From Hospital to Home: An Intensive Transitional Care Management Intervention for Patients with COVID-19.

Implementing emergency department (ED) and hospital patient throughput management coupled with at-home medical and tele-management upon discharge may increase surge capacity during national emergencies and pandemics. This novel intensive transitional care management (ITCM) intervention presents the opportunity to optimize hospital bed capacity through prevention of inpatient admissions for patients who could be discharged home safely with appropriate in-home medical support and tele-management. This observational cohort intervention was conducted between April 7, 2020 and April 30, 2020, at the 4 largest inpatient facilities of RWJBarnabas Health System in New Jersey. The intervention group included a convenience sample of 192 patients who were evaluated in the ED, monitored in the observation unit, or admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection. Their outcomes were compared to a matched comparison group of 593 patients who were admitted with the same COVID-19-related diagnosis and severity. The primary outcome was the reduction in inpatient days as a result of the intervention that included provision of at-home oxygen supplementation therapy, expanded home care services, and tele-management sessions. Secondary outcomes were re-encounters with the health system in the ED, observation unit, or inpatient readmissions. A total of 481.6 hospital patient days were avoided for 78 patients who had been discharged from the ED or observation unit stays. Secondary analysis included hospital readmission rates. The ITCM intervention demonstrated a feasible strategy for improving throughput of patients with COVID-19, resulting in increased hospital bed capacity.

Do Employees From Less-Healthy Communities Use More Care and Cost More? Seeking to Establish a Business Case for Investment in Community Health.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined the impact of community health on employers. We explored whether employed adults and their adult dependents living in less-healthy communities in the greater Philadelphia region used more care and incurred higher costs to employers than employees from healthier communities. METHODS: We used a multi-employer database to identify adult employees and dependents with continuous employment and mapped them to 31 zip code regions. We calculated community health scores at the regional level, by using metrics similar to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) County Health Rankings but with local data. We used descriptive analyses and multilevel linear modeling to explore relationships between community health and 3 outcome variables: emergency department (ED) use, hospital use, and paid claims. Business leaders reviewed findings and offered insights on preparedness to invest in community health improvement. RESULTS: Poorer community health was associated with high use of ED services, after controlling for age and sex. After including a summary measure of racial composition at the zip code region level, the relationship between community health and ED use became nonsignificant. No significant relationships between community health and hospitalizations or paid claims were identified. Business leaders expressed interest in further understanding health needs of communities where their employees live. CONCLUSION: The health of communities in which adult employees and dependents live was associated with ED use, but similar relationships were not seen for hospitalizations or paid claims. This finding suggests a need for more primary care access. Despite limited quantitative evidence, business leaders expressed interest in guidance on investing in community health improvement.

Health Literacy: Cancer Prevention Strategies for Early Adults.

Health literacy, the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand health information and services needed to make health decisions, is an essential element for early adults (aged 18-44 years) to make informed decisions about cancer. Low health literacy is one of the social determinants of health associated with cancer-related disparities. Over the past several years, a nonprofit organization, a university, and a cancer center in a major urban environment have developed and implemented health literacy programs within healthcare systems and in the community. Health system personnel received extensive health literacy training to reduce medical jargon and improve their patient education using plain language easy-to-understand written materials and teach-back, and also designed plain language written materials including visuals to provide more culturally and linguistically appropriate health education and enhance web-based information. Several sustainable health system policy changes occurred over time. At the community level, organizational assessments and peer leader training on health literacy have occurred to reduce communication barriers between consumers and providers. Some of these programs have been cancer specific, including consumer education in such areas as cervical cancer, skin cancer, and breast cancer that are targeted to early adults across the cancer spectrum from prevention to treatment to survivorship. An example of consumer-driven health education that was tested for health literacy using a comic book-style photonovel on breast cancer with an intergenerational family approach for Chinese Americans is provided. Key lessons learned from the health literacy initiatives and overall conclusions of the health literacy initiatives are also summarized.

The Impact of the Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents on Their Use and the Incidence of Stroke in Medicare Subjects with Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia with Lung and/or Breast Cancers.

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), found to be effective in reducing anemia in chemotherapy-treated cancer patients, also are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke. In an attempt to mitigate the risk, the Food and Drug Administration implemented a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) in February 2010. The purpose of this study is to evaluate change over time in the incidence of stroke among these patients before and after implementation of REMS. A retrospective data analysis using the Medicare 5% Sample Dataset, 2008-2011, was performed. Patients had to be 65 years of age or older at the start of at least 1 year of continuous enrollment and to have lung and/or breast cancers along with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) in both pre-REMS and post-REMS periods (1Q2008 through 4Q2009 and 1Q2010 through 4Q2011, respectively). Logistic regression was used to evaluate differences in proportions of patients who received ESAs and experienced a stroke pre and post REMS. The pre-REMS cohort included 1252 eligible patients prescribed ESAs; the post-REMS cohort included 949 patients. No statistically significant change in stroke incidence was observed post REMS among patients with CIA who received ESAs. There was a 29.5% decrease in ESA use in patients with lung cancer and a 27.8% decrease in patients with breast cancer. Both were statistically significant. Results adjusted for baseline characteristics and comorbid conditions were similar. There was a statistically significant decrease in ESA use in patients with breast and/or lung cancers post REMS; no statistically significant reduction in the incidence of stroke was observed regardless of cancer type.

Gap Between Evidence and Patient Access: Policy Implications for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery in the Treatment of Obesity and its Complications.

Despite consistently supportive evidence of clinical effectiveness and economic advantages compared with currently available non-surgical obesity treatments, patient access to bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) is impeded. To address this gap and better understand the relationship between value and access, the objectives of this study were twofold: (i) identify the multidimensional barriers to adoption of BMS created by clinical guidelines, public policies, and health technology assessments; and, most importantly, (ii) develop recommendations for stakeholders to improve patient access to BMS. Updated public policies focused on treatment and clinical guidelines that reflect the demonstrated advantages of BMS, patient education on safety and effectiveness, updated reimbursement policies, and additional data on long-term BMS effectiveness are needed to improve patient access.

Population-based worksite obesity management interventions: a qualitative case study.

Due to the increased prevalence of obesity and associated direct and indirect costs to employers, weight management programs have become an integral component of employer and insurer benefits plans. The programs vary in foci, scope, breadth, and implementation. The aim of this study was to explore promising employer-sponsored population-based obesity management programs. A case study that utilized a telephonic semi-structured questionnaire was conducted with small and large organizations located in different regions of the United States that had been recruited to participate. Eight employers and 1 health care advocacy coalition who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed about features of their weight management programs. The case study revealed a number of themes consistent with reports in the literature and reflecting cited best practices. Key findings include confirmation that weight management is a significant component of the wellness strategy in all participating organizations because employers are invested in population health programs and cost savings. Based upon their experience and knowledge, occupational health specialists are responsible for designing, implementing, managing, and evaluating employee health programs. Almost all employers utilize electronic media as a prominent component of wellness and disease management initiatives. Experience has shown that incentives-both financial and nonmonetary-are effective motivators for employee engagement and outcomes. However, while employers report success, favorable outcomes have been difficult to quantify.

High rates of inappropriate drug use in the chronic pain population.

Chronic opioid treatment is a highly effective method to treat chronic pain; however, the prevalence of abuse of opioids can make treating patients with these agents difficult for clinicians. The objective of this study was to describe rates of inappropriate utilization, abuse, and diversion in a population of patients who were prescribed chronic opioids, as measured by urine drug testing in the clinical setting. A retrospective analysis was conducted of results from all urine drug tests conducted by Ameritox, Ltd. between January 2006 and January 2009, for patients whose physicians ordered the test in order to screen for noncompliance. Data from 938,586 patient test samples showed that 75% of patients were unlikely to be taking their medications in a manner consistent with their prescribed pain regimen. Thirty-eight percent of patients were found to have no detectable level of their prescribed medication, 29% had a nonprescribed medication present, 27% had a drug level higher than expected, 15% had a drug level lower than expected, and 11% had illicit drugs detected in their urine. Note that all categories add to a total greater than 100% as each category is not mutually exclusive, and a single patient could fall into multiple categories. The high observed rate of noncompliance demonstrates a significant clinical concern and confirms the importance of periodic urine drug screening for the population prescribed long-term opioid therapy.

Use of an algorithm applied to urine drug screening to assess adherence to an oxycontin regimen.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the ability of an algorithm applied to urine drug levels of oxycodone in healthy adult volunteers to differentiate among low, medium, and high doses of OxyContin. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Thirty-six healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 80, 160, or 240 mg of daily OxyContin to steady state while under a naltrexone blockade. During days 3 and 4 of the study, urine samples of all participants were collected, and oxycodone levels detected in the urine were obtained using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) assay. OUTCOME MEASURES: The concordance was calculated for raw and adjusted LC-MS-MS urine oxycodone values within each study participant between their third and fourth day values. Also, an analysis of medians was calculated for each of the dosage groupings using Bonett-Price confidence intervals for both raw and adjusted LC-MS-MS values. RESULTS: The concordance correlation coefficient for the raw LC-MS-MS values between days 3 and 4 was 0.689 (95% confidence intervals = 0.515, 0.864), whereas the concordance correlation coefficient for the LC-MS-MS values using the algorithm (ie, normalized values) was 0.882 (95% confidence intervals = 0.808, 0.956). Because of greater variability in the raw values, some overlap was observed in the confidence intervals of the various OxyContin doses, whereas no overlap was observed in the normalized confidence intervals regardless of the application of a Bonferroni adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to raw LC-MS-MS values, an algorithm that normalizes oxycodone urine drug levels for pH, specific gravity, and lean body mass discriminates well among all three of the daily doses of OxyContin tested (80, 160, and 240 mg), even with correcting for multiple analyses.