Retinal autofluorescence findings after COVID-19.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of retinal autofluorescence findings in COVID-19 patients. Observational study conducted in São Paulo in 2020. Demographic, medical history, and concomitant events, as well as medications used, hospitalization details, and laboratory test results, were obtained. Patients underwent eye examination and multimodal imaging, including color, red-free, autofluorescence fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Eighteen patients had autofluorescence findings (6 females; average age 54 years, range 31 to 86 years; 26 eyes). Hyper-autofluorescence findings were present in 6 patients, Hypo-autofluorescence in 14 patients, and 6 patients had mixed pattern lesions. Retinal autofluorescence abnormalities were present in COVID-19 patients and may be secondary to primary or secondary changes caused by the SARS-CoV-2.

Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles in the Human Retina of Patients With COVID-19.

Importance: The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the retina of deceased patients with COVID-19 has been suggested through real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction and immunological methods to detect its main proteins. The eye has shown abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and retinal changes were presumed to be associated with secondary microvascular and immunological changes. Objective: To demonstrate the presence of presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles and its relevant proteins in the eyes of patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: The retina from enucleated eyes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were submitted to immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy processing at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, from June 23 to July 2, 2020. After obtaining written consent from the patients' families, enucleation was performed in patients deceased with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. All patients were in the intensive care unit, received mechanical ventilation, and had severe pulmonary involvement by COVID-19. Main Outcomes and Measures: Presence of presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy processing. Results: Three patients who died of COVID-19 were analyzed. Two patients were men, and 1 was a woman. The age at death ranged from 69 to 78 years. Presumed S and N COVID-19 proteins were seen by immunofluorescence microscopy within endothelial cells close to the capillary flame and cells of the inner and the outer nuclear layers. At the perinuclear region of these cells, it was possible to observe by transmission electron microscopy double-membrane vacuoles that are consistent with the virus, presumably containing COVID-19 viral particles. Conclusions and Relevance: The present observations show presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in various layers of the human retina, suggesting that they may be involved in some of the infection's ocular clinical manifestations.

COVID-19 Retinal Findings in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units and Wards.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate ocular clinical findings in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, of various levels of disease severity, who required mechanical ventilation and admission to intensive care units or specialized wards. Longitudinal, observational study conducted from March 2020 to June 2020. Color fundus and red-free photography were performed in both eyes following pupillary dilation. 104 participants were recruited from 2 different centers: 60 (58%) from the Hospital Municipal de Barueri intensive care unit (ICU) and 44 (42%) from specialized wards for patients with COVID-19 at the Hospital São Paulo. 21.9% presented with eye lesions, in 3% these lesions were vision compromising. Our results have shown similar rate of intraocular lesions in patients in both the ward or intensive care unit, regardless of medication use, including anticoagulant drugs.

Diffuse uveitis and chorioretinal changes after yellow fever vaccination: a re-emerging epidemic.

BACKGROUND: With increasing incidence of yellow fever, mass campaign vaccinations are underway and little ophthalmological alterations have been reported in literature, specially regarding non-combined vaccines. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a patient with no previous ocular or systemic diseases whom received a single dose of yellow fever vaccination and developed haematological, hepatic and renal alterations progressing with a later onset bilateral asymmetric diffuse uveitis. Ophthalmological findings included fine keratic precipitates scattered throughout the cornea and mild vitritis. Multimodal evaluation showed subtle puntiform choriocapillaris changes with decreased vascular density associated. The patient had a good visual outcome after mild oral prednisone dose, but the image findings have not presented remission. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of clinical and subclinical ocular manifestations such as subtle puntiform choriocapillaris changes as possible vaccine-related adverse events with potential to impact vision.

Novel application of anterior segment optical coherence tomography for periocular imaging.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for periocular skin lesions and to determine which characteristic features of these images can be correlated to histopathology. DESIGN: This is an ongoing prospective study with Research Ethics Board approval. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients over 18 years old with lesions clinically suspicious of nonmelanoma skin cancer on the periocular region were included in this study. METHODS: After consent was obtained, clinical photographs and dermatoscopic images were obtained (DermLite II Hybrid M) from the lesion and its contralateral side. Subsequently, the patient was subjected to OCT imaging using the anterior segment module of a spectral domain OCT (Optovue Avanti) and images of the contralateral skin were also obtained. Surgical excision of the lesion was performed and sent for histopathological examination as per routine treatment. OCT images were then correlated to their matching digitalized histopathology section (Philips Ultra Fast Scanner 1.6 RA). RESULTS: Based on the OCT images acquired from 50 patients, 8 predominant architectural features have been correlated to histopathology: hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, loss of dermal-epidermal junction delineation, hyporeflective tumour nests, cystic structures, "bunch of grapes" nodules, hyperreflective nests, and ulcerations. Results observed from 45 malignant lesions (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous gland carcinoma) suggest that groups of features and their layout within the same OCT image may be associated to specific tumour characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Current data suggest that anterior-segment OCT imaging is a noninvasive imaging modality for periocular lesions and may be a valuable tool to help differentiate between some tumour types before a biopsy is performed.

Optimizing optical coherence tomography and histopathology correlation in retinal imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a methodology to correlate optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and histopathological sections from the same eye. Part 1: To determine the best fixative for optimal OCT and histopathological analysis in post-mortem eyes. Part 2: A protocol is proposed to correlate histopathological features and OCT scans from the same post-mortem eyes. DESIGN: Experimental study. PARTICIPANTS: Part 1: Twenty-three rabbit eyes and 14 post-mortem human eyes. Part 2: Nineteen post-mortem human eyes. METHODS: Part 1: Six different fixatives were tested, and specimens were evaluated on 4 criteria: globe shape, structure opacification, retinal detachment, and nuclear details. Part 2: Based on the findings from Part 1, fixed human eyes were imaged using OCT. Orientation-controlled histopathological processing was performed to obtain serial tissue sections from paraffin embedded tissue, which were matched to corresponding OCT images. RESULTS: Part 1: Of the 6 fixatives, 2% glutaraldehyde and Davidson's solution met the proposed criteria in rabbit eyes. Of these, glutaraldehyde showed similar results in human eyes and was selected for Part 2. Part 2: Using anatomical landmarks, cross-sectional histopathological sections in the same orientation as the OCT images were correlated to their corresponding OCT images. Retinal lesions such as a macular hole, an epiretinal membrane, and the presence of drusen were easily correlated, proving the reliability of our methodology. Moreover, the photoreceptor's inner/outer junction was correlated to a hyperreflective band on OCT. CONCLUSIONS: A standardized protocol was developed to correlate OCT images and histopathological findings by generating serial cross-sections of the retina, which can be used to better understand otherwise ambiguous OCT findings.

Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters to Determine Severity in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography (PR-OCTA) vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in determining severity within diabetic retinopathy (DR) and their accuracy in identifying high-risk DR patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study with 72 eyes of 52 DR patients, assessing the VD and FAZ area of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP), for both 3 × 3-mm and 6 × 6-mm scans between the DR groups (mild to moderate, severe and proliferative DR [PDR]). For accuracy, the severe and PDR groups were merged, representing the high-risk DR group for receiver operator characteristic analysis. VD of OCTA images with and without PR were compared. Results: In mild to moderate, severe, and PDR groups, there were 31, 21, and 20 eyes, respectively. PR-OCTA improved VD analysis only in the DVP and particularly in advanced DR stages (P = 0.042). In the 3 × 3-mm PR scans, all superficial and deep parameters were significantly different between severe and PDR groups (P ≤ 0.020), but only the mean VD of SCP and DVP was also significant between the mild to moderate and severe groups (P ≤ 0.007). In the 6 × 6-mm scans, the superficial VD, deep VD, and superficial FAZ were significantly different between the severe and PDR groups (P ≤ 0.029). The superficial VD and deep VD of the 3 × 3-mm scans were good parameters for detecting high-risk patients (area under the curve = 0.829 and 0.895, respectively). Conclusions: PR-OCTA improved VD analysis of DVP. The 3 × 3-mm SCP and DVP VD were the most accurate in detecting high-risk DR.

Novel treatment of papillomatous conjunctival lesions using pattern scanning laser photocoagulation: 1-Year results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and 1-year effect of pattern scanning laser photocoagulation treatment for pedunculated papillomatous and sessile conjunctival lesions in a low-resource setting with extremely limited operating room access. METHODS: Adult patients with clinical diagnosis of conjunctival papilloma underwent complete ophthalmologic exam including anterior segment photography. After topical anesthesia and toluidine blue 1% instillation, the lesion was treated by pattern scanning photocoagulation using a duration time that varied from 20 to 100 ms and power from 600 to 1800 mW, treating the entire lesion surface with a 2 mm margin. Patients were examined weekly for a month then monthly and underwent retreatment as necessary. RESULTS: Six patients and seven eyes that had clinically significant non-malignant pedunculated or sessile papillomatous lesions were treated. All lesions responded to treatment, with complete resolution after an average of 2.3 sessions. Procedures were well tolerated with only minor mild discomfort persisting up to two days post-treatment. Patients were followed for a mean follow-up time of 13 months with no recurrences reported. CONCLUSION: Short-term results of the pattern scanning laser photocoagulation approach, with toluidine blue for papillomatous conjunctival lesions are favorable with a 100% success rate in this cohort. This rate is comparable to surgical excision. This novel strategy proved to be a less resource intensive alternative that not only could demonstrate its usefulness in settings with chronic operating room shortages, but also in recurrent cases. Longer follow-ups with a larger sample size and cost-analysis are necessary to confirm our findings.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Chorioretinal Diseases.

Fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) have been the gold standard for the evaluation of retinal and choroidal vasculature in the last three decades and have revolutionized the diagnosis of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. The advantage of these imaging modalities lies in their ability to document retinal and choroidal vasculature through the dynamic assessment of contrast transit over time in the intravascular and extravascular spaces. However, disadvantages include the absence of depth resolution, blurring of details by contrast leakage, and the inability to selectively evaluate different levels of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature. In addition, these angiographic methods require intravenous dye, which may cause adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and rarely, anaphylaxis. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive imaging technique that, in contrast to dye-based angiography, is faster and depth-resolved, allowing in some cases for more precise evaluation of the vascular plexuses of the retina and choroid. The method has been demonstrated in the assessment of various vascular diseases such as venous occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, macular neovascularization, and others. Limitations of this imaging modality include a small registered field of view and the inability to visualize leakage and dye transit over time. It is also subject to a variety of artifacts, including those generated by blinking and eye movement during image acquisition. However, more than an alternative for FA and ICGA, OCTA is bringing new insights to our understanding of retinal and choroidal vascular structure and is changing fundamental paradigms in the clinical management of pathologic conditions. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:848-861.].

A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a new, non-invasive imaging technique that generates volumetric angiography images in a matter of seconds. This is a nascent technology with a potential wide applicability for retinal vascular disease. At present, level 1 evidence of the technology's clinical applications doesn't exist. In this paper, we introduce the technology, review the available English language publications regarding OCTA, and compare it with the current angiographic gold standards, fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Finally we summarize its potential application to retinal vascular diseases. OCTA is quick and non-invasive, and provides volumetric data with the clinical capability of specifically localizing and delineating pathology along with the ability to show both structural and blood flow information in tandem. Its current limitations include a relatively small field of view, inability to show leakage, and proclivity for image artifact due to patient movement/blinking. Published studies hint at OCTA's potential efficacy in the evaluation of common ophthalmologic diseases such age related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, artery and vein occlusions, and glaucoma. OCTA can detect changes in choroidal blood vessel flow and can elucidate the presence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a variety of conditions but especially in AMD. It provides a highly detailed view of the retinal vasculature, which allows for accurate delineation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in diabetic eyes and detection of subtle microvascular abnormalities in diabetic and vascular occlusive eyes. Optic disc perfusion in glaucomatous eyes is notable as well on OCTA. Further studies are needed to more definitively determine OCTA's utility in the clinical setting and to establish if this technology may offer a non-invasive option of visualizing the retinal vasculature in detail.

Avaliação clínica de duas ke0 no mesmo modelo farmacocinético de propofol: estudo da perda e recuperação da consciência / Clinical evaluation of two ke0 in the same pharmacokinetic propofol model: study on loss and recovery of consciousness / Evaluación clínica de dos ke0 en el mismo modelo farmacocinético de propofol: estudio de la pérdida y de la recuperación de la conciencia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A constante de equilíbrio entre o plasma e o sítio efetor (ke0) é utilizada pelos modelos farmacocinéticos para prever a concentração do fármaco em seu local de ação (Ce). Seria interessante que a Ce de propofol fosse semelhante na perda e na recuperação da consciência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho clínico de duas diferentes ke0 (rápida = 1,21 min-1 e lenta = 0,26 min-1) com relação à Ce durante a perda e a recuperação da consciência, usando o modelo farmacocinético de Marsh. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo 20 voluntários adultos sadios do sexo masculino. Em todos os voluntários, administrou-se propofol em regime de infusão alvo-controlada, modelo farmacocinético de Marsh ke0 rápida e, em outra oportunidade, usou-se o mesmo modelo farmacocinético com a ke0 lenta. Inicialmente, o propofol foi infundido em concentração-alvo plasmática de 3,0µg.mL-1. A perda de consciência e a recuperação de consciência basearam-se na resposta ao estímulo verbal. A Ce foi anotada no momento da perda e da recuperação da consciência. RESULTADOS: Na perda e na recuperação da consciência a Ce pela ke0 rápida foi diferente (3,64 ± 0,78 e 1,47 ± 0,29µg.mL-1, respectivamente, p < 0,0001), enquanto com a ke0 lenta a Ce foi semelhante (2,20 ± 0,70 e 2,13 ± 0,43µg.mL-1, respectivamente, p = 0,5425). CONCLUSÕES: Do ponto de vista clínico, a ke0 lenta (0,26 min-1) incorporada ao modelo farmacocinético de Marsh apresentou melhor desempenho que a ke0 rápida (1,21 min-1), uma vez que a concentração de propofol prevista em seu local de ação na perda e recuperação da consciência foi semelhante.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The constant equilibrium between the plasma and effect site (ke0) is used by pharmacokinetic models to calculate a drug concentration in its site of action (Ce). It would be interesting if Ce of propofol was similar at loss and recovery of consciousness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two different ke0 (fast = 1.21 min-1, and slow = 0.26 min-1) in relation to Ce during loss and recovery of consciousness using Marsh pharmacokinetic model. METHODS: Twenty healthy adult male volunteers participated in this study. In all volunteers propofol was administered as target-controlled infusion, Marsh pharmacokinetic model for fast ke0 and, at a different time, the same pharmacokinetic model with slow ke0 was used. Initially, propofol was infused with a serum target-controlled infusion of 3.0 µg.mL-1. Loss of consciousness and recovery of consciousness were based on response to verbal stimulus. Ce was recorded at the moment of loss and recovery of consciousness. RESULTS: On loss and recovery of consciousness, the Ce for fast ke0 was different (3.64 ± 0.78 and 1.47 ± 0.29 µg.mL-1, respectively, p < 0.0001), while with slow ke0 the Ce was similar (2.20 ± 0.70 and 2.14 ± 0.43 µg.mL-1, respectively, p = 0.5425). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, the slow ke0 (0.26 min-1) incorporated in the Marsh pharmacokinetic model showed better performance than the fast ke0 (1.21 min-1), since the calculated concentration of propofol at the effect site on loss and recovery of consciousness was similar.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La constante de equilibrio entre el plasma y el sitio efector (ke0), se usa por los modelos farmacocinéticos para prever la concentración del fármaco en su región de acción (Ce). Sería interesante que el Ce de propofol fuese similar en la pérdida y en la recuperación de la conciencia. El objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar el desempeño clínico de dos diferentes ke0 (rápida = 1,21 min-1 y lenta = 0,26 min-1), con relación a la Ce durante la pérdida y la recuperación de la conciencia, usando el modelo farmacocinético de Marsh. MéTODO: Participaron en este estudio, 20 voluntarios adultos sanos del sexo masculino. A todos los voluntarios se les administró propofol en régimen de infusión objeto controlada, modelo farmacocinético de Marsh ke0 rápida y en otro momento, se usó el mismo modelo farmacocinético con a ke0 lenta. Inicialmente, el propofol se infundió en concentración-objeto plasmática de 3,0 µg.mL-1. La pérdida de la conciencia y la recuperación de la conciencia estuvieron basadas en la respuesta al estímulo verbal. La Ce fue anotada en el momento de la pérdida y de la recuperación de la conciencia. RESULTADOS: En la pérdida y en la recuperación de la conciencia, la Ce por la ke0 rápida, fue diferente (3,64 ± 0,78 y 1,47 ± 0,29 µg.mL-1, respectivamente, p < 0,0001), mientras que con la ke0 lenta la Ce fue parecida (2,20 ± 0,70 y 2,13 ± 0,43 µg.mL-1, respectivamente, p = 0,5425). CONCLUSIONES: Desde el punto de vista clínico, la ke0 lenta (0,26 min-1) incorporada al modelo farmacocinético de Marsh, presentó un mejor desempeño que la ke0 rápida (1,21 min-1), pues la concentración de propofol prevista en su región de acción en la pérdida y en la recuperación de la conciencia fue similar.

Clinical evaluation of two Ke0 in the same pharmacokinetic propofol model: study on loss and recovery of consciousness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The constant equilibrium between the plasma and effect site (ke0) is used by pharmacokinetic models to calculate a drug concentration in its site of action (Ce). It would be interesting if Ce of propofol was similar at loss and recovery of consciousness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two different ke0 (fast = 1.21 min(-1), and slow = 0.26 min(-1)) in relation to Ce during loss and recovery of consciousness using Marsh pharmacokinetic model. METHODS: Twenty healthy adult male volunteers participated in this study. In all volunteers propofol was administered as target-controlled infusion, Marsh pharmacokinetic model for fast ke0 and, at a different time, the same pharmacokinetic model with slow ke0 was used. Initially, propofol was infused with a serum target-controlled infusion of 3.0 µg.mL(-1). Loss of consciousness and recovery of consciousness were based on response to verbal stimulus. Ce was recorded at the moment of loss and recovery of consciousness. RESULTS: On loss and recovery of consciousness, the Ce for fast ke0 was different (3.64 ± 0.78 and 1.47 ± 0.29 µg.mL(-1), respectively, p < 0.0001), while with slow ke0 the Ce was similar (2.20 ± 0.70 and 2.14 ± 0.43 µg.mL(-1), respectively, p = 0.5425). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, the slow ke0 (0.26 min(-1)) incorporated in the Marsh pharmacokinetic model showed better performance than the fast ke0 (1.21 min(-1)), since the calculated concentration of propofol at the effect site on loss and recovery of consciousness was similar.

Bilateral macular hemorrhage as a complication of drug-induced anemia: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral macular hemorrhage is a rare ocular finding and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such hemorrhages as a presentation of drug-induced anemia. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 14-year-old Caucasian boy who presented with a toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and was treated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. Three months later, he presented with a bilateral macular hemorrhage as a complication of a toxic induced anemia. CONCLUSION: Our patient presented with toxic anemia secondary to the treatment of a very common disease, ocular toxoplasmosis. Prophylactic use of folinic acid could prevent such complications but in many cases, it is not prescribed owing to its cost or is mistakenly substituted with folic acid, which does not present as a valid substitute.

Comparação da medida da espessura corneana central com os métodos de microscopia especular e paquimetria ultrassônica / Comparison of central corneal thickness measurements with specular microscopic pachymetry

Objetivo: Comparar a medida da espessura corneana central (ECC) obtida com a microscopia especular de não-contato e o paquímetro ultrassônico em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos:A espessura corneana central foi medida em 80 olhos de 80 indivíduos saudáveis com os métodos de microscopia especular de não-contato (Pocket II Quantel medical), seguido da paquimetria ultrassônica de contato (Topcon SP-2000P). Pacientes com doenças oculares, usuários de lente de contato ou história de cirurgia refrativaforam excluídos do estudo. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t pareado de Student para determinar a significância da ECC entre os dois instrumentos. Resultados: A média da espessura corneana central foi 524.60 µm (DP ± 29.98) quando usado a paquimetria ultrassônica, e 507.25 µm (DP ± 29.82) com a microscopia especular de não-contato. A diferença entre os dois instrumentos foi 17.35 µm (DP ± 6.069). As medidas da microscopia especular de não-contato foram significativamente menores (p< 0,0001) que as medidas ultrassônicas. Conclusão: A medida da espessura corneana central apresentou valores maiores quando avaliada com o paquímetro ultrassônico em comparação com as medidas da microscopia especular de não-contato.

Purpose: To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by non-contact specular microscopic and ultrasound pachymeter in normal humansubjects. Methods: Central corneal thickness was measured in 80 right eyes of 80 healthy subjects with a non-contact specular microscope (Pocket II Quantel medical) and ultrasound pachymeter (Topcon SP-2000P). Patients with ocular disease, contact lens wearers or refractive surgerywere excluded. Paired Student t-test was used to determine significance of CCT between the two instruments.Results: Mean central corneal thickness was 524.60 µm (SD ± 29.98) when using the ultrasound pachymeter, and507.25 µm (SD ± 29.82) with the non-contact specular microscope. The difference between the instruments was17.35 µm (SD ± 6.069). The non-contact specular microscope measurements were significantly smaller (p< 0,0001) than the ultrasound measurements.Conclusion:The measurement of central corneal thickness had greater values with the ultrasonic pachymeter than non-contactspecular microscope measurements.

Survival analysis of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation in eyes with total limbal stem cell deficiency.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the survival of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and the influence of several parameters as cause of LSCD, dry eye, keratinization, eyelid abnormalities, HLA compatibility, systemic immunosuppression, and keratoplasty (PKP) on surgical outcome. DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. METHODS: Thirty-three eyes of 31 patients with total LSCD that underwent conjunctival limbal grafts and AMT at the Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo were included in this study. Cumulative graft survival as well as the influence of several variables on surgical outcome was analyzed. RESULTS: Ten eyes (30%) underwent conjunctival limbal autograft and 23 (70%) underwent conjunctival limbal allograft from living HLA-matched donor. Graft survival was seen in 13 eyes (40%) at 1 year and in 11 eyes (33.3%) at 2 years, with a cumulative survival of 33% after a mean follow-up time of 33 months. Increase in postoperative visual acuity was observed in 20 eyes (60.6%) during this period. Marked impact on graft survival was observed for patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dry eye, keratinization, eyelid abnormalities, and allogeneic conjunctival limbal transplantation (independently of HLA compatibility) (P < .05). Preoperative dry eye was the most important prognostic parameter for surgical outcome (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival limbal grafts associated with AMT are useful for restoring corneal epithelium phenotype in eyes with total LSCD. However, the cumulative survival declines substantially over a 2-year period. Considering all investigated variables, dry eye was the most important prognostic parameter.