Evolution of antiseizure medication use and cost in the United States of America 2006-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution in use and cost of antiseizure medications (ASM) in the United States of America (USA). METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database (data of privately-insured patients) for the years 2006 to 2021. We identified patients with epilepsy who were on ASM. We adjusted cost for inflation with the Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator. RESULTS: We evaluated 347,158 patients (46.9 % males; median (p25-p75) age: 33 (17-49) years; 28 % with pediatric-onset epilepsy and 72 % with adult-onset epilepsy) with a total of 1,385,382 person-years and 588,285,065 ASM prescription days. The most commonly prescribed (as percentage of prescription days) ASMs in 2006 were valproate (18 %) and lamotrigine (17 %) in pediatric-onset epilepsy and phenytoin (21 %) and carbamazepine (17 %) in adult-onset epilepsy, but starting in the 2010s, levetiracetam and lamotrigine became the most commonly prescribed ASMs in both pediatric-onset (in 2021, levetiracetam 25 %, lamotrigine 16 %) and adult-onset (in 2021, levetiracetam 27 %, lamotrigine 20 %) epilepsy. The proportion of generic ASM use increased 3.6-fold: from 23 % of prescription days in 2006 to 83 % of prescription days in 2021. The median (p25-p75) average wholesale price (AWP) per person-year increased by 102 % from $2,684 ($990-$5,509) in 2006 to $5,417 ($2,858-$12,310) in 2021. The increases were greater in absolute terms for brand-name ASMs by 419 %: $3,109 ($1,564-$5,068 in 2006 and $16,149 ($12,950-$23,377) in 2021 than for generic ASMs by 462 %: $699 ($457-$1,678) in 2006 and $3,931 ($2,618-$6,081) in 2021. The costs directly borne by the patient (copay, coinsurance, deductibles, and pharmacy processing fees) increased by 69 % for brand-name ASMs from $393 ($246-$570) in 2006 to $665 ($335-$1,308) in 2021, but decreased by 37 % for generic ASMs from $147 ($98-$213) in 2006 to $92 ($51-$141) in 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The median cost of ASMs per person-year approximately doubled from 2006 to 2021. The increase in use of generic ASMs probably helped buffer the growing costs of ASMs. However, generic ASMs already represent 83 % of prescription days in 2021, with limited room to further contain costs by just increasing the proportion of generics.

Temporal trends in the cost and use of first-line treatments for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal trends in the cost and use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), oral prednisolone, and vigabatrin, the first-line treatments for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS). METHODS: Retrospective observational study using the MarketScan Commercial database from 2006 to 2020. We identified patients with IESS diagnosed between birth and 18 months of age who received at least one of the first-line treatments within 60 days of diagnosis. Costs were adjusted for inflation using the Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator. RESULTS: A total of 1131 patients received at least one first-line treatment (median [p25 -p75 ] age: 6.3 [4.5-8.3] months, 55% male), of whom 592 patients received ACTH, 363 patients received oral prednisolone, and 355 patients received vigabatrin. After adjusting for inflation, the median average wholesale price of a 14-day course of treatment increased for ACTH from $3718 in 2006 to $100 457 in 2020, ~2700% (by a factor of 27), whereas it decreased for oral prednisolone from $169 in 2006 to $89 in 2020, ~50% (by a factor of 0.5), and increased for vigabatrin from $1206 in 2009 (first year with data on vigabatrin used for IESS) to $4102 in 2020, ~340% (by a factor of 3.4). During the first 60 days after diagnosis, inpatient admission days and costs where higher for ACTH than for oral prednisolone and vigabatrin-5.0 (3.0-8.3) days vs 2.0 (0.0-5.0) days vs 2.0 (0.0-6.0) days, p < .0001; and $32 828 ($14 711-$67 216) vs $16 227 ($0-$35 829) vs $17 844 ($0-$47 642), p < .0001. ACTH use decreased from representing 78% of first-line treatments in 2006 to 18% in 2020 (p < .0001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. SIGNIFICANCE: The gap between the cost of ACTH and the cost of oral prednisolone or vigabatrin has widened markedly from 2006 to 2020, whereas the relative proportion of ACTH use has decreased.

Health care resource utilization and costs before and after epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographics of epilepsy surgery utilization and its impact on health care resource use. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study using the MarketScan commercial claims database. We studied children and adults who underwent epilepsy surgery in the USA in the period 2006-2019. Our main outcome was health care resource utilization. RESULTS: Among the 87,368 patients with refractory epilepsy, 2,011 (2.3%) patients underwent resective epilepsy surgery, 188 (0.2%) patients underwent partial or total hemispherectomy, and 183 (0.2%) patients underwent corpus callosotomy. The proportion of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery has barely increased in the period 2006 to 2019. The year of resective epilepsy surgery was associated with high healthcare costs per person-year [median (p25-p75): $140,322 ($88,749-$225,862)], but healthcare costs per person-year substantially decreased in the 5 years after compared to the 5 years before the year of resective epilepsy surgery [$7,691 ($2,738-$22,092) versus $18,750 ($7,361-$47,082), p-value < 0.0001]. This result held in all resective epilepsy surgery subgroups: children, adults, temporal, extratemporal, subdural EEG monitoring, stereoEEG monitoring, and no intracranial monitoring. Similarly, the year of hemispherectomy was associated with high healthcare costs per person-year [$260,983 ($154,791-$453,986)], but healthcare costs per person-year substantially decreased in the 5 years after compared to the 5 years before the year of hemispherectomy [$26,834 ($12,842-$52,627) versus $54,596 ($19,547-$136,412), p-value < 0.0001]. In contrast, the year of corpus callosotomy was associated with high healthcare costs per person-year [$162,399 ($108,150-$253,156)], but healthcare costs per person-year did not substantially decrease in the 5 years after than in the 5 years before the year of corpus callosotomy [$25,464 ($10,764-$69,338) versus $36,221 ($12,841-$85,747), p-value = 0.2142]. CONCLUSION: In privately insured patients in the USA, resective epilepsy surgery and hemispherectomy substantially decrease healthcare utilization in subsequent years. Epilepsy surgery may help contain costs in the field of epilepsy.