Role of the chemokines RANTES, monocyte chemotactic proteins-3 and -4, and eotaxins-1 and -2 in childhood asthma.

Eosinophil recruitment into the airways is a feature of asthma in children. However, the mechanisms by which these cells migrate into the airways are not fully understood. The present study investigated the presence of the eosinophil-activating chemokines regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP)-3 and -4, and eotaxins-1 and -2 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from both asthmatic (n=10, age 6-10 yrs) and normal children (n=10, age 5-10 yrs). Measurements of chemokines in BAL fluid showed that levels of RANTES, MCPs-3 and -4, and eotaxins-1 and -2 were significantly increased in fluid obtained from asthmatic children when compared with normal children. Among the different chemokines, RANTES was the cytokine released in greatest quantities in BAL fluid from asthmatic children. There was a significant correlation between the concentrations of MCP-4 and eosinophil numbers in BAL fluid and a trend between both chemokines MCP-3 and eotaxin-2 and eosinophils. Interestingly, the levels of most chemokines correlated with one another. These findings suggest that RANTES monocyte chemotactic proteins-3 and -4, and eotaxins-1 and -2 may regulate eosinophil trafficking into the airways of asthmatic children in a coordinated manner.

[Advances in the study of immunopathology in atopic disorders]. / Avances recientes en el estudio de la inmunopatología de los padecimientos atópicos.

The atopic diseases are mediated by type I hypersensitivity. These disorders are multifactorial, although, the inherency is probably the most important cause. The disregulation of the Th1/Th2 immune response is one of the predominant factors on the generation and maintenance on the atopic process. We analyze the mechanisms of the regulation of the response Th1/Th2, the recent theories of the disregulation on this response as an etiology, the soluble factors as cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, surface cell markers and transcriptional factors recently mentioned to be important on this disregulation mechanism. Otherwise, we propose some general considerations and perspectives.

[Apoptosis in allergic disease]. / Apoptosis en la enfermedad alérgica.

Apoptosis (cell programmed death) it is a mechanism that implicate a physiological suicide, to keep the cellular homeostasis in big amount of tissues. Fas (APO-1; CD95) system is one of the most important cellular responsible via to induce apoptosis on different tissues. Eosinophillia on peripheral blood and tissues are the main characteristics on allergic like asthma. Eosinophil apoptosis is upper regulated in those diseases by IL-5 y GM-CSF. Corticoids, teophyllin and some macrolids have been used like apoptosis inductors on eosinophills, these could be a novel mechanism to promote a better solution on inflammatory allergic diseases.

[Cell surface markers in patients with allergic rhinitis versus Der p and Der f challenge]. / Estudio de marcadores de superficie celular en pacientes con rinitis alérgica frente a reto con Der p y Der f.

The allergic condition is determined genetically and they affect of the general population's 20-30% in developed countries, in the last decade have been increased the prevalence. Inside the imbalance that is manifested in the atopic patients it is on one hand the antigen-presenting cells (monocytes and B cells) and on the other hand, the lymphocytes T CD4+. The association of molecules like CD80, CD 86 (co-stimulatory molecules) in monocytes and B cells and CD30, CD62L, ALL, CD11a, CD28, CD124 and CD152 in CD4+, they have shown to be of particular interest in allergic sufferings. However we don't find a difference statistically significant among patient and controls and among nasal challenges with saline solution with specific allergen. For what we suggest that the changes in the activation, proliferation and cooperation are given in the les ion place, without an apparent repercussion in cells of peripheral blood.

[The TH2 theory in allergy]. / Teoría Th2 en alergia.

The allergic diseases are determined by genetics and thought to affect between 20 to 30 percent of general people in developed countries. The prevalence has increased in the last decade. The allergic diseases are characterised by an increase of B-lymphocytes' ability to produce IgE antibody; this synthesis of human IgE is a result of collaboration between subsets of T helper cells CD4+ and B cells. The functional property of Th cells has been studied recently, fundamentally Type 2, in the cooperation among IgE-producing B cells, mast cell, basophils and eosinophil in the allergic reaction. This concept is known as the Th2 theory in allergy.

[Effect of Staphylococcus aureus extract on the expression of L-selectin and LFA-1, in neutrophils from patients with allergic bronchial asthma]. / Efecto del extracto de Staphylococcus aureus en la expresión de L-selectina y LFA-1, en neutrófilos de pacientes con asma bronquial no alérgica.

OBJECTIVE: Messier L-selectin and LFA-1 in neutrophils from moderate and non atopic asthma patients, before and after stimuli with and without Sa (Staphylococcus aureus). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Design Trial; experimental. We studied neutrophils from 12 moderate and non atopic asthma patients and 12 healthy subjects before and after stimuli with and without Sa. MEASURES: The neutrophyls adhesion molecules, CD 62-L and CD 11 a was measured by citometric flow assays. RESULTS: The median of CD 62-L molecule expression increase with the stimuli in non atopic asthma patients from 2444 (CI 1966, CS 3627, RC 1661) to 6285.5 (CI 5243, CS 7203, RC 1960), and the median of CD 11 a molecule expression decrease with the stimuli in non atopic asthma patients from 9910.5 (CI 9765, CS 9961, RC 196) to 7670 (CI 7125, CS 8291, RC 1166). The median of CD 11 a molecule expression increase with the stimuli in healthy subjects from 593 (CI 361, CS 929, RC 568) to 1113 (CI 910, CS 1240, RC 330) and the median of CD 11 a molecule expression decrease with the stimuli in healthy subjects from 9850 (CI 9741, CS 9898, RC 157) to 9808.5 (CI 9693, CS 9890, RC 197) [CI. Inferior Cuartil, CS. Superior Cuartil, RC.-Cuartil Range].

[Superantigens in human disease]. / Superantígenos en la enfermedad humana.

Superantigens include viral and bacterial products, mainly of streptococci, staphylococci that stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically through interaction with class II major histocompatibility complex products on antigen-presenting cells and then with variable regions on the beta chain of T cell receptor complex. Superantigens cause symptoms via release of immune cytokines. These proteins should be considered potential cause of illnesses such as rheumatic fever, arthritis. Kawasaki syndrome, atopic dermatitis, and guttate psoriasis because of their potent immune system-altering capacity.

[Tryptase: a diagnostic marker in allergic diseases]. / Triptasa: marcador diagnóstico en enfermedades alérgicas.

Mast cells play a central role in allergic diseases, following activation by means of immunologic mechanisms. Mast cell degranulation releases preformed and newly generated mediators and potential indicators of mast cell activation. Tryptase is the most useful marker of selective mast cell activation with regard to specific pathological states in which it can be applied with positive results, especially allergic diseases.

[Pilomatrixoma (calcified epithelioma of Malherbe). Report of a case and brief review ot the literature]. / Pilomatrixoma (epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe). Informe de un caso y breve revisión de la literatura.

A case of a upper extremity pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) clinically confused with a secondary reaction to the dog antigen application presented in a young woman and diagnosed following surgically excised is presented. On cytologic examination, basaloid cells, multinucleated giant cells and deposits of calcium were identified. Adjacent to the basaloid cells were acellular masses suggestive of ghost cells.