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1.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 261, 2024 Jun 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38890626

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious bovine foot disease causing reduced animal welfare and negative economic consequences for the farmer. Treponema spp. are the most important causative agents. Studies indicate that trimming equipment can transfer DD-associated treponemes between cows. The aim of this observational study in 22 DD-positive Norwegian dairy herds was to investigate the risk of transferring Treponema spp. with trimming equipment and chutes after claw trimming, and after washing and disinfection. Swabs from the trimming equipment and chutes were collected from nine different locations, at five different time points. Bacterial DNA was extracted from 647 swabs and analysed by qPCR for Treponema spp. In addition, 172 swabs taken immediately after trimming, were analysed by a multiplex qPCR targeting T. phagedenis, T. pedis and T. medium/vincentii. Biopsy sampling from DD lesions was performed on cows in the same herds during trimming. Altogether 109 biopsies were analysed by FISH for confirmation of the DD diagnosis and identification of Treponema phylotypes (PTs). RESULTS: High numbers of Treponema spp. were detected from all nine locations on the trimming equipment and chutes immediately after trimming, and T. phagedenis was detected on two or more locations in all but two herds, 1 and 19. There was a decline in the amount of Treponema spp. after washing and disinfection. The belly belt, the cuff, and the footrest on the chute had the highest proportion of positive samples after disinfection. The belly belt had the highest copy numbers of all nine locations (median = 7.9, max = 545.1). No Treponema spp. was detected on the hoof knives after disinfection. Treponema phagedenis, T. pedis, and Treponema phylotype 3 (T. refringens) were detected by FISH analysis of the biopsies. Treponema phagedenis was detected in biopsies from all herds except 1 and 19. CONCLUSION: This study shows that DD-associated Treponema spp. were present on the trimming equipment and chutes after trimming cows in DD-positive herds. Washing and disinfection reduced the load of Treponema spp. However, large differences in Treponema spp. between different locations were documented. High copy numbers on the grinder and the chute after disinfection, indicates that sufficient cleaning and disinfection of these locations is difficult, and that passive transfer of DD-associated treponemes (viable or not) is possible.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Dermatitis Digital , Desinfección , Treponema , Infecciones por Treponema , Animales , Bovinos , Treponema/aislamiento & purificación , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Infecciones por Treponema/veterinaria , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Desinfección/métodos , Femenino , Noruega , Pezuñas y Garras/microbiología , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/instrumentación
2.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 168, 2024 May 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38698418

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious hoof infection affecting cattle worldwide. The disease causes lameness and a reduction in animal welfare, which ultimately leads to major decreases in milk production in dairy cattle. The disease is most likely of polymicrobial origin with Treponema phagedenis and other Treponema spp. playing a key role; however, the etiology is not fully understood. Diagnosis of the disease is based on visual assessment of the feet by trained hoof-trimmers and veterinarians, as a more reliable diagnostic method is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on bulk tank milk samples testing for the presence of T. phagedenis antibodies as a proxy to assess herd prevalence of DD in Swedish dairy cattle herds. RESULTS: Bulk tank milk samples were collected in 2013 from 612 dairy herds spread across Sweden. A nationwide DD apparent prevalence of 11.9% (8.1-14.4% CI95%) was found, with the highest proportion of test-positive herds in the South Swedish regions (31.3%; 19.9-42.4% CI95%). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals an underestimation of DD prevalence based on test results compared to hoof trimming data, highlighting the critical need for a reliable and accurate diagnostic method. Such a method is essential for disease monitoring and the development of effective control strategies. The novelty of ELISA-based diagnostic methods for DD, coupled with the disease's polymicrobial origin, suggests an avenue for improvement. Developing an expanded ELISA, incorporating antigens from various bacterial species implicated in the disease, could enhance diagnostic accuracy. The significance of this study is underscored by the extensive analysis of a substantial sample size (612). Notably, this investigation stands as the largest assessment to date, evaluating the application of ELISA on bulk tank milk for DD diagnosis at the herd level.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Dermatitis Digital , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Leche , Treponema , Animales , Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Leche/microbiología , Suecia/epidemiología , Dermatitis Digital/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Treponema/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Treponema/veterinaria , Infecciones por Treponema/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología , Prevalencia , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Industria Lechera
3.
Pathogens ; 12(10)2023 Oct 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37887740

RESUMEN

Ovine footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) cause lameness in sheep, affecting welfare and economics. Previous Swedish studies focused on individual slaughter lambs, leaving flock-wide prevalence less explored. This study examined the prevalence of footrot and CODD in Swedish sheep flocks, focusing on adult sheep. From 99 flocks, 297 swabs were analysed using real-time PCR for Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Treponema spp. Sampled feet were photographed and assessed using scoring systems for footrot and CODD. Results indicated footrot prevalences (footrot score ≥ 2) of 0.7% and 2.0% at the individual and flock levels, respectively, whereas there were no signs of CODD. The individual footrot prevalence was lower than that from a 2009 study but aligned with a 2020 study, both conducted on slaughter lambs. Dichelobacter nodosus, F. necrophorum, and Treponema spp. were found in 5.7%, 1.3%, and 65.0% of sheep, and in 9.1%, 3.0%, and 82.8% of flocks, respectively. Compared to the 2020 study, there was a notable decrease in F. necrophorum and Treponema spp., while D. nodosus was consistent. In conclusion, the findings show a low prevalence of footrot, CODD, D. nodosus, and F. necrophorum in Swedish sheep flocks. Continuous surveillance and owner education are important to maintain this favourable status.

4.
Vet Res Commun ; 47(4): 1937-1947, 2023 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37261642

RESUMEN

Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a contagious foot disease with worldwide occurrence in dairy cattle. The disease causes lameness and reduced animal welfare as well as economic losses for the farmer. The aetiology is not fully established but associations have been made with Treponema spp. Today, BDD diagnosis is mainly based on visual inspection of cattle feet, therefore this study aimed to develop a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting Treponema phagedenis, Treponema pedis, Treponema medium, and 'Treponema vincentii' to aid in diagnosis. The assay was tested for specificity on 53 bacterial strains and in silico on 168 Treponema spp. genomes, representative of at least 24 species. In addition, 37 BDD biopsies were analysed and the results compared to another qPCR assay published during the study period, which we modified by combining into a multiplex qPCR. The qPCR developed herein had a detection limit of 10 copies of each target species per PCR reaction. Both qPCR assays showed 100% specificity when tested on bacterial strains, but the qPCR developed in this study detected 3.4% more T. phagedenis-positive biopsies of lesion category M1-M4.1 than the modified assay. To conclude, the developed qPCR assay detecting T. phagedenis, T. pedis, T. medium, and 'T. vincentii' has high analytical sensitivity and specificity and provides a useful complementary tool for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of BDD. The assay could possibly also be used for contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) as similar bacteriological profiles have been suggested for BDD and CODD, especially regarding certain Treponema spp.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Dermatitis Digital , Ovinos , Animales , Bovinos , Dermatitis Digital/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Digital/epidemiología , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Treponema/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología
5.
Acta Vet Scand ; 64(1): 6, 2022 Mar 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35264235

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ovine footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) are contagious mixed bacterial infections with major impacts on animal health and production. In Sweden, ovine footrot and CODD were first detected in 2004 and 2019, respectively. In 2009, a voluntary control programme for footrot was established, and a prevalence study in slaughter lambs was conducted, however, the distribution of footrot and CODD-associated bacteria is still unknown. This study examined the prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Treponema spp., as well as the current prevalence of footrot and CODD, in Swedish slaughter lambs. RESULTS: A total of 2048 feet, from 512 slaughter lambs, were collected from eight slaughterhouses throughout Sweden in autumn 2020. All feet were visually examined for lesions of footrot and CODD and sampled for subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Nine lambs (1.8%) had at least one foot affected with footrot (footrot score ≥ 2). A CODD grade 1 lesion was detected in a single lamb (0.2%). The prevalence of D. nodosus, F. necrophorum and Treponema spp. was 6.1%, 7.6% and 90.6%, respectively. The D. nodosus detected were benign strains. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of footrot in Swedish slaughter lambs has been significantly reduced, from 5.8 to 1.8%, during the past 11 years. This indicates that preventive measures, such as the national control programme and elimination of footrot from affected flocks, have been effective. A single lamb (0.2%) was found with a CODD lesion (grade 1). In Sweden, benign rather than virulent strains of D. nodosus seem to be the most common. Neither D. nodosus nor F. necrophorum were widespread among Swedish slaughter lambs, but both were more likely to be found in lambs with footrot. Treponema spp. was very commonly found in lambs with and without footrot, but there is a lack of information on the individual Treponema spp. present in Swedish slaughter lambs and their potential pathogenicity.


Asunto(s)
Dichelobacter nodosus , Dermatitis Digital , Panadizo Interdigital , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Dermatitis Digital/epidemiología , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Panadizo Interdigital/epidemiología , Panadizo Interdigital/microbiología , Panadizo Interdigital/patología , Prevalencia , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Oveja Doméstica , Suecia/epidemiología
6.
PLoS One ; 13(8): e0201888, 2018.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30092089

RESUMEN

Periodontal disease is common in dogs and is initiated by gingival plaque composed of several hundred bacterial species. Some of these species have specifically been pointed out as potential periodontal pathogens, such as Treponema spp. Treponema spp. are difficult to culture and therefore the majority have been detected by culture-independent methods, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). This leaves many Treponema spp. uncharacterized and unnamed. In this study, treponemes were investigated in gingival plaque from dogs with varying degree of periodontal disease with the aim to describe their occurrence and diversity in dogs. The methods used were culture, phase-contrast microscopy, PCR targeting the 16SrRNA-tRNAIle intergenic spacer region (ISR2), sequencing of the ISR2 and phylogenetic analysis. Treponema spp. were detected in samples from 10 out of 11 dogs and isolates were obtained from six dogs. Both healthy and periodontitis affected dogs were Treponema positive. Phylogenetic analysis, based on ISR2 sequences, revealed a large diversity of treponemes in the study population that were found to be distributed mainly in two groups, corresponding to the human oral treponeme phylogroups II (Treponema denticola) and IV (Treponema maltophilum) genetic groups. They were generally more distantly related to other treponemes in these groups. Treponemes from dogs with periodontitis and dogs with mild gingivitis without periodontitis did not differ in any obvious way. The results indicate that several phylotypes of oral treponemes are common in dogs regardless of periodontal status.


Asunto(s)
Placa Dental/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Encía/microbiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/veterinaria , Treponema , Infecciones por Treponema/veterinaria , Animales , Placa Dental/microbiología , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades Periodontales/microbiología , Filogenia , ARN Bacteriano , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Treponema/genética , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología
7.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 30(1): 86-92, 2018 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28985709

RESUMEN

Digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows is a widespread disease linked to infection with Treponema. The traditional diagnostic method is clinical inspection, which is subjective and laborious. We explored the performance of 4 different immunogenic proteins from Treponema phagedenis in a new antibody ELISA for analysis of serum or milk. Analysis of samples from 390 cows in 25 herds showed that the ELISA could distinguish the majority of cows with DD from healthy cows. By changing the cutoff and applying parallel or serial testing, high sensitivity or specificity could be achieved. The investigation indicated that aggregated test results can be useful in the assessment of a herd's DD status. In addition, analysis of bulk tank milk samples showed good agreement with results from individual cows. The test system could be useful in research on the epidemiology and immunology of DD.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Digital/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Leche/microbiología , Treponema/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Treponema/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Infecciones por Treponema/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología
8.
Porcine Health Manag ; 3: 26, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29270310

RESUMEN

Ear necrosis is a syndrome affecting pigs shortly after weaning and is regarded as an animal welfare issue. The etiology is unknown but Treponema spp., predominantly Treponema pedis, are commonly detected in the lesions. Oral treponemes have been suggested as source of infection, transferred by biting and licking behavior. In this study, five pigs were intradermally inoculated with Treponema pedis strain T A4 with the aim of investigating if this strain would induce ear lesions. Three pigs served as controls. The inoculation was repeated after 29 days, and the study continued for 56 days. Serum samples were collected throughout the study and analyzed by ELISA for IgG antibodies towards T. pedis T A4 lysate. Skin biopsies were taken from the inoculation area at the end of the study. Gingival samples were collected and cultivated for treponemes, for comparison to the inoculation strain and to follow colonisation. The challenged pigs did not develop any clinical signs of infection and no spirochetes were detected in sections from skin biopsies. The number of Treponema-positive gingival samples increased during the study. In the challenge group, IgG towards the bacterial lysate peaked 7 days after each inoculation and decreased rapidly hereafter. In the control group a weak IgG response was observed after the second inoculation, possibly caused by the oral treponemes.

9.
Vet Microbiol ; 189: 91-8, 2016 Jun 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27259832

RESUMEN

Digital dermatitis (DD) is a painful and debilitating claw disease in cattle. Spirochetes of the genus Treponema are found in high numbers in the lesions and are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis. The occurrence of Treponema phagedenis in DD lesions, especially near the interface of healthy and diseased tissue, suggests that this species contributes to the development and/or progression of the lesions. In this study we characterized a genetic locus in T. phagedenis that contains coding regions for three antigenic proteins, PrrA, VpsA, and VpsB. Comparative analysis of homologous loci from fifteen strains suggests that prrA may be transposed into or out of this locus. Alterations in the copy number of TA repeats within the putative promoter region may regulate VpsA/B expression. The vpsA and prrA genes occur in allelic variants in different T. phagedenis isolates and may provide one explanation for the antigenic variation observed in T. phagedenis DD isolates.


Asunto(s)
Variación Antigénica/genética , Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Lipoproteínas/genética , Treponema/genética , Alelos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Dermatitis Digital/microbiología , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Alineación de Secuencia , Treponema/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología , Infecciones por Treponema/veterinaria
10.
Stand Genomic Sci ; 10: 67, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26392840

RESUMEN

'Treponema phagedenis' is considered to be a key agent in the pathogenesis of bovine digital dermatitis, an infectious foot condition of economic and animal welfare importance. We hereby report the draft sequence of 'T. phagedenis' strain V1. The draft genome assembly consists of 51 scaffolds comprising 3,129,551 bp and a GC-content of 39.9 %. Putative pathogenicity related factors have been identified in the genome that can be used in future studies to gain insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of 'T. phagedenis'.

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