ESBL-producing Escherichia coli prevalence and sharing across seabirds of central Chile.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public threat, now largely reported in natural environments. Seabirds are carriers of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli), but different foraging and breeding behaviour could impact ESBL-E. coli circulation. We compared the prevalence and genetic determinants of ESBL-E. coli from resident Kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus, Ld), migratory Franklin's gulls (Larus pipixcan, Lp), and endemic Peruvian pelicans (Pelecanus thagus, Pt) from the Humboldt Current Ecosystem (HCE) of central Chile. From 2020 to 2022, we collected 699 fresh faecal samples (Ld = 449, Lp = 116, Pt = 134), and isolated 271 ESBL-E. coli (39 %). Whole-genome-sequencing (WGS) was performed on 85 E. coli selected isolates to identify their Sequence Type (ST), AMR genes, virulence genes, mobile genetic elements (MGE), and to assess potential interspecies transmission. ESBL-genes were detected in the remaining ESBL-E. coli isolates by PCR. ESBL-E. coli prevalence in Ld (46 % [CI: 42-51 %]) and Pt (34 % [CI: 27-43 %]) was higher than in Lp (15 % [CI: 9-22 %]). WGS revealed 41 ESBL-E. coli STs including pandemic clones ST10, ST58, ST131 and ST410. The blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 genes were the most prevalent among ESBL genes, and were mostly associated with MGE IncI1-I(Alpha) and ISEc9. We also report the pAmpC blaCMY-2 gene associated to MGE Inc1-I(Alpha) and IS640 in two E. coli from a Ld and a Lp. Eight ESBL-E. coli of the same ST were shared by at least two seabird species, including ST10 (Ld and Pt); ST88, ST410 and ST617 (Pt and Lp); ST38, ST58, ST131, and SST1722 (three species). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenetic analyses of ST38, ST617 and ST1722 showed a low difference of SNPs between STs found in different seabird species, suggesting ESBL-E. coli clonal exchanges. Our results highlight ESBL-E. coli dissemination across seabirds of the HCE, including species that unusually forage on human waste like pelicans.

Detection of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales in insectivorous bats from Chile.

Enterobacterales of clinical importance for humans and domestic animals are now commonly detected among wildlife worldwide. However, few studies have investigated their prevalence among bats, particularly in bat species living near humans. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-resistant (CR) Enterobacterales in rectal swabs of bats submitted to the Chilean national rabies surveillance program from 2021 to 2022. From the 307 swabs screened, 47 (15%) harboured cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacterales. Bats carrying these bacteria originated from 9 out of the 14 Chilean regions. Most positive samples were obtained from Tadarida brasiliensis (n = 42), but also Lasiurus varius, L. cinereus and Histiotus macrotus. No Enterobacterales were resistant to imipenem. All ESBL-Enterobacterales were confirmed as Rahnella aquatilis by MALDI-TOF. No other ESBL or CR Enterobacterales were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first screening of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild bats of Chile, showing the bat faecal carriage of R. aquatilis naturally resistant to cephalosporins, but also including acquired resistance to important antibiotics for public health such as amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Our results suggest unknown selective pressures on R. aquatilis, but low or no carriage of ESBL or CR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Future studies should assess the zoonotic and environmental implications of R. aquatilis, which are likely present in the guano left by bats roosting in human infrastructures.

Intususcepción ileal generada por Prosthenorchis sp. en un tití gris (Saguinus leucopus) mantenido en un centro de recepción de fauna en Colombia / Ileal Intussusception Caused by Prosthenorchis sp. in a Gray Marmoset (Saguinus leucopus) Held in a Wildlife Reception Center in Colombia / Intussuscepção ileal gerada por Prosthenorchis sp. em um macaco titi cinza (Saguinus leucopus) mantido em um centro de recepção de fauna na Colômbia

Prosthenorchis sp. es un acantocéfalo común en primates del género Saguinus, que produce lesiones gastrointestinales asociadas con diarrea crónica y baja condición corporal. El diagnóstico es incidental y como tratamiento es necesaria la remoción quirúrgica del parásito. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el cuadro clínico, el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de un Saguinus leucopus con nodulaciones e intususcepción ileal causadas por Prosthenorchis sp. En el examen clínico el paciente se encontró deprimido, postrado, hipotérmico y con baja condición corporal, con descamación cutánea generalizada, alopecia del tercio distal de la cola y recorte de todos los caninos. En la palpación abdominal se encontraron nodulaciones en la región distal del abdomen. El cuadro hemático presentó leucopenia, linfopenia y neutropenia; hemoglobina baja; hipocromía y leve policromatofilia, y en el coprológico se encontraron huevos de Prostenorchis sp. y estrongílidos. El paciente ingresó a cirugía, mediante la cual se detectó una intususcepción ileal, por lo que se realizó una enterotomía con posterior enteroanastomosis término lateral del íleon al borde antimesentérico del ciego. Pese al tratamiento antibiótico y analgésico, no hubo evolución favorable del paciente, entró en paro cardiorres-piratorio y murió. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue peritonitis fibrinosa. Este fue un cuadro clínico típico de Prosthenorchis sp., en el que el pronóstico del paciente era reservado a malo y su evolución no fue favorable, tanto por el parasitismo como por las deficiencias nutricionales presentadas. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el manejo de elección; sin embargo, es necesario tener en cuenta que los pacientes con sintomatología clínica avanzada tienen mal pronóstico.

Prosthenorchis sp. is a common acanthocephalan in primates of the genus Saguinus, which produces gastrointestinal lesions associated with chronic diarrhea and low body condition. The diagnosis is incidental and surgical removal of the parasite is necessary as a treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic management of a Saguinus leucopus with nodules and ileal intussusception caused by Prosthenorchis sp. During the clinical examination, the patient was depressed, prostrate, hypothermic, and presenting low body condition, with generalized skin desquamation, alopecia in the distal third of the tail, and chipped canine teeth. Abdominal palpation evidenced nodules in groins. The blood count presented leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia; low hemoglobin; hypochromia and mild polychromatophilia. Prostenorchis sp. eggs and strongyles were found in stool. The patient was admitted to surgery, through which ileal intussusception was detected; for this reason, an enterotomy was performed followed by end-to-side enteroenterostomy of the ileum to the antimesenteric border of the caecum. Despite the antibiotic and analgesic treatment, the patient did not improve, it went into cardiac arrest and died. The histopathologic diagnosis was fibrinous peritonitis. This was a typical clinical history of Prosthenorchis sp., in which the patient's prognosis was bad and the outcome was not favorable, due both to parasitism and nutritional deficiencies present. Surgery is the treatment of choice; however, it is necessary to consider that patients with advanced clinical symptoms have a poor prognosis.

Prosthenorchis sp. é um acantocéfalo comum em primatas do gênero Saguinus, que produz lesões gastrointestinais associadas com diarreia crônica e baixa condição corporal. O diagnóstico é incidental e como tratamento é necessária a remoção cirúrgica do parasita. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o quadro clínico, o manejo diagnóstico e terapêutico de um Saguinus leucopus com nodulações e intussuscepção ileal causadas por Prosthenorchis sp. No exame clínico o paciente estava deprimido, prostrado, hipotérmico e com baixa condição corporal, com descamação cutânea generalizada, alopecia do tercio distal da cauda e recorte de todos os caninos. Na palpação abdominal se encontraram nodulações nas virilhas. O hemograma apresentou leucopenia, linfopenia e neutropenia; hemoglobina baixa; hipocromia e leve policromatofilia, e no exame de fezes se encontraram ovos de Prostenorchis sp. e estrongilídeos. O paciente foi levado à cirurgia, através da qual se detectou uma intussuscepção ileal, razão pela qual se realizou uma enterotomia com posterior enteroanastomose término lateral do íleo ao borde antimesentérico do cego. Apesar do tratamento antibiótico e analgésico, não houve evolução favorável do paciente, entrou em parada cardiorrespiratória e morreu. O diagnóstico histopatológico foi peritonite fibrinosa. Este foi um quadro clínico típico de Prosthenorchis sp., no qual o prognóstico do paciente era reservado a malo e sua evolução não foi favorável, tanto pelo parasitismo quanto pelas deficiências nutricionais apresentadas. O tratamento cirúrgico é o escolhido; no entanto, é necessário ter em conta que os pacientes com sintomatologia clínica avançada têm um mau prognóstico.