Análisis de las coinfecciones detectadas entre los subtipos del virus respiratorio sincitial y otros virus respiratorios / Analysis of coinfections detected among respiratory syncytial virus subtypes and other respiratory viruses

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Análisis clínico y epidemiológico de las infecciones pediátricas causadas por los virus Parainfluenza tipos 1-4 durante el período 2013-2014 / Clinical and epidemiological analyses 01 pediatric infections caused by Parainfluenza viruses types 1-4 during the period of 2013-2014

Introducción. Las infecciones respiratorias víricas agudas son una entidad que afecta preferentemente a la población infantil. Los virus de la Parainfluenza (VPI) (tipos 1-4) son responsables de un porcentaje variable de estas infecciones. Pacientes y métodos. Se presenta un estudio prospectivo sobre las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por los diferentes tipos de los VPI. A los pacientes se les tomó una muestra respiratoria que fue estudiada mediante una RT-PCR múltiple comercial que permite la detección de 16 virus distintos y los cuatro tipos de los VPI. Resultados. En este estudio se han analizado 2.854 muestras, de las cuales 1.412 (49,5%) fueron positivas. Se han detectado 89 casos de infección por los VPI (6,3%). Los VIP correspondían a 34 VPI-1 (38,2%),9 VPI-2 (10,1 %),29 VPI-3 (32,5%) y 17 VPI-4 (19,1%). En el 78,6% de los casos el VPI se detectó solo y en el 21,4% en coinfección. El 68,5% de los casos se detectaron entre los meses de septiembre y octubre. Las edades de los pacientes estaban comprendidas entre los 21 días y 14 años (media 26,2 meses). El ingreso hospitalario ocurrió en 18 casos (20,2 %). Las patologías respiratorias observadas han ido desde el cuadro catarral hasta las bronquiolitis y neumonías. No se han detectado diferencias significativas entre los diferentes tipos vira les. Conclusiones. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por los VPI representan alrededor del 6% de los casos. La inespecificidad del proceso infeccioso obliga a realizar el estudio etiológico para poder ser atribuidas a un determinado agente viral (AU)

Introduction. The acute viral respiratory infections are an entity that preferentially affect children. Para influenza viruses (PIV) (types 1-4) are responsible for a varying percentage of these infections. Patients and methods. A prospective study of acute respiratory infections caused by different types of PIV is presented. AII patients were taking a respiratory sample that was studied with a commercial multiple RT-PCR which allows the detection of 16 different viruses, including the four types of the PIV. Results. In this study we have analyzed 2,854 samples, of which 1,412 (49.5%) were positive. We detected 89 cases of infection by PIV (6.3%). 34 corresponding to the VIP-1 (38.2%), 9 VPI -2 (10.1%),29 VPI-3 (32.5%) and 17 VPI-4 (19.1 %). In 78.6% of cases was detected only the PIV and 21.4% in coinfection. 68.5% of cases were detected between the months of September and October. The ages of the patients ranged from 21 days to 14 years (mean 26.2 months). Hospital admission occurred in 18 cases (20.2%). Respiratory diseases have been observed from cold symptoms to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. No significant differences were detected between the different viral types. Conclusions. Acute respiratory infections caused by PIV represent about 6% of cases. They affect both sexes equally and present with a variety of respiratory diseases. The specificity of the infectious process requires performing the etiologic study to be attributed to a specific viral agent (AU)

Características de las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por los coronavirus OC43, NL63 y 229E / Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E

Antecedentes y objetivos. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son una entidad muy frecuente en la población general. La mayoría de ellas son debidas a infecciones víricas. Este estudio pretende precisar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes adultos con infección respiratoria por los coronavirus OC43, NL63 y 229E. Pacientes y métodos. Entre enero del 2013 y febrero del 2014 se estudió prospectivamente a todos los pacientes con sospecha clínica de infección respiratoria mediante la toma de un frotis faríngeo y la realización de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en transcripción reversa en tiempo real en búsqueda de coronavirus. Resultados. En 48 casos (7,0% de los 686 pacientes incluidos; 12,6% de los 381 en los que se detectó algún virus) se pudo demostrar la presencia de algún coronavirus. En 24 casos se trataba del OC43 (50%), en 14 del NL63 (29%) y en 10 del 229E (21%). La edad media fue de 54,5 años, con un ligero predominio de varones. Las presentaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron el cuadro gripal inespecífico (43,7%), la neumonía (29,2%) y la agudización de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (8,3%). El 52% de los pacientes precisaron ingreso hospitalario, en 2 ocasiones en cuidados intensivos. No se produjo ningún fallecimiento. Conclusión. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por coronavirus inciden preferentemente en varones fumadores en la edad media de la vida, frecuentemente afectados de enfermedades previas. La sintomatología clínica mas frecuente ha sido el cuadro gripal inespecífico (AU)

Background and objectives. Acute respiratory infection is a very common condition in the general population. The majority of these infections are due to viruses. This study attempted to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with respiratory infection by the coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E. Patients and methods. Between January 2013 and February 2014, we prospectively studied all patients with suspected clinical respiratory infection by taking throat swabs and performing a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in search of coronavirus. Results. In 48 cases (7.0% of the 686 enrolled patients; 12.6% of the 381 in whom a virus was detected) the presence of a coronavirus demonstrated. In 24 cases, the virus was OC43 (50%); in 14 cases, the virus was NL63 (29%); and in 10 cases, the virus was 229E (21%). The mean age was 54.5 years, with a slight predominance of men. The most common clinical presentations were nonspecific influenza symptoms (43.7%), pneumonia (29.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation (8.3%). Fifty-two percent of the patients required hospitalization, and 2 patients required intensive care. There were no deaths. Conclusion. Acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus mainly affect middle-aged male smokers, who are often affected by previous diseases. The most common clinical picture has been nonspecific influenza symptoms (AU)

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E. / Características de las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por los coronavirus OC43, NL63 y 229E.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute respiratory infection is a very common condition in the general population. The majority of these infections are due to viruses. This study attempted to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with respiratory infection by the coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2013 and February 2014, we prospectively studied all patients with suspected clinical respiratory infection by taking throat swabs and performing a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in search of coronavirus. RESULTS: In 48 cases (7.0% of the 686 enrolled patients; 12.6% of the 381 in whom a virus was detected) the presence of a coronavirus demonstrated. In 24 cases, the virus was OC43 (50%); in 14 cases, the virus was NL63 (29%); and in 10 cases, the virus was 229E (21%). The mean age was 54.5 years, with a slight predominance of men. The most common clinical presentations were nonspecific influenza symptoms (43.7%), pneumonia (29.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation (8.3%). Fifty-two percent of the patients required hospitalization, and 2 patients required intensive care. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: Acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus mainly affect middle-aged male smokers, who are often affected by previous diseases. The most common clinical picture has been nonspecific influenza symptoms.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-growing bacteria.

Biofilms are organized bacterial communities embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix attached to living or abiotic surfaces. The development of biofilms is currently recognized as one of the most relevant drivers of persistent infections. Among them, chronic respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients is probably the most intensively studied. The lack of correlation between conventional susceptibility test results and therapeutic success in chronic infections is probably a consequence of the use of planktonically growing instead of biofilm-growing bacteria. Therefore, several in vitro models to evaluate antimicrobial activity on biofilms have been implemented over the last decade. Microtitre plate-based assays, the Calgary device, substratum suspending reactors and the flow cell system are some of the most used in vitro biofilm models for susceptibility studies. Likewise, new pharmacodynamic parameters, including minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration, minimal biofilm-eradication concentration, biofilm bactericidal concentration, and biofilm-prevention concentration, have been defined in recent years to quantify antibiotic activity in biofilms. Using these parameters, several studies have shown very significant quantitative and qualitative differences for the effects of most antibiotics when acting on planktonic or biofilm bacteria. Nevertheless, standardization of the procedures, parameters and breakpoints, by official agencies, is needed before they are implemented in clinical microbiology laboratories for routine susceptibility testing. Research efforts should also be directed to obtaining a deeper understanding of biofilm resistance mechanisms, the evaluation of optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models for biofilm growth, and correlation with clinical outcome.

Exantemas cutáneos asociados a la detección de adenovirus en frotis faríngeos / Skin exanthems associated with the detection of adenovirus in throat swabs

Se presentan cuatro pacientes con exantema cutáneo, cuadro catarral y detección por una RT-PCR de adenovirus en el frotis faríngeo. Las serologías (IgMs) de estos pacientes a los virus exantemáticos clásicos fueron negativas. El estudio etiológico de un exantema cutáneo febril con serologías negativas debería completarse con la detección de los virus respiratorios en una muestra respiratoria (AU)

We report four patients with skin rash, cold symptoms and detection, by RT-PCR, of adenovirus in throat swab Serology (IGMs) of these patients to classical exanthematous virus were negative. The etiological study of a feverish skin rash with negative serology should be complemented by the detection of respiratory viruses in respiratory samples (AU)

[Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E]. / Características de las infecciones respiratorias agudas causadas por los coronavirus OC43, NL63 y 229E.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute respiratory infection is a very common condition in the general population. The majority of these infections are due to viruses. This study attempted to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with respiratory infection by the coronavirus OC43, NL63 and 229E. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2013 and February 2014, we prospectively studied all patients with suspected clinical respiratory infection by taking throat swabs and performing a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in search of coronavirus. RESULTS: In 48 cases (7.0% of the 686 enrolled patients; 12.6% of the 381 in whom a virus was detected) the presence of a coronavirus demonstrated. In 24 cases, the virus was OC43 (50%); in 14 cases, the virus was NL63 (29%); and in 10 cases, the virus was 229E (21%). The mean age was 54.5 years, with a slight predominance of men. The most common clinical presentations were nonspecific influenza symptoms (43.7%), pneumonia (29.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation (8.3%). Fifty-two percent of the patients required hospitalization, and 2 patients required intensive care. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: Acute respiratory infections caused by coronavirus mainly affect middle-aged male smokers, who are often affected by previous diseases. The most common clinical picture has been nonspecific influenza symptoms.