RESUMEN
Temperature is thought to be a key factor influencing global species richness patterns. We investigate the link between temperature and diversification in the butterfly family Pieridae by combining next generation DNA sequences and published molecular data with fine-grained distribution data. We sampled nearly 600 pierid butterfly species to infer the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family and curated a distribution dataset of more than 800,000 occurrences. We found strong evidence that species in environments with more stable daily temperatures or cooler maximum temperatures in the warm seasons have higher speciation rates. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates decreased in tandem with global temperatures through geological time, resulting in a constant net diversification.
RESUMEN
Euryades corethrus is a Troidini butterfly (Papilionidae, Papilioninae), endemic to grasslands in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay. Formerly abundant, nowadays it is in the Red list of endangered species for those areas. During its larval stage, it feeds on Aristolochia spp, commonly found in southern grasslands. These native grassland areas are diminishing, being converted to crops and pastures, causing habitat loss for Aristolochia and E. corethrus. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of E. corethrus. We sampled eight populations from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and based on Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular marker, our results suggest a low genetic variability between populations, presence of gene flow and, consequently, lack of population structure. A single maternally inherited-genetic marker is insufficient for population-level decisions, but barcoding is a useful tool during early stages of population investigation, bringing out genomic diversity patterns within the target species. Those populations likely faced a bottleneck followed by a rapid expansion during the last glaciation and subsequent stabilization in effective population size. Habitat loss is a threat, which might cause isolation, loss of genetic variability and, ultimately, extinction of E. corethrus if no habitat conservation policy is adopted.
Asunto(s)
Aristolochia , Mariposas Diurnas , Animales , Mariposas Diurnas/genética , Pradera , Larva , ArgentinaRESUMEN
We report the Bombycoidea and Mimallonoidea (Lepidoptera) observed at the the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Suls (UFRGS) Agronomic Research Station in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil from September 7th to November 6th, 2018. This research station is situated in the Campos Sulinos (southern Brazilian grasslands) environment. As part of our inventory, we report the following Bombycoidea: 29 species of Sphingidae, 26 species of Saturniidae, at least seven species of Apatelodidae, and at least four species of Bombycidae. Within Mimallonidae we recorded eight species. New state records include the following Sphingidae: Xylophanes alineae, X. crenulata, and Perigonia stulta; and Mimallonidae: Mimallo grisea and the genus Menevia. Our study represents the first inventory of moths from this location and one of the few from the Campos Sulinos more broadly.
Asunto(s)
Lepidópteros , Mariposas Nocturnas , Animales , Brasil , PraderaRESUMEN
Wild primates that live in urban areas face extreme threats that are less frequent in nonurban fragments, such as the presence of dangerous matrix elements (e.g., roads, power lines, buildings, and a high density of domestic dogs near food patches), that could influence their movements, feeding behavior, and survival. However, the scarcity of studies addressing this issue hinders our understanding of the behavioral adjustments that favor the survival of primates in urban areas. For 12 months, we studied a six-individual group of brown howlers (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in an urban fragment to determine (i) their diet richness and its relationships with food availability, (ii) their daily path length (DPL) and the matrix elements used during movement, and (iii) the main ecological drivers of the DPL. Sampling effort totaled 72 days, 787 hr, and 3,224 instantaneous scans. We found that the diet of brown howlers contained 35 plant species (including seven cultivated crops) belonging to 33 genera and 21 families. The consumption of fruits and young leaves was directly related to their temporal availability. The average DPL (446 m) was smaller than that reported for groups of howlers inhabiting large nonurban fragments. To move between food patches, animals used three main matrix elements: trees, power lines, and roofs. The number of plant species used during the day was the main driver of DPL. Our findings highlighted that the generalist-opportunistic diet of brown howlers and their ability to move across the anthropogenic matrix using artificial elements such as power lines, roofs, and wildlife crossings represent a remarkable part of their behavioral repertory in Lami. However, there are potential costs associated with these strategies, namely, electrocution and predation by domestic dogs. Thus, it is urgent to further investigate how these behaviors could affect the long-term survival of these animals.
Asunto(s)
Alouatta/fisiología , Ecosistema , Conducta Alimentaria , Animales , Conducta Apetitiva , Brasil , Ciudades , Dieta/veterinaria , Femenino , Frutas , Fenómenos de Retorno al Lugar Habitual , Masculino , Hojas de la Planta , ÁrbolesRESUMEN
Lepidopterism by Hylesia nigricans (Berg) moth is recorded for the first time in southern Brazil. Preventive strategies of control are proposed based on information on the biology and ecology of this moth.
Asunto(s)
Mariposas Nocturnas/clasificación , Plantas/parasitología , Animales , Brasil , Dermatitis por Contacto/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Regulación de la Población/métodos , Densidad de Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Razón de MasculinidadRESUMEN
Lepidopterism by Hylesia nigricans (Berg) moth is recorded for the first time in southern Brazil. Preventive strategies of control are proposed based on information on the biology and ecology of this moth.
É registrado pela primeira vez o lepidopterismo provocado pela mariposa Hylesia nigricans (Berg) para o sul do Brasil. São apresentados alguns aspectos da biologia da espécie e relatadas medidas como estratégia preventiva de controle.
Asunto(s)
Lepidópteros/anatomía & histología , Lepidópteros/clasificación , Mariposas NocturnasRESUMEN
The order Thysanoptera comprises mostly phytophagous or fungivorous species, with a few species that are predators. Recent studies have emphasized the diversity of behavioural patterns amongst these diminutive insects. From the 5,500 species known worldwide, about 10 percent are recorded from Brazil, mostly tropical areas. In this work we surveyed the Thysanoptera fauna of a southern locality, 800 km south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The study site was ''Parque Estadual de Itapuã'' (30°22'S 51°02'W), Viamão, RS, and thrips were sampled from wild flowers, branches, grass and litter, from June 1999 to May 2001. A total of 83 species in 32 genera was found, but only 29 of these species could be identified, emphasizing the poor knowledge of the insect fauna of southern Brazil.
A ordem Thysanoptera reúne espécies fitófagas, fungívoras e algumas predadoras. Estudos recentes têm enfatizado a diversidade de padrões de comportamentos desses pequenos insetos. Das 5.500 espécies conhecidas dispersas pelo mundo, aproximadamente 10 por cento foram registradas no Brasil (a maioria em áreas tropicais). Neste trabalho, efetuou-se o levantamento da tisanopterofauna meridional, 800 km ao sul do Trópico de Capricórnio. A área de estudo foi o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (30°22'S 51°02'W), Viamão, RS, com os tripes coletados em flores, ramos, gramíneas e folhedo, de junho/1999 a maio/2001. O total de 83 espécies foi encontrado em 32 gêneros, porém apenas 29 dessas espécies puderam ser identificadas, demonstrando como a fauna de insetos do sul do Brasil carece de estudos.
RESUMEN
A flutuação populacional, a mortalidade nas fases imaturas e a longevidade dos adultos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) foram estudadas em um cultivo de Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) naFaculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS (30o 05 S e 51o 13 O). De novembro de 1996 a março de 1997, foram realizadas amostragens em 30 ocasiões. Em cada ocasião, 23 plantas eram inspecionadas e o número de ovos e ninfas por ínstar eram contados e adultos eram marcados/recapturados. A mortalidade dos imaturos foi estimada pela diferença entre os picos populacionais dos sucessivos ínstares em cada planta. O parasitismo foi avaliado com base nacoloração dos ovos. Duas gerações desenvolveram-se ao longo do ciclo da cultura. As mortalidades para fases imaturas foram 93,6 ± 3,19% e 99,8 ± 0,20% para a primeira e segunda gerações, respectivamente. A mais alta taxa de mortalidade ocorreu em ninfas jovens e ovos. O parasitismo em ovos foi 8,9 ± 8,48% e 36,2 ± 3,63% para a primeira e segunda gerações, respectivamente. A razão sexual foi de 0,42 e a longevidade média dos adultos foi, no mínimo, 19,2 ± 1,00 dias, na primeira geração e 12,6 ± 2,52 dias, na segunda geração. O crescimento populacional de S. dentiventris foi drasticamente limitado por fatores de mortalidade; entre estes, os parasitóides Gryon gallardoi (Brethes)e Neorileya ashmeadi Crawford são responsáveis por parte das perdas em ovos e o reduvídio Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus Stål exerce aparentemente papel importante na predação de ninfas.
The population fluctuations, mortality in the immature phases and longevity of theSpartocera dentiventris (Berg) adults were studied in an experimental plot of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) at the Faculdade de Agronomia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PortoAlegre, RS, Brazil (30o 05 S and 51o 13 W). From November 1996 to March 1997, 30 sampling occasions were carried out: 23 plants were inspected and the number of eggs and nymphs per instar counted and adults marked / recaptured. Mortality in immature bugs was estimated by the difference between the population peaks in successive instars per plants. Parasitism was evaluated based on the egg colour. Two generations developed through the cycle of the crop, the various instars overlapping in both generations. The mortality rates for immature phase were 93.6 ± 3.19% and 99.8 ± 0.20% for thefirst and second generations respectively. The highest rates of mortality occurred in young nymphs andeggs. Egg parasitization rates were 8.9 ± 8.48% and 36.2 ± 3.63% for the first and second generations respectively. Sex ratio was 0.42 and minimum average longevity for adults was 19.2 ± 1.00 days in the first and 12.6 ± 2.52 days in the second generation. Population growth was dramatically limited by mortality factors; amongst these, the parasitoids Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) and Neorileya ashmeadi Crawford account for much of the eggs losses and it is suggested that the reduvid Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus Stål plays an important role preying upon nymphs.
RESUMEN
Hibernating adults of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) were collected from May to December of 2000, in a bamboo thicket located in Eldorado do Sul County (30º 02 S e 51º 23 W), RS. The fungi isolation was done from dead insects, which presented a white micelial growth, in PDA culture medium. The pathogenicity of the isolate was tested in laboratory conditions using three concentrations of conidium suspension (5 x 105; 5 x 107; 1.25 x 109 conidia/ml). The fungus was identified as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and was deposited in a culture collection of entomopathogenic fungi in Embrapa Sojawith access number Bb353. The isolate was pathogenic in all concentrations, being the highest mortality (84.4%) recorded in 1.25 x 109 conídios/ml concentration. This is the first record of this fungus on O. poecillus, in natural conditions.
Adultos hibernantes de Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) foram coletados de maio a dezembro de 2000, em um taquaral situado no município de Eldorado do Sul (30º 02 S e 51º 23 W), RS. A partir deum inseto morto que apresentava crescimento micelial branco sobre o corpo, realizou-se o isolamento do fungo em meio de cultura BDA. Em laboratório testou-se a patogenicidade do isolado em três concentrações de suspensões de conídios (5 x 105; 5 x 107; 1,25 x 109 conídios/ml). O fungo foi identificado como Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., e armazenado na coleção de culturas de fungos entomopatogênicos da Embrapa Soja com o número de acesso Bb353. O isolado mostrou-se patogênico em todas as concentrações utilizadas, sendo o maior percentual de mortalidade (84,4%) registrado na concentração mais elevada de conídios. Este foi o primeiro registro, em condições naturais, de B. bassiana sobre O. poecilus.
