Biocompatibility of hydrogel derived from equine tendon extracellular matrix in horses subcutaneous tissue.

Tendinopathies account for a substantial proportion of musculoskeletal injuries. To improve treatment outcomes for partial and total tendon ruptures, new therapies are under investigation. These include the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and biocompatible scaffolds derived from the Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Synthetic polymer hydrogels have not demonstrated results as promising as those achieved with ECM hydrogels sourced from the original tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of a hydrogel formulated from equine tendon ECM. Six horses were administered three subcutaneous doses of the hydrogel, with a saline solution serving as a control. Biopsies were conducted on days 7, 14, and 56 post-application to gauge the hydrogel's impact. Throughout the experiment, the horse's physical condition remained stable. Thermographic analyses revealed a temperature increase in the treated groups compared to the control group within the initial 12 h. The von Frey test, used to measure the mechanical nociceptive threshold, also showed significant differences between the treated group and the control group at 6 h, 21 days, and 28 days. Histopathological analyses identified an inflammatory response on day 7, which was absent on days 14 and 56. Transmission electron microscopy indicated a decrease in inflammatory cellularity, while immunohistochemistry staining suggested an increased presence of inflammatory factors on day 14. In summary, the hydrogel is easily injectable, triggers a temporary local inflammatory response, and integrates into the adjacent tissue from day 14 onwards.

Production of Cytotoxic Antibodies After Intra-Articular Injection of Allogeneic Synovial Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells With and Without LPS Administration.

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are widely used in clinical routine due to the shorter expansion time and reliability of its quality. However, some recipients can produce alloantibodies that recognize MSCs and activate the immune system, resulting in cell death. Although antibody production was already described after MSC injection, no previous studies described the immune response after intra-articular MSC injection in acute synovitis. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of inflammation on immune response after single and repeated intra-articular injections of synovial membrane MSC (SMMSC). Horses were divided in three groups: control group (AUTO) received autologous synovial membrane MSCs; whereas group two (ALLO) received allogeneic SMMSCs and group three (ALLO LPS) was submitted to acute experimental synovitis 8 h before SMMSCs injection. The procedure was repeated for all groups for 28 days. Physical and lameness evaluations and synovial fluid analysis were performed. Sera from all animals were obtained before and every 7 days after each injection up to 4 weeks, to perform microcytotoxicity assays incubating donor SMMSCs with recipients' sera. The first injection caused a mild and transient synovitis in all groups, becoming more evident and longer in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups after the second injection. Microcytotoxicity assays revealed significant antibody production as soon as 7 days after SMMSC injection in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups, and cytotoxicity scores of both groups showed no differences at any time point, being equally different from AUTO group. Although inflammation is capable of inducing MHC expression in MSCs, which enhances immune recognition, cytotoxicity scores were equally high in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups, making it difficult to determine the potentiation effect of inflammation on antibody production. Our findings suggest that inflammation does not display a pivotal role in immune recognition on first allogeneic MSC injection. In a translational way, since specific antibodies were produced against MSCs, patients that need more than one MSC injection may benefit from a first allogeneic injection followed by subsequent autologous injections.

Aspectos da locomoção e bases gerais dos andamentos básicos naturais dos equinos / Aspects of locomotion and general bases of basic natural gait of horses / Aspectos de locomoción y bases generales de la marcha natural básica en caballos

A locomoção é a função do organismo que permite executar os movimentos corporais e o deslocamento do centro de gravidade em qualquer direção. Os andamentos são considerados formas de locomoção, que podem ser habilidades inatas ou adquiridas, e se classificam em naturais ou artificiais e em básicos ou especiais. Os básicos naturais são o passo, a andadura, o trote e o galope de três e quatro tempos. Entre os andamentos naturais especiais estão as marchas, como a picada e a batida, presentes em algumas raças de equinos brasileiras, e as modalidades de "paso" ocorrentes nos cavalos passo fino Peruano, fino Colombiano e fino de Porto Rico. Nos andamentos os equinos movimentam os membros locomotores, deslocam o corpo com características como a velocidade, sequência dos momentos de apoio e elevação, além de mostrar as pegadas, as pistas e as batidas, que são características biomecânicas que definem os andamentos. O estudo dos andamentos é parte vinculante da biomecânica/cinesiologia e, portanto, deve ser compreendido além da anatomia funcional ou da fisiologia, da medicina esportiva e do estudo das claudicações. Esta revisão tem por objetivo revisar e descrever os conceitos gerais da locomoção e os diferentes andamentos naturais em equinos.(AU)

Locomotion is the function of the organism that allows the execution of body movements and displacement of the center of gravity in any direction. Gaitsare the forms of locomotion that can be innate or acquired skills, classified as natural or artificial and as basic or special. The natural basic gaits are the walk, pace, trot and three-and four-beat gallop. Among the special natural gaits are the gaits, such as the "marcha batida" and "marcha picada", observed in some Brazilian horse breeds, and the "paso" modalities that occur in Peruvian fine, Colombian fine and Puerto Rican fine horses. In the gaits, the horses move the limbs, move the body with characteristics such as speed, sequence of moments of bearing and elevation, and show the footprints, tracks and beats, which are biomechanical characteristics of the gaits. The study of gaits is a complementary part of biomechanics/kinesiology and must be understood beyond functional anatomy or physiology, sports medicine and the study of lameness. This literature review aims to describe the general concepts of locomotion and the different natural gaits in horses.(AU)

La locomoción es la función del organismo que permite la ejecución de movimientos corporales y el desplazamiento del centro de gravedad en cualquier direcciónde un entorno. Los modos de andar se consideran formas de locomoción que pueden ser habilidades innatas o adquiridas, clasificadas en naturales o artificiales y en básicas o especiales. Los fundamentos naturales son el paso, la ambladura, el trote, el galope de tres y cuatro tiempos. Entre los aires naturales especiales están los aires, como las "marchas batida" y "marcha picada", presentes en las razas de caballos brasileños, y las modalidades de "paso" que se dan en los caballos finos peruanos, finos colombianos y finos puertorriqueños. En las marchas, los caballos mueven las extremidades locomotoras, mueven el cuerpo con características como velocidad, secuencia de momentos de apoyo y elevación, además de mostrar las pisadas, huellas y golpes, que son características biomecánicas que definen las marchas. El estudio de revision de la marcha es una parte vinculante de la biomecánica/kinesiología y, por lo tanto, debe entenderse más allá de la anatomía o fisiología funcional, la medicina deportiva y el estudio de la cojera, siendo estos partes de la "ciencia equina". Este material tiene como objetivo revisar y describir los conceptos generales de locomoción y los diferentes aires naturales en los caballos.(AU)

In Vitro Biological Performance of Alginate Hydrogel Capsules for Stem Cell Delivery.

Encapsulation of biological components in hydrogels is a well described method for controlled drug delivery of proteins, tissue engineering and intestinal colonization with beneficial bacteria. Given the potential of tissue engineering in clinical practice, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of encapsulation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of mules in sodium alginate. We evaluated capsule morphology and cell viability, immunophenotype and release after encapsulation. Circular and irregular pores were observed on the hydrogel surface, in which MSCs were present and alive. Capsules demonstrated good capacity of absorption of liquid and cell viability was consistently high through the time points, indicating proper nutrient diffusion. Flow cytometry showed stability of stem cell surface markers, whereas immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of CD44 and absence of MHC-II through 7 days of culture. Stem cell encapsulation in sodium alginate hydrogel is a feasible technique that does not compromise cell viability and preserves their undifferentiated status, becoming a relevant option to further studies of tridimensional culture systems and in vivo bioactive agents delivery.

Adjuvant intraperitoneal ceftriaxone in the treatment of septic peritonitis in horses.

BACKGROUND: Intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone maintains therapeutic abdominal concentrations for 24 hours in healthy horses. Therefore, it is a possible treatment for septic peritonitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ceftriaxone as an adjuvant treatment in horses with septic peritonitis. METHODS: Twenty-six horses with clinical signs, sonography and/or laboratory findings of septic peritonitis were included. Peritoneal fluid was collected for microbiological culture and in vitro microbial sensitivity profile assessment. Daily intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg) was initiated with supportive and systemic antimicrobial treatment. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1-gastrointestinal tract injuries and abdominal surgery (excluding perforations/ruptures); group 2-not related to changes in the gastrointestinal tract; group 3-secondary to intestinal rupture and/or faeces contamination. RESULTS: The mean success rate of the treatment was 77 per cent (20/26 animals), with success rates of 84.6 per cent in group 1; 87.5 per cent, group 2; and 40 per cent, group 3. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report adjuvant intraperitoneal treatment ceftriaxone for septic peritonitis in horses and indicates that this treatment can successfully treat septic peritonitis in horses.

Considerações sobre o uso da crioterapia como método preventivo da laminite aguda em equinos / Considerations on the use of cryotherapy as a preventive method of acute laminitis in horse / Consideraciones para el uso de crioterapia cómo método de prevención de la laminitis aguda en los caballos

A laminite é uma doença inflamatória das lâminas internas do casco, a qual acarreta na degeneração de estruturas de sustentação da terceira falange. Esta possui três fases, de acordo com a sua evolução, a saber: a fase de desenvolvimento, a fase aguda, e por fim, a fase crônica, A crioterapia foi instituída com o intuito de prevenir ou minimizar o processo inflamatório presente na primeira fase da doença. Este método terapêutico tem como finalidade proporcionar certo grau de analgesia, diminuir o metabolismo local, levando a uma resposta vascular, de modo a diminuir a chegada dos mediadores do processo inflamatório aos tecidos. Para que o método apresente resultado satisfatório, é necessário o conhecimento sobre a técnica e o uso de equipamentos adequados, a fim de que haja uma resposta eficiente.

Laminitis is an inflammatory disease of the internal laminae of the hoof, which leads to degeneration of support structures of the third phalanx. According to its evolution, this disease has three phases: the first corresponds to the development phase, the second one, is the acute phase, and finally, the chronic phase of the disease. The cryotherapy was instituted with the purpose of preventing or minimizing the inflammatory process present in the first phase of the disease. This therapeutic method aims to provide a certain degree of analgesia, decrease local metabolism, leading to a vascular response, so as to decrease the influx of inflammatory mediators to the tissues. In order to present a satisfactory result from this the method, it is necessary knowledge about the technique and the use of appropriate equipment, so than, an efficient response.

La cojera es una enfermedad inflamatoria de las palas interiores del casco, que causa la degeneración de las estructuras de soporte de la terceros falange. Esto tiene tres fases, de acuerdo con su desarrollo, a saber: etapa de desarrollo, la fase aguda, y finalmente la fase crónica. La crioterapia era instituida el fin de evitar o reducir al mínimo el proceso inflamatorio en la primera etapa de la enfermedad. Este método terapéutico está destinado a proporcionar un cierto grado de analgesia, y la reducción del metabolismo local, lo que lleva a una respuesta vascular, a fin de reducir la llegada de mediadores de la inflamación de los tejidos. Para el resultado satisfactorio del método, el conocimiento de la técnica y el uso de equipo adecuado son necesarios, de modo que hay una respuesta eficiente.

Considerações sobre o uso da crioterapia como método preventivo da laminite aguda em equinos / Considerations on the use of cryotherapy as a preventive method of acute laminitis in horse / Consideraciones para el uso de crioterapia cómo método de prevención de la laminitis aguda en los caballos

A laminite é uma doença inflamatória das lâminas internas do casco, a qual acarreta na degeneração de estruturas de sustentação da terceira falange. Esta possui três fases, de acordo com a sua evolução, a saber: a fase de desenvolvimento, a fase aguda, e por fim, a fase crônica, A crioterapia foi instituída com o intuito de prevenir ou minimizar o processo inflamatório presente na primeira fase da doença. Este método terapêutico tem como finalidade proporcionar certo grau de analgesia, diminuir o metabolismo local, levando a uma resposta vascular, de modo a diminuir a chegada dos mediadores do processo inflamatório aos tecidos. Para que o método apresente resultado satisfatório, é necessário o conhecimento sobre a técnica e o uso de equipamentos adequados, a fim de que haja uma resposta eficiente.(AU)

Laminitis is an inflammatory disease of the internal laminae of the hoof, which leads to degeneration of support structures of the third phalanx. According to its evolution, this disease has three phases: the first corresponds to the development phase, the second one, is the acute phase, and finally, the chronic phase of the disease. The cryotherapy was instituted with the purpose of preventing or minimizing the inflammatory process present in the first phase of the disease. This therapeutic method aims to provide a certain degree of analgesia, decrease local metabolism, leading to a vascular response, so as to decrease the influx of inflammatory mediators to the tissues. In order to present a satisfactory result from this the method, it is necessary knowledge about the technique and the use of appropriate equipment, so than, an efficient response.(AU)

La cojera es una enfermedad inflamatoria de las palas interiores del casco, que causa la degeneración de las estructuras de soporte de la terceros falange. Esto tiene tres fases, de acuerdo con su desarrollo, a saber: etapa de desarrollo, la fase aguda, y finalmente la fase crónica. La crioterapia era instituida el fin de evitar o reducir al mínimo el proceso inflamatorio en la primera etapa de la enfermedad. Este método terapéutico está destinado a proporcionar un cierto grado de analgesia, y la reducción del metabolismo local, lo que lleva a una respuesta vascular, a fin de reducir la llegada de mediadores de la inflamación de los tejidos. Para el resultado satisfactorio del método, el conocimiento de la técnica y el uso de equipo adecuado son necesarios, de modo que hay una respuesta eficiente.(AU)

Manejo e transporte de equinos fraturados / Management and transportation of fractured equine patients / Manejo y transporte de equinos fracturados

O atendimento emergencial e o transporte de equinos fraturados a centros de referência capacitados constituem procedimentos fundamentais para o sucesso de sua recuperação. Após a execução das medidas de estabilização do paciente, manejo das feridas e, se possível, avaliação radiográfica, realiza-se a imobilização externa da fratura de acordo com o local do membro onde esta se encontra, para melhor neutralização das forças atuantes. A imobilização de fraturas do esqueleto apendicular consiste basicamente no emprego de uma bandagem de Robert-Jones, sobreposta por uma ou mais talas posicionada(s) no(s) aspecto(s) dorsal, lateral, medial ou caudal/palmar/plantar. As fraturas cranianas e mandibulares podem ocasionar distúrbios neurológicos e oculares, temporários ou permanentes, e frequentemente acometem a cavidade nasal e os seios paranasais, gerando comprometimento respiratório. O transporte dos pacientes fraturados deve ser efetuado da maneira mais segura possível, com a finalidade de evitar maiores complicações do quadro do paciente. Deste modo, obtêm-se maior possibilidade de recuperação e melhor prognóstico para estes animais.(AU)

The emergency care and transportation of fractured equine patients to trained veterinary hospitals are fundamental procedures for the success of its recovery. After the stabilization procedures, wound management, and, if possible, radiographic evaluation on the patient, external immobilization of the fracture is performed depending on the place where the fracture is located, in order to better neutralize the acting forces. The immobilization of appendicular skeleton fractures consists on basically using Robert-Jones? bandage, overlapped with one or more splints positioned on the dorsal, lateral, medial or caudal/palmar/plantar aspect. Skull fractures may cause neurological and ocular disorders, both temporary or permanent, and frequently affect nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to respiratory problems. The transportation of fractured patients must be carried out in the safest way as possible, in order to avoid further complication to the patient?s condition. Thus, greater recovery possibility and better prognosis for these animals are obtained.(AU)

El atendimiento de emergencia y el transporte de equinos fracturados a centros de referencia capacitados, constituyen procedimientos fundamentales para el éxito de su recuperación. Tras la ejecución de medidas de estabilización del paciente, manejo de las heridas y, si posible, evaluación radiográfica, se realiza la inmovilización externa de la fractura de acuerdo con el lugar del miembro donde ésta se encuentre, para mejor neutralización de las fuerzas actuantes. La inmovilización de fracturas del esqueleto apendicular consiste en utilizar un vendaje de Robert-Jones, sobrepuesto por una o más férulas posicionadas de forma dorsal, lateral, medial o caudal/palmar/plantar. Las fracturas craneanas y mandibulares pueden causar disturbios neurológicos y oculares, temporarios o permanentes, y frecuentemente acometen la cavidad nasal y los senos paranasales, generando comprometimiento respiratorio. El transporte de los pacientes fracturados debe ser efectuado de la manera más segura posible, con el fin de evitar mayores complicaciones en el cuadro del paciente. De este modo se obtiene mayor posibilidad de recuperación y mejor pronostico para estos animales.(AU)

Manejo e transporte de equinos fraturados / Management and transportation of fractured equine patients / Manejo transporte de equinos fracturados

atendimento emergencial e o transporte de equinos fraturados a centros de referência capacitados constituem procedimentos fundamentais para o sucesso de sua recuperação. Após a execução das medidas de estabilização do paciente, manejo das feridas e, se possível, avaliação radiográfica, realiza-se a imobilização externa da fratura de acordo com o local do membro onde esta se encontra, para melhor neutralização das forças atuantes. A imobilização de fraturas do esqueleto apendicular consiste basicamente no emprego de uma bandagem de Robert-Jones, sobreposta por uma ou mais talas posicionada(s) no(s) aspecto(s) dorsal, lateral, medial ou caudal/palmar/plantar. As fraturas cranianas e mandibulares podem ocasionar distúrbios neurológicos e oculares, temporários ou permanentes, e frequentemente acometem a cavidade nasal e os seios paranasais, gerando comprometimento respiratório. O transporte dos pacientes fraturados deve ser efetuado da maneira mais segura possível, com a finalidade de evitar maiores complicações do quadro do paciente. Deste modo, obtêm-se maior possibilidade de recuperação e melhor prognóstico para estes animais.(AU)

The emergency care and transportation of fractured equine patients to trained veterinary hospitals are fundamental procedures for the success of its recovery. After the stabilization procedures, wound management, and, if possible, radiographic evaluation on the patient, external immobilization of the fracture is performed depending on the place where the fracture is located, in order to better neutralize the acting forces. The immobilization of appendicular skeleton fractures consists on basically using Robert-Jones bandage, overlapped with one or more splints positioned on the dorsal, lateral, medial or caudal/palmar/plantar aspect. Skull fractures may cause neurological and ocular disorders, both temporary or permanent, and frequently affect nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to respiratory problems. The transportation of fractured patients must be carried out in the safest way as possible, in order to avoid further complication to the patients condition. Thus, greater recovery possibility and better prognosis for these animals are obtained.(AU)

El atendimiento de emergencia y el transporte de equinos fracturados a centros de referencia capacitados, constituyen procedimientos fundamentales para el éxito de su recuperación. Tras la ejecución de medidas de estabilización del paciente, manejo de las heridas y, si posible, evaluación radiográfica, se realiza la inmovilización externa de la fractura de acuerdo con el lugar del miembro donde ésta se encuentre, para mejor neutralización de las fuerzas actuantes. La inmovilización de fracturas del esqueleto apendicular consiste en utilizar un vendaje de Robert-Jones, sobrepuesto por una o más férulas posicionadas de forma dorsal, lateral, medial o caudal/palmar/plantar. Las fracturas craneanas y mandibulares pueden causar disturbios neurológicos y oculares, temporarios o permanentes, y frecuentemente acometen la cavidad nasal y los senos paranasales, generando comprometimiento respiratorio. El transporte de los pacientes fracturados debe ser efectuado de la manera más segura posible, con el fin de evitar mayores complicaciones en el cuadro del paciente. De este modo se obtiene mayor posibilidad de recuperación y mejor pronostico para estos animales.(AU)