Delayed Cerebral Infarction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Location, Distribution Patterns, Infarct Load, and Effect on Outcome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is one of the main contributing factors to poor clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Unsuccessful treatment can cause irreversible brain injury in the form of DCI-related infarction. We aimed to assess the association between the location, distribution, and size of DCI-related infarction in relation to clinical outcome. METHODS: Consecutive patients with SAH treated at 2 university hospitals between 2014 and 2019 (Helsinki, Finland) and between 2006 and 2020 (Aachen, Germany) were included. Size of DCI-related infarction was quantitatively measured as absolute volume (in milliliters). In a semiquantitative fashion, infarction in 14 regions of interest (ROIs) according to a modified Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was noted. The association of infarction in these ROIs along predefined regions of eloquent brain, with clinical outcome, was assessed. For this purpose, 1-year outcome was measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and dichotomized into favorable (GOS 4-5) and unfavorable (GOS 1-3). RESULTS: Of 1,190 consecutive patients with SAH, 155 (13%) developed DCI-related infarction. One-year outcome data were available for 148 (96%) patients. A median overall infarct volume of 103 mL (interquartile range 31-237) was measured. DCI-related infarction was significantly associated with 1-year unfavorable outcome (odds ratio [OR] 4.89, 95% CI 3.36-7.34, p < 0.001). In patients with 1-year unfavorable outcome, vascular territories more frequently affected were left middle cerebral artery (affected in 49% of patients with unfavorable outcome vs in 30% of patients with favorable outcome; p = 0.029), as well as left (44% vs 18%; p = 0.003) and right (52% vs 14%; p < 0.001) anterior cerebral artery supply areas. According to the ASPECTS model, the right M3 (OR 8.52, 95% CI 1.41-51.34, p = 0.013) and right A2 (OR 7.84, 95% CI 1.97-31.15, p = 0.003) regions were independently associated with unfavorable outcome. DISCUSSION: DCI-related infarction was associated with a 5-fold increase in the odds of unfavorable outcome, after 1 year. Ischemic lesions in specific anatomical regions are more likely to contribute to unfavorable outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Data collection in Aachen was registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00030505); on January 3, 2023.

Long-term risk of hemorrhage and mortality after treatment of high-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent multi-institutional efforts, long-term data on clinical and radiological outcomes after treatment of high-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term risk of hemorrhage and fistula-related mortality after treatment. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients primarily diagnosed with a high-grade dAVF (Cognard grade 2b, 2a+b, 3, 4) between January 2012 and September 2022 at a large neurovascular center. Primary endpoints were intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and all-cause mortality after treatment; secondary endpoints were angiographic occlusion, complication rate and neurological deficits. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients underwent 141 treatments (122 endovascular therapy (EVT), 5 radiotherapy, 14 surgery) of which 12 patients (10%) underwent retreatment. Follow-up was available in all patients for a median of 4.2 (IQR 2.5 to 6.6) years. Eleven patients (9%) died during the follow-up period, of which three deaths (2%) occurred after hemorrhagic presentation, one of them attributable to treatment. One death (0.8%) was due to delayed hemorrhage after partial occlusion from EVT. No other post-treatment bleedings occurred. Angiographic follow-up after multimodality treatment was available in 93% of patients after a median of 6 months; the overall occlusion rate was 90%. The overall rate of complications was 25% after EVT and 14% after surgery. The rates of new transient and permanent neurological deficits after EVT were 9% and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term rate of re-bleeding or dAVF-related mortality was low when high rates of angiographic occlusion were achieved. The risk for treatment-related complications leading to neurological sequela was low.

3D exoscopic versus microscopic superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass surgery for moyamoya disease - a comparative series.

PURPOSE: Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) direct bypass surgery is the most common surgical procedure to treat moyamoya disease (MMD). Here, we aim to compare the performance of the 3D exoscope in bypass surgery with the gold standard operative microscope. METHODS: All direct STA-MCA bypass procedures performed at a single university hospital for MMD between 2015 and 2023 were considered for inclusion. Data were retrospectively collected from patient files and surgical video material. From 2020 onwards, bypass procedures were exclusively performed using a digital three-dimensional exoscope as visualization device. Results were compared with a microsurgical bypass control group (2015-2019). The primary endpoint was defined as total duration of surgery, duration of completing the vascular anastomosis (ischemia time), bypass patency, number of stiches to perform the anastomosis, added stiches after leakage testing of the anastomosis and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at last follow-up as secondary outcome parameter. RESULTS: A total of 16 consecutive moyamoya patients underwent 21 STA-MCA bypass procedures. Thereof, six patients were operated using a microscope and ten patients using an exoscope (ORBEYE® n = 1; AEOS® n = 9). Total duration of surgery was comparable between devices (microscope: 313 min. ± 116 vs. exoscope: 279 min. ± 42; p = 0.647). Ischemia time also proved similar between groups (microscope: 43 min. ± 19 vs. exoscope: 41 min. ± 7; p = 0.701). No differences were noted in bypass patency rates. The number of stiches per anastomosis was similar between visualization devices (microscope: 17 ± 4 vs. exoscope: 17 ± 2; p = 0.887). In contrast, more additional stiches were needed in microscopic anastomoses after leakage testing the bypass (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Taking into account the small sample size, end-to-side bypass surgery for moyamoya disease using a foot switch-operated 3D exoscope was not associated with more complications and led to comparable clinical and radiological results as microscopic bypass surgery.

Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas.

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to high-grade dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF), low-grade dAVF is mainly associated with tinnitus and carries a low risk of morbidity and mortality. It remains unclear whether the benefits of active interventions outweigh the associated risk of complications in low-grade dAVF. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective single-center study that included all consecutive patients diagnosed with an intracranial low-grade dAVF (Cognard type I and IIa) during 2012-2022 with DSA. The authors analyzed symptom relief, symptomatic angiographic cure, treatment-related complications, risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and mortality. All patients were followed up until the end of 2022. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients were diagnosed with a low-grade dAVF. Of these, 48 patients (59%) underwent treatment (all primary endovascular treatments), and 33 patients (41%) did not undergo treatment. Nine patients (19%) underwent retreatments. Angiographic follow-up was performed after median (IQR) 7.7 (6.1-24.1) months by means of DSA (mean 15.0, median 6.4 months, range 4.5-83.4 months) or MRA (mean 29.3, median 24.7 months, range 5.9-62.1 months). Symptom control was achieved in 98% of treated patients after final treatment. On final angiographic follow-up, 73% of patients had a completely occluded dAVF. There were 2 treatment-related complications resulting in 1 transient (2%) and 1 permanent (2%) neurological complication. One patient showed recurrence and progression of a completely occluded low-grade dAVF to an asymptomatic high-grade dAVF. No cases of ICH- or dAVF-related mortality were found in either treated patients (median [IQR] follow-up 5.1 [2.0-6.8] years) or untreated patients (median [IQR] follow-up 5.7 [3.2-9.0] years). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. Symptoms may not reveal high-grade recurrence, and radiological follow-up may be warranted in selected patients with treated low-grade dAVF. An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.

Even short-term training improves the skills of novice exoscope users: a prospective laboratory experiment.

BACKGROUND: The surgical 3D exoscopes have recently been introduced as an alternative to the surgical microscopes in microneurosurgery. Since the exoscope availability is still limited, it is relevant to know whether even a short-term exoscope training develops the skills needed for performing exoscope-assisted surgeries. METHODS: Ten participants (six consultants, four residents) performed two laboratory bypass test tasks with a 3D exoscope (Aesculap Aeos®). Six training sessions (6 h) were performed in between (interval of 2-5 weeks) on artificial models. The participants were divided into two groups: test group (n = 6) trained with the exoscope and control group (n = 4) with a surgical microscope. The test task was an artificial end-to-side microsurgical anastomosis model, using 12 interrupted 9-0 sutures and recorded on video. We compared the individual as well as group performance among the test subjects based on suturing time, anastomosis quality, and manual dexterity. RESULTS: Altogether, 20 bypass tasks were performed (baseline n = 10, follow-up n = 10). The median duration decreased by 28 min and 44% in the exoscope training group. The decrease was steeper (29 min, 45%) among the participants with less than 6 years of microneurosurgery experience compared to the more experienced participants (13 min, 24%). After training, the participants with at least 1-year experience of using the exoscope did not improve their task duration. The training with the exoscope led to a greater time reduction than the training with the microscope (44% vs 17%). CONCLUSIONS: Even short-term training with the exoscope led to marked improvements in exoscope-assisted bypass suturing among novice microneurosurgeons. For the more experienced participants, a plateau in the initial learning curve was reached quickly. A much longer-term effort might be needed to witness further improvement in this user group.

From molecular signatures to radiomics: tailoring neurooncological strategies through forecasting of glioma growth.

OBJECTIVE: Contemporary oncological paradigms for adjuvant treatment of low- and intermediate-grade gliomas are often guided by a limited array of parameters, overlooking the dynamic nature of the disease. The authors' aim was to develop a comprehensive multivariate glioma growth model based on multicentric data, to facilitate more individualized therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Random slope models with subject-specific random intercepts were fitted to a retrospective cohort of grade II and III gliomas from the database at Kepler University Hospital (n = 191) to predict future mean tumor diameters. Deep learning-based radiomics was used together with a comprehensive clinical dataset and evaluated on an external prospectively collected validation cohort from University Hospital Zurich (n = 9). Prediction quality was assessed via mean squared prediction error. RESULTS: A mean squared prediction error of 0.58 cm for the external validation cohort was achieved, indicating very good prognostic value. The mean ± SD time to adjuvant therapy was 28.7 ± 43.3 months and 16.1 ± 14.6 months for the training and validation cohort, respectively, with a mean of 6.2 ± 5 and 3.6 ± 0.7, respectively, for number of observations. The observed mean tumor diameter per year was 0.38 cm (95% CI 0.25-0.51) for the training cohort, and 1.02 cm (95% CI 0.78-2.82) for the validation cohort. Glioma of the superior frontal gyrus showed a higher rate of tumor growth than insular glioma. Oligodendroglioma showed less pronounced growth, anaplastic astrocytoma-unlike anaplastic oligodendroglioma-was associated with faster tumor growth. Unlike the impact of extent of resection, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) had negligible influence on tumor growth. Inclusion of radiomics variables significantly enhanced the prediction performance of the random slope model used. CONCLUSIONS: The authors developed an advanced statistical model to predict tumor volumes both pre- and postoperatively, using comprehensive data prior to the initiation of adjuvant therapy. Using radiomics enhanced the precision of the prediction models. Whereas tumor extent of resection and topology emerged as influential factors in tumor growth, the IDH status did not. This study emphasizes the imperative of advanced computational methods in refining personalized low-grade glioma treatment, advocating a move beyond traditional paradigms.

Axillary arch (of Langer): A large-scale dissection and simulation study based on unembalmed cadavers of body donors.

Connective or muscular tissue crossing the axilla is named axillary arch (of Langer). It is known to complicate axillary surgery and to compress nerves and vessels transiting from the axilla to the arm. Our study aims at systematically researching the frequency, insertions, tissue composition and dimension of axillary arches in a large cohort of individuals with regard to gender and bilaterality. In addition, it aims at evaluating the ability of axillary arches to cause compression of the axillary neurovascular bundle. Four hundred axillae from 200 unembalmed and previously unharmed cadavers were investigated by careful anatomical dissection. Identified axillary arches were examined for tissue composition and insertion. Length, width and thickness were measured. The relation of the axillary arch and the neurovascular axillary bundle was recorded after passive arm movements. Twenty-seven axillae of 18 cadavers featured axillary arches. Macroscopically, 15 solely comprised muscular tissue, six connective tissue and six both. Their average length was 79.56 mm, width 7.44 mm and thickness 2.30 mm. One to three distinct insertions were observed. After passive abduction and external rotation of the arm, 17 arches (63%) touched the neurovascular axillary bundle. According to our results, 9% of the Central European population feature an axillary arch. Approximately 50% of it bilaterally. A total of 40.74% of the arches have a thickness of 3 mm or more and 63% bear the potential of touching or compressing the neuromuscular axillary bundle upon arm movement.

Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of refractory delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is one of the main contributors to poor clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Endovascular spasmolysis with intra-arterial nimodipine (IAN) may resolve angiographic vasospasm, but its effect on infarct prevention and clinical outcome is still unclear. We report the effect of IAN on infarction rates and functional outcome in a consecutive series of SAH patients. METHODS: To assess the effectiveness of IAN, we collected functional outcome data of all SAH patients referred to a single tertiary center since its availability (2011-2020). IAN was primarily reserved as a last tier option for DCI refractory to induced hypertension (iHTN). Functional outcome was assessed after 12 months according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS, favorable outcome = GOS4-5). RESULTS: Out of 376 consecutive SAH patients, 186 (49.5%) developed DCI. Thereof, a total of 96 (25.5%) patients remained unresponsive to iHTN and received IAN. DCI-related infarction was observed in 44 (45.8%) of IAN-treated patients with a median infarct volume of 111.6 mL (Q1: 51.6 to Q3: 245.7). Clinical outcome was available for 84 IAN-treated patients. Of those, a total of 40 (47.6%) patients reached a favorable outcome after 1 year. Interventional complications were observed in 9 (9.4%) of the IAN-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial spasmolysis using nimodipine infusion was associated with low treatment specific complications. Despite presenting a subgroup of severely affected SAH patients, almost half of IAN-treated patients were able to lead an independent life after 1 year of follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00030505.

Corrigendum to "Infection-related failure of autologous versus allogenic cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy - A systematic review and meta-analysis" [Brain Spine 3 (2023) 101760].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2023.101760.].

Infection-related failure of autologous versus allogenic cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Cranioplasty is required after decompressive craniectomy (DC) to restore brain protection and cosmetic appearance, as well as to optimize rehabilitation potential from underlying disease. Although the procedure is straightforward, complications either caused by bone flap resorption (BFR) or graft infection (GI), contribute to relevant comorbidity and increasing health care cost. Synthetic calvarial implants (allogenic cranioplasty) are not susceptible to resorption and cumulative failure rates (BFR and GI) tend therefore to be lower in comparison with autologous bone. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to pool existing evidence of infection-related cranioplasty failure in autologous versus allogenic cranioplasty, when bone resorption is removed from the equation. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science medical databases was performed on three time points (2018, 2020 and 2022). All clinical studies published between January 2010 and December 2022, in which autologous and allogenic cranioplasty was performed after DC, were considered for inclusion. Studies including non-DC cranioplasty and cranioplasty in children were excluded. The cranioplasty failure rate based on GI in both autologous and allogenic groups was noted. Data were extracted by means of standardized tables and all included studies were subjected to a risk of bias (RoB) assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment tool. Results: A total of 411 articles were identified and screened. After duplicate removal, 106 full-texts were analyzed. Eventually, 14 studies fulfilled the defined inclusion criteria including one randomized controlled trial, one prospective and 12 retrospective cohort studies. All but one study were rated as of poor quality based on the RoB analysis, mainly due to lacking disclosure why which material (autologous vs. allogenic) was chosen and how GI was defined. The infection-related cranioplasty failure rate was 6.9% (125/1808) for autologous and 8.3% (63/761) for allogenic implants resulting in an OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.13 (Z â€‹= â€‹1.24; p â€‹= â€‹0.22). Conclusion: In respect to infection-related cranioplasty failure, autologous cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy does not underperform compared to synthetic implants. This result must be interpreted in light of limitations of existing studies. Risk of graft infection does not seem a valid argument to prefer one implant material over the other. Offering an economically superior, biocompatible and perfect fitting cranioplasty implant, autologous cranioplasty can still have a role as the first option in patients with low risk of developing osteolysis or for whom BFR might not be of major concern. Trial registration: This systematic review was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews. PROSPERO: CRD42018081720.

How I do it: surgery for spinal arteriovenous malformations.

BACKGROUND: Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are rare lesions. They may present with intramedullary hemorrhage or edema, often inducing severe neurological deficits. Active treatment of spinal AVMs is challenging even for experienced neurosurgeons. METHOD: Anticipation of anatomy and AVM angiocharacteristics from preoperative imaging is key for successful treatment. Information gathered from MRI and DSA has to be then matched to intraoperative findings. This is a prerequisite for reasonably safe and structured lesion removal. CONCLUSION: We provide a structured approach for surgical treatment of spinal AVMs, supplemented by high-resolution video and imaging material.

Subtemporal approach for cavernous sinus meningiomas - Simple and effective.

Background: Over the past few decades, there has been a paradigm shift in treatment strategy for cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSMs). Preserving neurological function and cranial nerve (CN) decompression have become the primary goal of cases eligible for surgical treatment. Extensive skull base dissection and drilling can be avoided by approaching these lesions through a subtemporal route. Methods: We describe the subtemporal approach in a step-by-step fashion illustrating its advantages and pitfalls through and illustrative case. Results: The subtemporal approach to CSMs is a valuable alternative for CN decompression and maximal safe resection. We describe the technique in comparison to classical skull base approaches. Although rare, recurrence after adjuvant maximal radiation is possible leaving reoperation as the only treatment option. Conclusion: The subtemporal approach offers a less invasive alternative for initial and redo CN decompression and successful symptom control in patients suffering from CSM.

Small amount of alcohol did not deteriorate microsurgical dexterity: a prospective laboratory study.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption has been reported to deteriorate surgical performance both immediately after consumption as well as on the next day. We studied the early effects of alcohol consumption on microsurgical manual dexterity in a laboratory setting. METHOD: Six neurosurgeons or neurosurgical residents (all male) performed micro- and macro suturing tasks after consuming variable amounts of alcohol. Each participant drank 0-4 doses of alcohol (14 g ethanol). After a delay of 60-157 min, he performed a macrosurgical and microsurgical task (with a surgical microscope). The tasks consisted of cutting and re-attaching a circular latex flap (diameter: 50 mm macrosuturing, 4 mm microsuturing) with eight interrupted sutures (4-0 multifilament macrosutures, 9-0 monofilament microsutures). We measured the time required to complete the sutures, and the amplitude and the frequency of physiological tremor during the suturing. In addition, we used a four-point ordinal scale to rank the quality of the sutures for each task. Each participant repeated the tasks several times on separate days varying the pre-task alcohol consumption (including one sober task at the end of the data collection). RESULTS: A total of 93 surgical tasks (47 macrosurgical, 46 microsurgical) were performed. The fastest microsurgical suturing (median 11 min 49 s, [interquartile range (IQR) 654 to 761 s]) was recorded after three doses of alcohol (median blood alcohol level 0.32‰). The slowest microsurgical suturing (median 15 min 19 s, [IQR 666 to 1121 s]) was observed after one dose (median blood alcohol level 0‰). The quality of sutures was the worst (mean 0.70 [standard deviation (SD) 0.48] quality points lost) after three doses of alcohol and the best (mean 0.33 [SD 0.52] quality points lost) after four doses (median blood alcohol level 0.44‰). CONCLUSIONS: Consuming small amount of alcohol did not deteriorate microsurgical performance in our study. An observed reduction in physiological tremor may partially explain this.

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Hospitalized Patients on Anticoagulants-A Two Center Matched Case-Control Study.

Objective-Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are replacing vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for the prevention of ischemic stroke and venous thromboembolism. We set out to assess the effect of prior treatment with DOAC and VKA in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods-Consecutive SAH patients treated at two (Aachen, Germany and Helsinki, Finland) university hospitals were considered for inclusion. To assess the association between anticoagulant treatments on SAH severity measure by modified Fisher grading (mFisher) and outcome as measured by the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS, 6 months), DOAC- and VKA-treated patients were compared against age- and sex-matched SAH controls without anticoagulants. Results-During the inclusion timeframes, 964 SAH patients were treated in both centers. At the time point of aneurysm rupture, nine patients (0.93%) were on DOAC treatment, and 15 (1.6%) patients were on VKA. These were matched to 34 and 55 SAH age- and sex-matched controls, re-spectively. Overall, 55.6% of DOAC-treated patients suffered poor-grade (WFNS4-5) SAH compared to 38.2% among their respective controls (p = 0.35); 53.3% of patients on VKA suffered poor-grade SAH compared to 36.4% in their respective controls (p = 0.23). Neither treatment with DOAC (aOR 2.70, 95%CI 0.30 to 24.23; p = 0.38), nor VKA (aOR 2.78, 95%CI 0.63 to 12.23; p = 0.18) were inde-pendently associated with unfavorable outcome (GOS1-3) after 12 months. Conclusions-Iatrogenic coagulopathy caused by DOAC or VKA was not associated with more severe radiological or clinical subarachnoid hemorrhage or worse clinical outcome in hospitalized SAH patients.

Ultrasound Detection of the Axillary Arch as a Cause of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Prospective Dissection-Controlled Cadaver Study.

Ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasound in detecting the axillary arch, an ancillary muscle potentially causing TOS. Two hundred upper limbs of 100 fresh, non-frozen, non-embalmed body donors were screened for axillary arches. Sonographic findings were validated by anatomic dissection. Twelve axillary arches were found in 200 upper extremities, corresponding to a prevalence of 8.0% per individual and 6.0% per upper extremity investigated. Ultrasound had low diagnostic performance in identifying axillary arches, with a sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 95.7%. There was a tendency to identify more easily arches consisting of purely muscle tissue. Axillary arch thickness, its cross-sectional area and the predominant tissue type were associated with compression of the neurovascular bundle during shoulder elevation. Ultrasound seems to have limited potential to identify axillary arches. However, arches consisting predominantly of muscle tissue may be identified more easily and were associated with compression of neurovascular structures, thus potentially causing symptoms. Further clinical trials are needed to clarify the true value of ultrasound in patients with symptoms of TOS.

Three-Dimensional Exoscopic Versus Microscopic Resection of Vestibular Schwannomas: A Comparative Series.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is highly challenging, especially because surgical treatment nowadays is mainly reserved for larger (Koos grade 3 and 4) tumors. OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of three-dimensional exoscope use in VS resection in comparison with the operative microscope. METHODS: Duration of surgery and clinical and radiological results were collected for 13 consecutive exoscopic schwannoma surgeries. Results were compared with 26 preceding microsurgical resections after acknowledging similar surgical complexity between groups by assessment of tumor size (maximum diameter and Koos grade), the presence of meatal extension or cystic components, and preoperative hearing and facial nerve function. RESULTS: Total duration of surgery was comparable between microscopically and exoscopically operated patients (264 minutes ± 92 vs 231 minutes ± 84, respectively; P = .276). However, operative time gradually decreased in consecutive exoscopic cases and in a multiple regression model predicting duration of surgery, and exoscope use was associated with a reduction of 58.5 minutes (95% CI -106.3 to -10.6; P = .018). Tumor size was identified as the main determinant of duration of surgery (regression coefficient = 5.50, 95% CI 3.20-7.80) along meatal extension and the presence of cystic components. No differences in postoperative hearing preservation and facial nerve function were noted between the exoscope and the microscope. CONCLUSION: Resection of VS using a foot switch-operated three-dimensional exoscope is safe and leads to comparable clinical and radiological results as resection with the operative microscope.

How I do it-Helsinki style mini-pterional craniotomy for clipping of middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Different versions of the mini-pterional (MPT) approach have been described often with the idea the smaller the better. Attempts to reduce incision and craniotomy size for better cosmetic results should not be performed at the expense of safety. METHOD: We present our take on the MPT as a balance between size and safety which can be adopted by vascular neurosurgeons in training. The craniotomy stays within the confines of the superior temporal line and is completely covered by temporal muscle after closure. CONCLUSION: This approach is cosmetically superior while still offering anatomical familiarity and sufficient instrument maneuverability.

How I do it: lateral approach for craniocervical junction tumors.

BACKGROUND: The far lateral approach has been developed to access lesions at the craniocervical junction and upper cervical spinal canal. Associated morbidity triggered the development of less invasive tailored approaches. METHOD: In this lateral approach to the craniocervical junction, the occipital condyle is kept intact, vertebral artery manipulation is minimized, and the sigmoid sinus is not skeletonized. A linear incision through skin and muscles and use of an abdominal wall fat graft minimize the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure provided is sufficient for the majority of tumors in this region and allows for low complication rates.

3D Exoscopes are Noninferior to Operating Microscopes in Aneurysm Surgery: Comparative Single-Surgeon Series of 52 Consecutive Cases.

OBJECTIVE: The literature on exoscope use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery is scarce, mainly comprising small case series and focused on visualization quality and ergonomics. As these devices become widely used, direct comparison to the operating microscope regarding efficacy and patient safety is necessary. METHODS: Fifty-two consecutive clipping procedures, performed by 1 senior vascular neurosurgeon, were analyzed. Either an operating microscope with a mouth switch (25 cases with 27 aneurysms; 13 ruptured) or a three-dimensional exoscope with a foot switch (27 cases with 34 aneurysms; 6 ruptured) were used. Durations of major surgical stages, number of device adjustments, numbers of clip repositionings and clips implanted were extracted from surgical videos. Demographic data, imaging characteristics, clinical course and outcomes were extracted from digital patient records. RESULTS: Duration of surgery and different stages did not differ between devices, except for final site inspection. The number of device adjustments was higher with the exoscope. With progressive experience in exoscope use, the number of device adjustments increased significantly, whereas surgery duration remained unchanged. Favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) was observed in 80% and 88% of patients in the microscope and exoscope groups, respectively. Ischemic events were found in 2 patients in each group; no other complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In aneurysm clipping, three-dimensional exoscopes are noninferior to operating microscopes in terms of surgery duration, safety, and outcomes, based on our limited series. Progressive experience enables the surgeon to perform significantly more device adjustments within the same amount of surgical time.