Educational Case: Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma: Diagnostic Features and Prognosis.

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1.

Systemic Iron Deficiency in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial tissue development outside the uterus. Anemia and iron depletion do not commonly accompany endometriosis in women, despite chronic abdominal inflammation and heavy menstrual bleeding. The objective of this study was to examine iron kinetics associated with endometriosis by using a NHP model, to better understand the underlying mechanism of abnormal hematogram values in women with endometriosis. Hematologic data from 46 macaques with endometriosis were examined for signs of iron depletion. Bone marrow, liver, and serum were used to elucidate whether iron loss or inflammation best explained the hematologic findings. Additional serum markers and intestinal biopsies from NHP with and without endometriosis were evaluated for patterns in iron kinetics across the menstrual cycle and for relative dietary iron-absorbing capacity. Almost half of the NHP with endometriosis were anemic. Overall, NHP had decreased RBC counts, increased MCV, increased percentage of reticulocytes, decreased serum hepcidin, and decreased hepatic and bone marrow iron. Intestinal expression of ferroportin 1, a mediator of iron absorption, was increased, indicating that despite high dietary iron, intestinal iron absorption did not compensate for iron losses. We concluded that use of oral iron supplementation alone does not replenish iron stores in endometriosis. Consequently, iron stores should be evaluated in women with endometriosis, even without overt clinical signs of anemia.

Clinical Utility of Ordered Pathology Blood Smear Reviews - an Overused Resource?

BACKGROUND: Blood smear reviews by pathologists (BSR) are ordered frequently at our institution, take time to evaluate, and result in a written report. Minimal research has been done regarding the amount of novel data reported and its clinical utility. METHODS: Detailed chart review was performed on BSR orders from January 1, 2015 to March 31, 2015 to assess reasons for smear review, if results were mentioned in the chart, if laboratory-driven reviews were already performed, and if novel, clinically influential data was reported. The trends in ordering was also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 277 reviews were performed and were most commonly ordered to evaluate the presence of malignancy (43%), hemolysis (18%), and anemia (16%). For 130 of the 277 specimens, laboratory-driven smear review was already performed. The BSR smear review findings were not mentioned in the patient chart in 52% of cases. The report provided novel data in 187 cases (68%) which mainly were minor findings such as low levels of red blood cell abnormalities. The novel data appeared to influence clinical decision making in only 3 cases (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Although novel data are often reported, only rarely does it appear to be clinically significant and the information frequently overlaps with information already provided by laboratory-initiated smear reviews. Discussion with, and education of, clinical staff may increase appropriate utilization.

Adequacy of powered vs manual bone marrow biopsy specimens: a retrospective review of sequential marrow aspirates and biopsies in 68 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality and quantity of the bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens obtained with a powered system in comparison with the standard manual method. METHODS: The Pathology Laboratory Information System was reviewed for patients who had previously undergone bone marrow biopsies performed by both the OnControl Bone Marrow System and the manual method. A total of 136 cases (68 patients) were reviewed for adequacy and compared using an unpaired t test. RESULTS: The core biopsy specimens obtained by the OnControl system were significantly longer compared with those obtained by the manual system (16.9 vs 14.4 mm, P = .0036). However, the core biopsy specimens obtained by the manual method had on average more evaluable marrow elements (66% vs 40%, P < .0001), and the manual method was superior in 46 of the 68 cases when the length of evaluable marrow was calculated (9.7 vs 7 mm, P = .0049). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that longer core biopsy specimens are obtained by the OnControl Bone Marrow system but that the manual method is still superior when the percentage and length of evaluable bone marrow are analyzed.

Pathology Milestones: Assessing Clinical Competency by Committee.

All Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited pathology residency training programs are now required to evaluate residents using the new Pathology Milestones assessment tool. Similar to implementation of the 6 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies a decade ago, there have been challenges in implementation of the new milestones for many residency programs. The pathology department at the University of Iowa has implemented a process that divides the labor of the task in rating residents while also maintaining consistency in the process. The process is described in detail, and some initial trends in milestone evaluation are described and discussed. Our experience indicates that thoughtful implementation of the Pathology Milestones can provide programs with valuable information that can inform curricular changes.

Bone marrow biopsies in patients 85 years or older.

Increasing numbers of bone marrow aspirates and core biopsies are done in very elderly people; there is little published literature regarding the usefulness of bone marrow biopsies in these patients. We undertook a retrospective review of 119 bone marrow aspirates and biopsies from patients 85 years or older. These procedures were performed for a variety of abnormalities, including unexplained cytopenias; evaluation of a known myelodysplastic syndrome; suspicion or follow-up of plasma cell myeloma, thrombocytosis, or leukocytosis; and suspicion or staging of lymphoma. When staging or follow-up biopsies were excluded, 34 (43%) of 79 yielded specific diagnoses. Follow-up was available for 45 patients, and of these 45, 20 patients received therapy: 17 were treated with an abbreviated or modified regimen, and 12 were treated for leukemia/lymphoma. Therapy failed in all patients. As a result of these biopsies, relatively few patients received more than supportive treatment, suggesting that higher thresholds for biopsy for cytopenias may be indicated.

A phase I and pharmacodynamic study of sequential topotecan and etoposide in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous and lymphoblastic leukemia.

We designed a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phase I study of sequential topotecan (2.55-6.3mg/m2) by 72h infusion followed by five daily doses of etoposide for patients with refractory acute leukemia based upon synergistic anti-tumor activity of topoisomerase I and II inhibitors in vitro. Eight of the 29 patients achieved bone marrow aplasia and two patients achieved clinical remission. Common grade 3-4 toxicities included hepatic and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and correlated with increased steady-state plasma topotecan concentration. The predicted up-regulation of topoisomerase II activity by topoisomerase I inhibition was not observed at this dose and schedule and may provide insight into the modest anti-leukemia activity of the regimen.