece is a single, robust, and non-articulated plate with the MCO. This study presents the third record of a Monogenoidea species in an Auchenipteridae (Siluriformes) host from Peru.

Resumen En este trabajo se registra una nueva especie de Monogenoidea, Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp., parasitando las branquias del silurido Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942). Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp. se distingue de todas las demás especies congéneres por poseer un órgano copulador masculino (OCM) tubo alargado, esclerotizado y sinuoso, con espirales poco definidos, base con borde esclerotizado y con la región distal apoyada sobre la pieza accesoria. La pieza accesoria es una placa única, robusta y no articulada con el OCM. En este estudio se presenta el tercer registro de una especie de Monogenoidea en un hospedero Auchenipteridae (Siluriformes) del Perú.

New species of Demidospermus (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from the gills of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) collected in the Peruvian Amazonia.

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is a catfish species that occupies the first place in the statistics of fishing landings in the region of Loreto, being of economic importance in the Peruvian Amazonia. As an initiative to know the parasites present in the gills of P. punctifer from the Peruvian Amazonia, a study was carried out with fish collected in the Belén Market, in Loreto-Peru. Specimens were provided between June and October 2018 from local fishermen from the Belén Market, in Loreto-Peru and samples were processed and analyzed in the "Laboratorio de Parasitología y Sanidad Acuícola" from the "Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana" (IIAP) in Iquitos, Loreto-Peru. The analyzes of the gills revealed the presence of two new species of Monogenoidea: Demidospermus aureagarciae n. sp. and D. doncellae n. sp. These species are unique among congeners by the morphology of the copulatory complex and vagina. Demidospermus aureagarciae n. sp presents a male copulatory organ as a coiled tube, with a complete counterclockwise ring, with dilated base with a developed sclerotized margin, from which a flap projects; a concave accessory piece, with a tapered and curved distal part and a saculiform vaginal vestibule, connected to the vaginal canal. Demidospermus doncellae n. sp. presents a copulatory complex that is an elongated coiled tube, with approximately three clockwise rings, with dilated base with a developed sclerotized margin, from which a flap projects; an accessory piece sheath like, and a sclerotized vagina with dextral position, with saclike vaginal vestibule, connected to an elongated canal.

The willingness to forgive among the Wayuu and among people from other indigenous communities in Colombia

Introduction/Objectives: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.

Introducción/Objetivos: La voluntad de perdonar ha sido estudiada en diferentes situaciones, sin embargo, no existen estudios publicados en Colombia con población indígena y teniendo en cuenta su cosmovisión. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar la voluntad a perdonar de personas de diversas minorías étnicas en Colombia como la comunidad Embera, Nasa, Pijao, Kaamash-Hu y centrándose en particular en la comunidad Wayuu. Método: Se presentaron una serie de escenarios a una muestra de 159 adultos indígenas (30% hombres) de entre 18 y 76 años. Dichos escenarios describían una situación común en la que una huerta era dañada por animales domésticos de un vecino. Se manipularon tres factores en cada escenario: la gravedad del daño, el nivel de descuido del dueño de los animales y, las explicaciones y el comportamiento de disculpa del dueño de los animales. Resultados: El análisis de clústeres arrojó cinco posiciones cualitativamente diferentes: Nunca perdona bajo ninguna circunstancia (6% de la muestra, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Embera), Depende de las disculpas y del descuido (15%), Depende de las disculpas, las consecuencias y el descuido (30%, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Kaamash-Hu), y Casi siempre perdona (36%, principalmente personas de la comunidad Wayuu). Conclusiones: Por tanto, existe una convergencia entre los resultados de este estudio y las observaciones antropológicas que condujeron a la decisión de la Unesco de considerar el sistema de justicia restaurativa de la comunidad Wayuu como un patrimonio inalterable.