Chronotype and Time of Day Effects on a Famous Face Recognition Task with Dynamic Stimuli.

Chronotype and Time of Day (ToD) can modulate several aspects of cognitive performance. However, there is limited evidence about the effect of these variables on face recognition performance, so the aim of the present study is to investigate this influence. For this, 274 participants (82.5% females; age 18-49 years old, mean = 27.2, SD = 1.82) were shown 20 short videoclips, each gradually morphing from a general identity unfamiliar face to a famous face. Participants should press the spacebar to stop each video as soon as they could identify the famous face, and then provide the name or an unequivocal description of the person. Analysis of response times (RT) showed that evening-types recognised the faces faster than morning-types. Considering different ToD windows, the effect of chronotype was only significant in the 13h-17h and in the 21h-6h time-windows. Altogether, results suggest an advantage of evening-types on famous face recognition using dynamic stimuli with morning-types, being particularly slower during their non-optimal period.

El cronotipo y la hora del día pueden modular varios aspectos del rendimiento cognitivo. Sin embargo, existen pocas pruebas sobre el efecto de estas variables en el rendimiento en el reconocimiento de caras, por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio es investigar esta influencia. Para ello, se mostraron a 274 participantes (82.5% mujeres; edad 18-49 años, media = 27.2, DE = 1.82) 20 videoclips cortos, cada uno de los cuales pasaba gradualmente de una cara desconocida de identidad general a una cara famosa. Los participantes debían pulsar la barra espaciadora para detener cada vídeo en cuanto pudieran identificar la cara famosa y, a continuación, proporcionar el nombre o una descripción inequívoca de la persona. El análisis de los tiempos de respuesta (TR) mostró que los participantes vespertinos reconocían las caras más rápidamente que los matutinos. Considerando diferentes ventanas de hora del día, el efecto del cronotipo solo fue significativo en las ventanas temporales de 13h-17h y de 21h-6h. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren una ventaja de los tipos vespertinos en el reconocimiento de caras famosas al utilizar estímulos dinámicos, siendo los tipos matutinos particularmente más lentos durante su periodo no óptimo.

Cohesin contributes to transcriptional repression of stage-specific genes in the human malaria parasite.

The complex life cycle of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is driven by specific transcriptional programs, but it is unclear how most genes are activated or silenced at specific times. There is an association between transcription and spatial organization; however, the molecular mechanisms behind genome organization are unclear. While P. falciparum lacks key genome-organizing proteins found in metazoans, it has all core components of the cohesin complex. To investigate the role of cohesin in P. falciparum, we functionally characterize the cohesin subunit Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 3 (SMC3). SMC3 knockdown during early stages of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) upregulates a subset of genes involved in erythrocyte egress and invasion, which are normally expressed at later stages. ChIP-seq analyses reveal that during the IDC, SMC3 enrichment at the promoter regions of these genes inversely correlates with gene expression and chromatin accessibility. These data suggest that SMC3 binding contributes to the repression of specific genes until their appropriate time of expression, revealing a new mode of stage-specific gene repression in P. falciparum.

YES, WE COPE: Dyadic Coping as a Mediator Between Perceived Relationship Quality and Emotional Representation of COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about social changes that have impacted the functioning and dynamics of couples in a romantic relationship, arising from the overwhelming amount of added stress they have endured. Specifically, the divorce rate in Portugal has increased after lockdown, which underscores the adverse consequences of COVID-19 on couples. A lower quality of the couple's relationship may worsen the emotional representation of COVID-19; however, the literature suggests that perceived partner dyadic coping responses have a great influence on adverse events. The aim of the present study was to assess the mediating role of partner coping in the association between relationship quality and emotional representation of COVID-19. We also sought to observe whether the length of the relationship moderates this association. Methods: Participants (N = 528) were adults living in Portugal (84.7% female) currently in a romantic relationship with their current partner for at least 1 year. Online data collection. Results: We found that relationship quality predicted COVID-19 emotional representation, but this association was fully mediated by total dyadic coping. This association was especially significant in couples with a shorter length of time in the relationship. Conclusions: We point out the importance of dyadic coping as a protective factor against emotional distress to cope with the ongoing stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. These data suggest the need for relationship education programs that promote positive coping between partners. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10379-4.

The Impact of Sleep on Face Recognition Memory: A Scoping Review.

Sleep has a major impact on a variety of human biological and cognitive functions. In particular, its impact on memory has attracted extensive research and has been amply demonstrated. However, it is still unclear whether sleep, or lack thereof, affects the ability to recognize faces. To clarify this, we conducted a scoping review on studies that included a face recognition memory task and any kind of sleep manipulation in adults without any sleep pathology. A systematic search and synthesis of peer-reviewed journal articles identified through the electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and PubMed was performed. A final sample of 18 articles, corresponding to 19 studies, met the eligibility criteria. The results of 13 articles suggested that sleep benefited face recognition ability, whereas two articles indicated a detrimental effect of sleep on performance, and four articles found no significant effects. This review highlights the high methodological variability between studies, in terms of sleep manipulation, retention interval, tasks used to probe face recognition, and other variables. In sum, although around one third of the studies show a beneficial effect of sleep on memory for faces, we suggest that future research should invest in replicating these findings with a stricter control of potentially confounding variables to allow stronger conclusions to be drawn.

The Interplay between Chronotype and Emotion Regulation in the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion.

Emotion regulation strategies affect the experience and processing of emotions and emotional stimuli. Chronotype has also been shown to influence the processing of emotional stimuli, with late chronotypes showing a bias towards better processing of negative stimuli. Additionally, greater eveningness has been associated with increased difficulties in emotion regulation and preferential use of expressive suppression strategies. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the interplay between chronotype and emotion regulation on the recognition of dynamic facial expressions of emotion. To that end, 287 participants answered self-report measures and performed an online facial emotion recognition task from short video clips where a neutral face gradually morphed into a full-emotion expression (one of the six basic emotions). Participants should press the spacebar to stop each video as soon as they could recognize the emotional expression, and then identify it from six provided labels/emotions. Greater eveningness was associated with shorter response times (RT) in the identification of sadness, disgust and happiness. Higher scores of expressive suppression were associated with longer RT in identifying sadness, disgust, anger and surprise. Expressive suppression significantly moderated the relationship between chronotype and the recognition of sadness and anger, with chronotype being a significant predictor of emotion recognition times only at higher levels of expressive suppression. No significant effects were observed for cognitive reappraisal. These results are consistent with a negative bias in emotion processing in late chronotypes and increased difficulty in anger and sadness recognition for expressive suppressor morning-types.

Transient transfection of Babesia ovis using heterologous promoters.

Babesia species, etiological agents of babesiosis, a recognized emerging tick-borne disease, are a significant animal and human health concern with a worldwide socio-economic impact. The development of genetic manipulation techniques, such as transfection technology, is pivotal to improve knowledge regarding the biology of these poorly studied parasites towards better disease control strategies. For Babesia ovis, responsible for ovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease of small ruminants, these tools are not yet available. The present study was based on the existence of interchangeable cross-species functional promoters between Babesia species. Herein, we describe for the first time B. ovis transient transfection using two heterologous promoters, the ef-1α-B intergenic regions from B. bovis and B. ovata. Their ability to drive expression of a reporter luciferase in B. ovis supports their cross-species functionality. Also, the ef-1α-B promoter region from B. ovata resulted in statistically significantly higher luminescence values in comparison to the control, thus a possibly suitable promoter for stable gene expression. Evaluation of transfection efficiency using qPCR demonstrated that higher luminescence levels were due to promoter strength rather than a higher transfection efficiency. These findings represent a step forward in the development of methods for B. ovis genetic manipulation, an undoubtedly necessary tool to study this parasite basic biology, including its life cycle, the parasite interactions with host cells and virulence factors.

Correlation structure in hierarchical linear modelling: An illustration with the therapeutic alliance.

Previous studies have found an association between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome, but only recently have researchers begun to analyse time-lagged relationships between session-to-session measures of alliance and outcomes with hierarchical linear modelling (HLM). HLM assumes simple correlation structures between any two measurements from the same client. In this paper, we suggest that this assumption might be problematic. Session-to-session measurements of outcomes (Outcome Questionnaire-10.2) and alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) in a sample (N = 63) were used to perform HLM analyses to test time-lagged (lag +1) relations between outcomes and alliance in both directions. A first set of analyses replicated the models consistently used in the literature, whereas a second set of models considered a correlation structure as a function of time. A correlation independent of time distance resulted in a bidirectional influence between alliance and outcomes (the model commonly used in the literature), but when considering a correlation structure as a function of time, only the outcomes were predictive of alliance. Considering a more complex correlation structure as a function of time seems to be an important analytical strategy for addressing the issue of variability in within-client measurements over time. This study highlights how the misspecification of a statistical model, namely, not considering a time-dependent correlation structure of the response variable, may lead to misleading findings in HLM studies. This is particularly relevant in process-outcome research, such as studies analysing the impact of therapeutic alliance on clinical outcomes.

Perceção dos enfermeiros de cuidados paliativos sobre a intervenção do enfermeiro de reabilitação / Perception of palliative care nurses on the intervention of the rehabilitation nurse

Enquadramento: Os Cuidados Paliativos, sendo cuidados de saúde exigentes e humanizados, intervêm sobretudo no sofrimento das pessoas com doenças graves e/ou avançadas e irreversíveis, maximizando, quanto possível, a sua qualidade de vida e dignidade. Com o mesmo propósito intervém a enfermagem de reabilitação num cuidar especializado, no sentido de otimizar o conforto e bem-estar da pessoa, porém nem sempre reconhecido pelos seus pares. Assim pretendemos conhecer a perceção dos enfermeiros sobre a intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação nas pessoas internadas em Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com recurso à análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram colhidos junto de uma amostra de 13 enfermeiros, sendo 12 do sexo feminino e 1 do sexo masculino. Eram todos licenciados em enfermagem e exerciam a sua atividade profissional em Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos. Para a recolha de dados recorreu-se a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Resultados: Observámos que os enfermeiros da nossa amostra têm uma perceção muito positiva acerca da intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em reabilitação nas Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos, considerando-o como agente facilitador na satisfação das necessidades do doente, destacando a sua intervenção sobretudo aos níveis da cinesiterapia respiratória, promoção/preservação da autonomia/independência do doente, mobilização, treino da deglutição/disfagia e massagem. Conclusões: A visão dos enfermeiros sobre a intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em reabilitação nas unidades de Cuidados Paliativos é positiva salientando a importância da sua intervenção na manutenção das capacidades funcionais dos doentes, a prevenção de riscos/complicações e a promoção de intervenções terapêuticas que objetivem a melhoria das funções residuais e reduzam o impacto das incapacidades resultantes da doença.

Background: Palliative Care, being a demanding and humanized health care, mainly involves the suffering of people with serious and / or advanced and irreversible diseases, maximizing, as much as possible, their quality of life and dignity. With the same purpose, rehabilitation nursing intervenes in a specialized care, in order to optimize the comfort and well-being of the person, but not always recognized by their peers. Thus we intend to know the nurses' perception about the intervention of the nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing in the people hospitalized in Palliative Care Units. Methods: Qualitative study using content analysis. Data were collected from a sample of 13 nurses, 12 females and 1 males. They were all licensed in nursing and exercised their professional activity in Palliative Care Units. For the collection of data a semi-structured interview was used. Results: We observed that the nurses in our sample have a very positive perception about the intervention of the specialist nurse in rehabilitation in the Palliative Care Units, considering it as a facilitating agent in the patient's needs, emphasizing their intervention mainly at the levels of kinesitherapy respiratory therapy, promotion / preservation of autonomy / independence of the patient, mobilization, deglutition / dysphagia training and massage. Conclusions: The nurses' view on the intervention of the nurse specialist in rehabilitation in the Palliative Care units is positive, emphasizing the importance of their intervention in the maintenance of the functional capacities of the patients, the prevention of risks / complications and the promotion of therapeutic interventions that aim to improve and reduce the impact of disability resulting from the disease.

Identidade dialógica, alteridade e afetividade / Dialogical self, alterity and affectivity

Resumo Neste artigo teórico, partimos do princípio de que os processos humanos de significação e de conhecimento se consubstanciam e se desenvolvem em interdependência com os outros, para abordarmos a identidade pessoal como um espaço dialógico entre um Eu e um Outro (uma pessoa, um grupo, uma comunidade, uma sociedade), dinamicamente regulado por afetos. A inerência dialógica da vida psicológica é abordada - i.e., o papel dos outros na constituição da subjetividade humana - e, particularmente, as dimensões afetivas e motivacionais desse processo.

Abstract In this theoretical paper we assume that human processes of meaning-making and knowledge are embodied and developed in interdependence with the Other(s) in order to approach personal identity as a dialogical space between the I and the Other (an I-position, a person, a group, a community, a society) dynamically regulated by affection. The dialogical inherence of psychological life is addressed, i.e., the role of otherness in the constitution of human subjectivity and particularly the affective and motivational dimensions of this process.

Reconceptualization innovative moments as a predictor of symptomatology improvement in treatment for depression.

OBJECTIVES: In previous studies, reconceptualization innovative moments were associated with successful psychotherapy. Reconceptualization has two components-(a) a positive temporal contrast between the past self and the present self (contrasting self [CS]) and (b) a description of how and/or why this change has occurred (change process [CP])-from the perspective of the client. The aim of this study is to analyse if CS and CP have the same association with outcomes as reconceptualization. METHOD: Sixteen cases of clients with major depression (305 sessions) were analysed. Longitudinal regression models were used to explore if proportions of CS, CP, and reconceptualization predicted outcome measures and if outcome measures predicted CS, CP, and reconceptualization. RESULTS: Reconceptualization is less frequent than CS and CP taken separately, but reconceptualization was a better predictor of treatment outcomes than were its separate components. Moreover, symptom improvement did not predict reconceptualization. CONCLUSION: The construction of new meanings is important in improving depressive symptomatology. Psychotherapists can elicit these new meanings in their regular practice by posing questions that may help clients to conceptualize what is changing in themselves (CS) and questions of how this change is occurring (CP). The construction of an integrative account of these new meanings is associated with psychotherapeutic gains, and thus, reconceptualizing change could improve symptoms of depression.

Deciphering Babesia-Vector Interactions.

Understanding host-pathogen-tick interactions remains a vitally important issue that might be better understood by basic research focused on each of the dyad interplays. Pathogens gain access to either the vector or host during tick feeding when ticks are confronted with strong hemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses. A prominent example of this is the Babesia spp.-tick-vertebrate host relationship. Babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic apicomplexan organisms spread worldwide, with a complex life cycle. The presence of transovarial transmission in almost all the Babesia species is the main difference between their life cycle and that of other piroplasmida. With more than 100 species described so far, Babesia are the second most commonly found blood parasite of mammals after trypanosomes. The prevalence of Babesia spp. infection is increasing worldwide and is currently classified as an emerging zoonosis. Babesia microti and Babesia divergens are the most frequent etiological agents associated with human babesiosis in North America and Europe, respectively. Although the Babesia-tick system has been extensively researched, the currently available prophylactic and control methods are not efficient, and chemotherapeutic treatment is limited. Studying the molecular changes induced by the presence of Babesia in the vector will not only elucidate the strategies used by the protozoa to overcome mechanical and immune barriers, but will also contribute toward the discovery of important tick molecules that have a role in vector capacity. This review provides an overview of the identified molecules involved in Babesia-tick interactions, with an emphasis on the fundamentally important ones for pathogen acquisition and transmission.

Narrative Changes Predict a Decrease in Symptoms in CBT for Depression: An Exploratory Study.

OBJECTIVE: Innovative moments (IMs) are new and more adjusted ways of thinking, acting, feeling and relating that emerge during psychotherapy. Previous research on IMs has provided sustainable evidence that IMs differentiate recovered from unchanged psychotherapy cases. However, studies with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are so far absent. The present study tests whether IMs can be reliably identified in CBT and examines if IMs and symptoms' improvement are associated. METHODS: The following variables were assessed in each session from a sample of six cases of CBT for depression (a total of 111 sessions): (a) symptomatology outcomes (Outcome Questionnaire-OQ-10) and (b) IMs. Two hierarchical linear models were used: one to test whether IMs predicted a symptom decrease in the next session and a second one to test whether symptoms in one session predicted the emergence of IMs in the next session. RESULTS: Innovative moments were better predictors of symptom decrease than the reverse. A higher proportion of a specific type of IMs-reflection 2-in one session predicted a decrease in symptoms in the next session. Thus, when clients further elaborated this type of IM (in which clients describe positive contrasts or elaborate on changes processes), a reduction in symptoms was observed in the next session. DISCUSSION: A higher expression and elaboration of reflection 2 IMs appear to have a facilitative function in the reduction of depressive symptoms in this sample of CBT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Elaborating innovative moments (IMs) that are new ways of thinking, feeling, behaving and relating, in the therapeutic dialogue, may facilitate change. IMs that are more predictive of amelioration of symptoms in CBT are the ones focused on contrasts between former problematic patterns and new adjusted ones; and the ones in which the clients elaborate on processes of change. Therapists may integrate these kinds of questions (centred on contrasts and centred on what allowed change from the client's perspective), in the usual CBT techniques. When elaborating these IMs successfully, therapists may expect an improvement in symptoms in the next session of psychotherapy.

Three narrative-based coding systems: Innovative moments, ambivalence and ambivalence resolution.

Narrative and dialogical perspectives suggest that personal meaning systems' flexibility is an important resource for change in psychotherapy. Drawn from these theoretical backgrounds, a research program focused on the identification of Innovative Moments (IMs)-exceptions to the inflexible meaning systems present in psychopathological suffering-has been carried out. For this purpose, three process-oriented coding systems were developed: The IMs Coding System, the Ambivalence Coding System, and the Ambivalence Resolution Coding System. They allow, respectively, for the study of change, ambivalence, and ambivalence resolution in therapy. This paper presents these coding systems, the main findings that resulted from their application to different samples and therapeutic models, the main current and future lines of research, as well as the clinical applications of this research program.

Ferritin 1 silencing effect in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) during experimental infection with Ehrlichia canis.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) is a very common ectoparasite of domestic dogs able to transmit several pathogens of human and veterinary importance. Tick infestations and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) remain a serious and persistent problem, due to the lack of efficient control measures. It is therefore vital that novel approaches to control are pursued. Whilst vaccination is recognised as a potential control method to reduce tick infestation, no anti-R. sanguineus vaccine is available. Ticks depend on their blood meals to obtain nutrients and to achieve sexual maturity, which exposes them to vast amounts of iron. Although an essential molecule for several biological processes, its excess can lead to oxidative stress. Iron homeostasis is achieved with the help of iron-binding proteins called ferritins, among others, present in several tick tissues and developmental stages. These evolutionarily conserved proteins regulate iron homeostasis by storing and releasing iron in a controlled manner. In this study the R. sanguineus ferritin 1 gene was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi) in adult females exposed to an experimental infection with Ehrlichia canis. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of this protein in tick feeding, ovary development, oogenesis, and pathogen acquisition. Our data has shown that silencing ferritin 1 alters tick competence to normally engorge and causes morphologic and histochemical changes in the ovaries (OV) and oocytes. Furthermore, our data revealed that no E. canis DNA was found in either experimental group. Determining the function of molecules that act in key biological processes, such as blood digestion or reproduction, and that could be considered potential tick antigens will contribute towards the improvement of current control measures against these ectoparasites and the pathogens they vector.

A multivocalidade identitária: riscos e desafios de uma metáfora aglutinadora / Identity multivoicedness: risks and challenges of a unifying metaphor / La multivocalité identitaire: risques et défis d'une métaphore unificatrice / La identidad multivocal: riesgos y desafíos de una metáfora unificadora

Resumo: Os artigos apresentados representam diferentes aplicações da teoria do self dialógico. Partindo deste conjunto de contributos teórico-empíricos, desenvolvemos uma reflexão em torno da metáfora da multivocalidade identitária centrada em duas dimensões complementares: a necessidade de uniformização e transversalidade e a necessidade de inovação e diversidade. Nesse sentido, apresentamos uma revisão conceptual de três conceitos-chave desta perspectiva teórica (posição de identidade, voz e posicionamento) e uma análise das interligações com a perspectiva semiótica, a perspectiva cultural e a perspectiva desenvolvimental.

Abstract: These articles represent different applications of the dialogical self theory. From this set of theoretical and empirical contributions, we have developed a reflection on the metaphor of identity multivoicedness. We focused on two complementary dimensions: the need for standardization and transversality and the need for innovation and diversity. In this sense, we present a conceptual review of three key concepts of this theoretical perspective (I-position, voice and positioning) and an analysis of the interconnections with the semiotic perspective, the cultural perspective and the developmental perspective.

Résumé: Les articles présentés représentent différentes applications de la théorie du self dialogique. À partir de cet ensemble de contributions théoriques et empiriques, nous développons une réflexion autour de la métaphore de la multivocalité identitaire centrée sur deux dimensions complémentaires: la nécessité de la normalisation et de la transversalité, et la nécessité de l'innovation et de la diversité. Ainsi, nous présentons une révision conceptuelle de trois concepts clés de cette perspective théorique (position de l'identité, voix et positionnement) et une analyse des interconnexions avec la perspective sémiotique, la perspective culturelle et la perspective développementale.

Resumen: Los artículos presentados representan diferentes aplicaciones de la teoría del self dialógico. Desde este conjunto de aportaciones teórico-empíricas, se desarrolla una reflexión sobre la metáfora multivocal identitaria centrada en dos dimensiones complementarias: la necesidad de uniformización y de transversalidad; y la necesidad de innovación y diversidad. En este sentido, se presentan una revisión conceptual de tres conceptos clave -posición de identidad, voz y posicionamiento- y un análisis de las interconexiones con la perspectiva semiótica, cultural y de desarrollo.

A multivocalidade identitária: riscos e desafios de uma metáfora aglutinadora / Identity multivoicedness: risks and challenges of a unifying metaphor / La multivocalité identitaire: risques et défis d'une métaphore unificatrice / La identidad multivocal: riesgos y desafíos de una metáfora unificadora

Os artigos apresentados representam diferentes aplicações da teoria do self dialógico. Partindo deste conjunto de contributos teórico-empíricos, desenvolvemos uma reflexão em torno da metáfora da multivocalidade identitária centrada em duas dimensões complementares: a necessidade de uniformização e transversalidade e a necessidade de inovação e diversidade. Nesse sentido, apresentamos uma revisão conceptual de três conceitos-chave desta perspectiva teórica (posição de identidade, voz e posicionamento) e uma análise das interligações com a perspectiva semiótica, a perspectiva cultural e a perspectiva desenvolvimental.(AU)

These articles represent different applications of the dialogical self theory. From this set of theoretical and empirical contributions, we have developed a reflection on the metaphor of identity multivoicedness. We focused on two complementary dimensions: the need for standardization and transversality and the need for innovation and diversity. In this sense, we present a conceptual review of three key concepts of this theoretical perspective (I-position, voice and positioning) and an analysis of the interconnections with the semiotic perspective, the cultural perspective and the developmental perspective.(AU)

Les articles présentés représentent différentes applications de la théorie du self dialogique. À partir de cet ensemble de contributions théoriques et empiriques, nous développons une réflexion autour de la métaphore de la multivocalité identitaire centrée sur deux dimensions complémentaires: la nécessité de la normalisation et de la transversalité, et la nécessité de l'innovation et de la diversité. Ainsi, nous présentons une révision conceptuelle de trois concepts clés de cette perspective théorique (position de l'identité, voix et positionnement) et une analyse des interconnexions avec la perspective sémiotique, la perspective culturelle et la perspective développementale.(AU)

Los artículos presentados representan diferentes aplicaciones de la teoría del self dialógico. Desde este conjunto de aportaciones teórico-empíricas, se desarrolla una reflexión sobre la metáfora multivocal identitaria centrada en dos dimensiones complementarias: la necesidad de uniformización y de transversalidad; y la necesidad de innovación y diversidad. En este sentido, se presentan una revisión conceptual de tres conceptos clave -posición de identidad, voz y posicionamiento- y un análisis de las interconexiones con la perspectiva semiótica, cultural y de desarrollo.(AU)

Setbacks in the process of assimilation of problematic experiences in two cases of emotion-focused therapy for depression.

OBJECTIVE: Research on the assimilation model has suggested that psychological change takes place in a sequence of stages punctuated by setbacks, that is, by transient reversals in the developmental course. This study analyzed such setbacks in one good outcome case and one poor outcome case of Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for depression. METHOD: Intensive analyses of five transcribed sessions from each case identified 26 setbacks in the good outcome case and 27 in the poor outcome case. The reason for each setback was classified into one of four categories: balance strategy, exceeding the therapeutic zone of proximal development either induced by the therapist (ZPD-T) or induced by the client (ZPD-C), or spontaneous switches. RESULTS: In the good outcome case the most frequent reasons for setbacks were balance strategy and spontaneous switches, whereas in the poor outcome case the most frequent reason for setbacks was ZPD-T. CONCLUSIONS: As in previously studied therapies, setbacks in EFT, usually represent productive work on relatively less advanced strands of the client's major problems. Results point to the importance of the therapist attending to the limits of the client's therapeutic ZPD.

Estratégias dialógicas de auto-organização da identidade: psicoterapia e reestruturação da gestão interna / Dialogical self strategies of self-organization: psychotherapy and restructuring of internal management

A identidade tem sido um conceito central na literatura em psicologia e na forma como as diferentes abordagens terapêuticas têm concebido os processos de mudança. Entre as inúmeras perspectivas desenvolvidas sobre essa dimensão do ser humano, destacamos o paradigma dialógico que tem vindo a influenciar de forma crescente a teoria e prática em psicoterapia. Segundo esta perspectiva, a funcionalidade psicológica está relacionada com o modo como os indivíduos conseguem articular e colocar em diálogo produtivo as suas várias vozes ou posições de identidade. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão da literatura sobre as estratégias que subjazem a essa capacidade auto-organizadora do sistema identitário e sobre as diretrizes que poderão orientar uma intervenção terapêutica dialógica quando essa capacidade se torna disfuncional.

Self-concept has been playing a crucial role in psychological literature and in the way the different therapeutic approaches conceive the processes of change. From the diverse perspectives developed about this human dimension, we emphasise the dialogical paradigm that has been increasingly influential in the psychotherapeutic theory and practice. According to the dialogical perspective the psychological well-being is dependent on the way individuals articulate and maintain productive dialogues between the different voices of the self or "I-Positions". In this paper we present a review of the literature on the strategies that underlie this self-regulatory ability of the self-system and the guidelines of the dialogical therapeutic intervention that could be used when these self-regulatory strategies become dysfunctional.

Estratégias dialógicas de auto-organização da identidade: psicoterapia e reestruturação da gestão interna / Dialogical self strategies of self-organization: psychotherapy and restructuring of internal management

A identidade tem sido um conceito central na literatura em psicologia e na forma como as diferentes abordagens terapêuticas têm concebido os processos de mudança. Entre as inúmeras perspectivas desenvolvidas sobre essa dimensão do ser humano, destacamos o paradigma dialógico que tem vindo a influenciar de forma crescente a teoria e prática em psicoterapia. Segundo esta perspectiva, a funcionalidade psicológica está relacionada com o modo como os indivíduos conseguem articular e colocar em diálogo produtivo as suas várias vozes ou posições de identidade. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão da literatura sobre as estratégias que subjazem a essa capacidade auto-organizadora do sistema identitário e sobre as diretrizes que poderão orientar uma intervenção terapêutica dialógica quando essa capacidade se torna disfuncional.(AU)

Self-concept has been playing a crucial role in psychological literature and in the way the different therapeutic approaches conceive the processes of change. From the diverse perspectives developed about this human dimension, we emphasise the dialogical paradigm that has been increasingly influential in the psychotherapeutic theory and practice. According to the dialogical perspective the psychological well-being is dependent on the way individuals articulate and maintain productive dialogues between the different voices of the self or "I-Positions". In this paper we present a review of the literature on the strategies that underlie this self-regulatory ability of the self-system and the guidelines of the dialogical therapeutic intervention that could be used when these self-regulatory strategies become dysfunctional.(AU)