An association between plasma levels of α2-macroglobulin and α1-antitrypsin in PiMM and PiZZ individuals differing in COPD presentation.

INTRODUCTION: Compared to normal PiMM, individuals with severe α1-antitrypsin (AAT) PiZZ (Glu342Lys) genotype deficiency are at higher risk of developing early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema associated with Z-AAT polymers and neutrophilic inflammation. We aimed to investigate putative differences in plasma levels of acute phase proteins (APP) between PiMM and PiZZ subjects and to determine plasma Z-AAT polymer levels in PiZZ subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nephelometric analysis of seven plasma APPs was performed in 67 PiMM and 44 PiZZ subjects, of whom 43 and 42, respectively, had stable COPD. Of the PiZZ-COPD patients, 21 received and 23 did not receive intravenous therapy with human AAT preparations (IV-AAT). Plasma levels of Z-AAT polymers were determined by Western blotting using specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (2C1 and LG96). RESULTS: In addition to lower plasma AAT, PiZZ patients had higher α2-macroglobulin (A2MG) levels than PiMM patients. In contrast, PiZZ who received IV-AAT had higher AAT values but lower A2MG values than PiZZ without IV-AAT. Regardless of the AAT genotype, AAT levels were inversely correlated with A2MG, and the AAT/A2MG ratio was correlated with lung diffusion capacity (DCLO%). All PiZZ patients had circulating Z-AAT polymer levels that correlated directly with A2MG. In PiZZ without IV-AAT therapy polymer levels correlated inversely with the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). CONCLUSION: Combined measurement of plasma AAT and A2MG levels may be of clinical value in assessing the progression of COPD and requires further attention.

The Presence of T Allele (rs35705950) of the MUC5B Gene Predicts Lower Baseline Forced Vital Capacity and Its Subsequent Decline in Patients with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an exposure-related interstitial lung disease with two phenotypes-fibrotic and non-fibrotic. Genetic predisposition is an important factor in the disease pathogenesis and fibrosis development. Several genes are supposed to be associated with the fibrosing cascade in the lungs. One of the best-recognized and most prevalent is the common MUC5B gene promoter region polymorphism variant rs35705950. The aim of our study was to establish the frequency of the minor allele of the MUC5B gene in the population of patients with HP and to find the relationship between the MUC5B promoter region polymorphism and the development of lung fibrosis, the severity of the disease course, and the response to the treatment in patients with HP. Eighty-six consecutive patients with HP were tested for the genetic variant rs35705950 of the MUC-5B gene. Demographic, radiological, and functional parameters were collected. The relationship between the presence of the T allele and lung fibrosis, pulmonary function test parameters, and the treatment response were analyzed. The minor allele frequency in the study group was 17%, with the distribution of the genotypes GG in 69.8% of subjects and GT/TT in 30.2%. Patients with the GT/TT phenotype had significantly lower baseline forced vital capacity (FVC) and significantly more frequently had a decline in FVC with time. The prevalence of lung fibrosis in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was not significantly increased in GT/TT variant carriers compared to GG ones. The patients with the T allele tended to respond worse to immunomodulatory treatment and more frequently received antifibrotic drugs. In conclusions: The frequency of MUC5B polymorphism in HP patients is high. The T allele may indicate a worse disease course, worse immunomodulatory treatment response, and earlier need for antifibrotic treatment.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cell Count and Lymphocytosis Are the Important Discriminators between Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) shares many features with other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD), and as a result it can be misdiagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We aimed to determine the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) total cell count (TCC) and lymphocytosis in distinguishing fHP and IPF and to evaluate the best cut-off points discriminating these two fibrotic ILD. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of fHP and IPF patients diagnosed between 2005 and 2018 was conducted. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the diagnostic utility of clinical parameters in differentiating between fHP and IPF. Based on the ROC analysis, BAL parameters were evaluated for their diagnostic performance, and optimal diagnostic cut-offs were established. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients (65 fHP and 71 IPF) were included (mean age 54.97 ± 10.87 vs. 64.00 ± 7.18 years, respectively). BAL TCC and the percentage of lymphocytes were significantly higher in fHP compared to IPF (p < 0.001). BAL lymphocytosis >30% was found in 60% of fHP patients and none of the patients with IPF. The logistic regression revealed that younger age, never smoker status, identified exposure, lower FEV1, higher BAL TCC and higher BAL lymphocytosis increased the probability of fibrotic HP diagnosis. The lymphocytosis >20% increased by 25 times the odds of fibrotic HP diagnosis. The optimal cut-off values to differentiate fibrotic HP from IPF were 15 × 106 for TCC and 21% for BAL lymphocytosis with AUC 0.69 and 0.84, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increased cellularity and lymphocytosis in BAL persist despite lung fibrosis in HP patients and may be used as important discriminators between IPF and fHP.

Plasma markers of COVID-19 severity: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 infected patients show heterogeneous clinical presentations ranging from mild symptoms to severe respiratory failure and death. Consequently, various markers reflect this wide spectrum of disease presentations. METHODS: Our pilot cohort included moderate (n = 10) and severe (n = 10) COVID-19 patients, and 10 healthy controls. We determined plasma levels of nine acute phase proteins (APPs) by nephelometry, and full-length (M65), caspase-cleaved (M30) cytokeratin 18, and ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type-1 motif 13) by ELISA. In addition, we examined whole plasma N-glycosylation by capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection (CGE-LIF). RESULTS: When compared to controls, COVID-19 patients had significantly lower concentrations of ADAMTS13 and albumin (ALB) but higher M30, M65, α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), α1-antitrypsin (AAT), ceruloplasmin (CP), haptoglobin (HP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The concentrations of α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), α2-macroglobulin (A2MG) and serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins did not differ. We found significantly higher levels of AAT and M65 but lower ALB in severe compared to moderate COVID-19 patients. N-glycan analysis of the serum proteome revealed increased levels of oligomannose- and sialylated di-antennary glycans and decreased non-sialylated di-antennary glycan A2G2 in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-associated changes in levels and N-glycosylation of specific plasma proteins highlight complexity of inflammatory process and grant further investigations.

Factors Predictive for Immunomodulatory Therapy Response and Survival in Patients with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis-Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is one of the interstitial lung diseases with clearly established diagnostic criteria. Nevertheless, pharmacologic treatment recommendations are still lacking. Most specialists use steroids as first-line drugs, sometimes combined with an immunosuppressive agent. Aim: The aim of the present retrospective study was to establish predictive factors for treatment success and survival advantage in HP patients. Methods: We analyzed the short-term treatment outcome and overall survival in consecutive HP patients treated with prednisone alone or combined with azathioprine. Results: The study group consisted of 93 HP patients, 54 (58%) with fibrotic HP and 39 (42%) with non-fibrotic HP. Mean (± SD) VCmax % pred. and TL,co % pred. before treatment initiation were 81.5 (±20.8)% and 48.3 (±15.7)%, respectively. Mean relative VCmax and TL,co change after 3−6 months of therapy were 9.5 (±18.8)% and 21.4 (±35.2)%, respectively. The short-term treatment outcomes were improvement in 49 (53%) patients, stabilization in 16 (17%) patients, and progression in 28 (30%) patients. Among those with fibrotic HP, improvement was noted in 19 (35%) cases. Significant positive treatment outcome predictors were fever after antigen exposure, lymphocyte count in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exceeding 54%, RV/TLC > 120% pred., and ill-defined centrilobular nodules in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). An increased eosinophil count in BALF and fibrosis in HRCT were significant negative treatment outcome predictors. The presence of fibrosis in HRCT remained significant in a multivariate analysis. A positive response to treatment, as well as preserved baseline VCmax (% pred.) and TLC (% pred.), predicted longer survival, while fibrosis in HRCT was related to a worse prognosis. Conclusion: Immunomodulatory treatment may be effective in a significant proportion of patients with HP, including those with fibrotic changes in HRCT. Therefore, future trials are urgently needed to establish the role of immunosuppressive treatment in fibrotic HP.

Case report: Rare among ultrarare-Clinical odyssey of a new patient with Ogden syndrome.

Introduction: The definition of ultra-rare disease in terms of its prevalence varies between the sources, usually amounting to ca. 1 in 1.000.000 births. Nonetheless, there are even less frequent disorders, such as Ogden syndrome, which up to this day was diagnosed in less than 10 patients worldwide. They present typically with a variety of developmental defects, including postnatal growth retardation, psychomotor delay and hypotonia. This disorder is caused by the heterozygous mutations in NAA10 gene, which encodes N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, involved in protein biosynthesis. Therefore, Ogden syndrome belongs to the broader group of genetic disorders, collectively described as NAA10-related syndrome. Case report: We present a case of a Polish male infant, born in 39. GW with c-section due to the pathological cardiotocography signal. Hypotrophy (2400 g) and facial dysmorphism were noted in the physical examination. From the first minute, the child required mechanical ventilation - a nasal continuous positive airway pressure. For the first 27 days, the patient was treated in a neonatal intensive care unit, where a series of examinations were conducted. On their basis, the presence of the following defects was determined: muscular ventricular septal defects, patent foramen ovale, pectus excavatum, clubfoot and axial hypotonia. Child was then consequently referred to the genetic clinic for counselling. Results of the tests allowed the diagnosis of Ogden syndrome. In the following months the patient's condition worsened due to the numerous pulmonary infections. Despite the advanced treatment including the variety of medications, the patient eventually died at the age of 10 months. Conclusion: This case report presents a tenth patient diagnosed with Ogden syndrome reported worldwide. It expands the morphologic and clinical phenotype, emphasizing the possible severity of pneumonological disorders in these patients, which may pose a greater threat to a child's life than more frequently described cardiovascular dysfunctions associated with this syndrome.

FGFR1-4 RNA-Based Gene Alteration and Expression Analysis in Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

While fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are involved in several biological pathways and FGFR inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of squamous non-small cell lung cancer (Sq-NSCLC), FGFR aberrations are not well characterized in Sq-NSCLC. We comprehensively evaluated FGFR expression, fusions, and variants in 40 fresh-frozen primary Sq-NSCLC (stage IA3−IV) samples and tumor-adjacent normal tissues using real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Protein expression of FGFR1−3 and amplification of FGFR1 were also analyzed. FGFR1 and FGFR4 median gene expression was significantly (p < 0.001) decreased in tumors compared with normal tissue. Increased FGFR3 expression enhanced the recurrence risk (hazard ratio 4.72, p = 0.029), while high FGFR4 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.036). Enhanced FGFR1 gene expression was correlated with FGFR1 protein overexpression (r = 0.75, p = 0.0003), but not with FGFR1 amplification. NGS revealed known pathogenic FGFR2,3 variants, an FGFR3::TACC3 fusion, and a novel TACC1::FGFR1 fusion together with FGFR1,2 variants of uncertain significance not previously reported in Sq-NSCLC. These findings expand our knowledge of the Sq-NSCLC molecular background and show that combining different methods increases the rate of FGFR aberrations detection, which may improve patient selection for FGFRi treatment.

Acute Phase Proteins as Early Predictors for Immunotherapy Response in Advanced NSCLC: An Explorative Study.

In the last decade, targeting the immune system became a promising therapy in advanced lung cancer stages. However, in a clinical follow-up, patient responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors widely differ. Peripheral blood is a minimally invasive source of potential biomarkers to explain these differences. We blindly analyzed serum samples from 139 patients with non-small cell lung cancer prior to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapies to assess whether baseline levels of albumin (ALB), alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M), ceruloplasmin (CP), haptoglobin (HP), alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), serum amyloid A (SAA), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), have a predictive value for immunotherapy success. Disease progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated based on RECIST 1.1 criteria. A multivariate Cox regression analysis, including serum levels of acute-phase proteins and clinical parameters, revealed that higher pre-therapeutic levels of HP and CP are independent predictors of a worse PFS. Moreover, a combined panel of HP and CP stratified patients into subgroups. We propose to test this panel as a putative biomarker for assessing the success of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Z Variant (AAT PI*Z) as a Risk Factor for Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy.

Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP; prevalence 0.2-15.6%) is the most common pregnancy-related liver disorder. It may have serious consequences for a pregnancy, including increased risk of preterm delivery, meconium staining of amniotic fluid, fetal bradycardia, distress, and fetal demise. In cases of high bile acids (>100µmol/L), patients have 10-fold increase in the risk of stillbirth. Biophysical methods of fetal monitoring, such as cardiotocography, ultrasonography, or Doppler have been proven unreliable for risk prediction in the course of intrahepatic cholestasis. Therefore, we believe extensive research for more specific, especially early, markers should be carried out. By analogy with cholestasis in children with inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), we hypothesized the SERPINA1 Z pathogenic variant might be related to a higher risk of cholestasis in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the most common AATD variants (Z and S SERPINA1 alleles) in a group of cholestatic pregnant women. Results: The Z carrier frequency was calculated to be 6.8%, which is much higher compared to the general population [2.3%; the Chi-squared test with Yates correction is 6.8774 (p=0.008)]. Conclusion: Increased prevalence of SERPINA1 PI*Z variant in a group of women with intrahepatic cholestasis may suggest a possible genetic origin of a higher risk of intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy.

Combined Emphysema and Interstitial Lung Disease as a Rare Presentation of Pulmonary Involvement in a Patient with Chronic Visceral Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (Niemann-Pick Disease Type B).

BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 gene. It results in acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and sphingomyelin intracellular accumulation. Lung disease is diagnosed mostly in chronic visceral ASMD. Ground-glass opacities and smooth interlobular septal thickening are described most frequently. They are localized predominantly in the lower parts of both lungs. CASE REPORT The authors describe a rare type of lung involvement, composed of emphysema and interstitial lung disease (ILD), in a nonsmoking adult male with chronic visceral ASMD. Areas of ground-glass opacities and lung fibrosis presenting as reticulation and bronchiectasis have been described in high-resolution computed tomography of the lungs. The radiological findings were localized predominantly in the middle and lower parts of both lungs. Large air spaces of marginal emphysema, localized in the upper lobes, were also demonstrated. Foamy macrophages, staining blue with May-Grünwald-Giemsa, were found in bronchoalveolar lavage, confirming lung involvement in the course of ASMD. The course of disease was stable, with no hypoxemia at rest. Nevertheless, because of markedly decreased lung transfer for carbon monoxide and significant desaturation on exertion, further controls have been planned, with qualification for long-term oxygen therapy in case of deterioration. CONCLUSIONS We present a unique type of lung involvement, combined emphysema and ILD, in a nonsmoking adult patient with chronic visceral ASMD. On such occasion chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coexisting with ILD as well as chronic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome should be excluded.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis recognised in a single pulmonary unit, between 2005 and 2015 - comparison with recently proposed diagnostic criteria.

INTRODUCTION: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is the third most common interstitial lung disease after idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Pathogenesis of HP is related to repeated exposure to inhaled environmental antigens that sensitise the susceptible, genetically predisposed persons. The aim of the present retrospective study was to summarise the diagnostic methods used in consecutive patients with HP, recognised in a single pulmonary unit, between 2005 and 2015, and to compare them with current diagnostic criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 135 patients, 68 males, 67 females, median age 53 years (18-75 years), entered the study. Chest CT features characteristic of HP were defined as: mosaic attenuation of lung parenchyma, air trapping and/or ill-defined centrilobular nodules. Lymphocytosis in BAL was defined as ≥ 30%. RESULTS: Median time from first symptoms to diagnosis was 12 months. The exposure to one or more allergens was found in 94% of patients, chest CT features characteristic of HP have been reported in 87%, BAL lymphocytosis - in 86%. According to recent diagnostic criteria - in 54% of patients, clinical diagnosis of HP was confident, in 16% - probable, in 26% - possible and in 4% - unlikely. The confirmation of HP with lung biopsy has been obtained in 36% of non-confident cases (16% of the study group). CONCLUSION: HP diagnosis was confirmed according to current diagnostic criteria in 70% of patients diagnosed between 2005 and 2015. Contradictions to lung biopsy have been the main reason for inability to confirm HP in non-confident cases.

Increased levels of interleukin 27 in patients with early clinical stages of non-small cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION    Interleukin 27 (IL­27) is a cytokine secreted mostly by antigen­presenting cells. It is important for the immune polarization of T helper­1 (Th1) cells, and its role in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and lung cancer has been investigated. OBJECTIVES    We assessed IL­27 expression in the lower airways of patients with selected ILDs and early­stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS    IL­27 concentrations were examined by an enzyme­linked immunosorbent assay in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid supernatants collected from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS; n = 30), extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA; n = 14), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; n = 12), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP; n = 14), and NSCLC stages I to IIa (n = 16) with peripheral localization, and in controls (n = 14). The major lymphocyte subsets in BAL fluid were phenotyped, and intracellular IL­27 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry.  RESULTS    IL­27 concentrations in BAL fluid supernatants were significantly increased in Th1­mediated conditions such as EAA and PS, but not in IPF or NSIP. The highest IL­27 levels (median [SEM], 16.9 [17.5] pg/ml) were reported for NCSLC, and the lowest-for controls (median [SEM], 0.4 [0.2] pg/ml). IL­27 was undetectable in corticosteroid­treated patients with PS. Both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were positive for IL­27; they were a possible local source of IL­27 because the cytokine levels were positivelysignificantly correlated with the total number of lymphocytes, including CD4+ cells. CONCLUSIONS    Our results support the Th1­linked activity of IL­27in ILDs. Early­stageNSCLC is characterizedby high IL­27expression in the lower airways. IL­27 is produced by a high percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in BAL fluid, both in patients and controls.

Does urinary peptide content differ between COPD patients with and without inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Differentiating between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with normal (PiMM) or deficient (PiZZ) genetic variants of alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is important not only for understanding the pathobiology of disease progression but also for improving personalized therapies. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether urinary peptides reflect the A1AT-related phenotypes of COPD. Urine samples from 19 clinically stable COPD cases (7 PiMM and 12 PiZZ A1AT) were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. We identified 66 peptides (corresponding to 36 unique proteins) that differed between PiZZ and PiMM COPD. Among these, peptides from the collagen family were the most abundant and divergent. A logistic regression model based on COL1A1 or COL5A3 peptides enabled differentiation between PiMM and PiZZ groups, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 85.71% for COL1A1 and a sensitivity of 91.67% and specificity of 85.71% for COL5A3. Furthermore, patients with PiZZ presented low levels of urinary peptides involved in lipoproteins/lipids and retinoic acid metabolism, such as apolipoprotein A-I and C4, retinol-binding protein 4 and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase. However, peptides of MDS1 and EVII complex locus, gelsolin and hemoglobin alpha were found in the urine of COPD cases with PiZZ, but not with PiMM. These capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry-based results provide the first evidence that urinary peptide content differs between PiMM and PiZZ patients with COPD.

Clarithromycin Decreases IL-6 Concentration in Serum and BAL Fluid in Patients with Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the development of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). It has been shown that macrolides inhibit cytokine production in the alveolar macrophages of COP patients. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the concentrations of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-8 and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL-f) in COP patients treated with clarithromycin (CAM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 26 patients (18 women and 8 men, mean age 56.46 ± 8.83 years) with biopsy-proven COP. After being treated with CAM, a complete recovery was achieved in 22 patients, while four patients did not respond to the treatment. The ELISA method was used to measure the serum and BAL-f concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-ß. RESULTS: Before treatment, the serum IL-1ß1, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-ß1 concentrations were similar in responders and non-responders. Significant decreases in serum concentrations of IL-6 (8.98 ± 13.26 pg/mL vs. 3.1 ± 6.95 pg/mL; p = 0.005), IL-8 (20.14 ± 25.72 pg/mL vs. 10.14 ± 6.8 pg/mL; p = 0.007) and TGF-ß1 (37.89 ± 12.49 ng/mL vs. 26.49 ± 12.45 ng/mL; p = 0.001) were found after treatment, as well as a significant decrease in the BAL-f concentration of IL-6 (30.56 ± 56.78 pg/mL vs. 4.53 ± 5.84 pg/mL; p = 0.036). Clarithromycin treatment resulted in a significantly lower mean value of serum IL-6 responders than non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: In COP patients, response to clarithromycin treatment was associated with decreases in serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-ß, and of rations, and of the BAL-f concentration of IL-6.

[Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases]. / Rola probiotyków w profilaktyce i leczeniu chorób alergicznych.

Physiological gastrointestinal microflora dominated by lactic acid bacteria is crucial for the maturation and proper functioning of human immune system. Thus, lactic acid bacteria eradication followed by intestinal colonization by other anaerobes seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including allergy. This paper discusses the effect of physiological intestinal microflora on the physiological immune reactivity as well as its immunomodulatory potential. The critical review of current research on the effectiveness of probiotic dietary supplementation in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases is provided.

Simple flow cytometric protocol of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio assessment in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with interstitial lung diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the fast and accurate flow cytometric (FCM) protocol using blood-standardized antibodies for alveolar lymphocyte subtyping with respect to standard immunocytochemistry (IC). STUDY DESIGN: FCM and IC were applied to immunophenotype T cell subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from patients with interstitial lung diseases. Diagnostic BAL specimens from 50 patients with suspected sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis were evaluated by both IC and FCM. In FCM, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were identified by light scatter gating with CD3 selection using basic tricolor cytometer. RESULTS: Relative amounts of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratios demonstrated by the FCM showed excellent, significant correlations with IC results. FCM values did not differ significantly from IC results. However, the sensitivity and specificity of conventional IC staining were not sufficient to assess CD4+/ CD8+ ratio in most idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cases. Additionally, performing IC immunophenotyping in BAL samples with low lymphocyte content introduced a remarkable error into CD4+/CD8+ ratio assessment. CONCLUSION: FCM allowed reliable, precise, and fast T-cell subset measurement in all BAL samples, overcoming the IC disadvantages. Our validated FCM protocol provides diagnostically relevant CD4+/CD8+ ratio determination by simple light scatter gating strategy with CD3 selection.

[Markers of fibrosis and inflammation in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis -- a pilot study]. / Markery wlóknienia i zapalenia w kondensacie powietrza wydychanego (EBC) oraz w plynie z plukania oskrzelowo-pecherzykowego (BALF) u chorych na sarkoidoze pluc - badanie pilotazowe.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology. Little is known of predictive factors of fibrosis. It was suggested that PAI-1, uPA, TGF-beta1, VEGF, IL-8, TNF-alpha influence this process. AIMS: To assess airway inflammatory and fibrosis markers in EBC in sarcoidosis and the effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and bronchial mucosa membrane biopsy on their production in the airways. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 11 patients (5 women, 6 men; mean age 40 +/- 9 yrs, mean +/- SD) with sarcoidosis stage I-III. PAI-1 (ng/ml), uPA (ng/ml), TGF-beta1 (pg/ml), VEGF (pg/ml), IL-8 (pg/ml), TNF-alpha (pg/ml) levels were measured in BALF and EBC collected before and 48 hours after FOB. RESULTS: No significant changes in EBC levels of VEGF, PAI-1, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha (respectively: 8.02 +/- 4.97 pg/ml; 1.1 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; 2909.7 +/- 206.6 pg/ml; 10.7 +/- 19.9 pg/ml) after FOB were observed when compared to baseline. In contrast, IL-8 concentration in EBC (pg/ml) decreased after FOB (0.073 +/- 0.13 v. 0.061 +/- 0.1, p = 0.006) and was significantly lower than in BALF (BALF 0.95 +/- 0.62, p < 0.05). Also, mean level of VEGF was higher in BALF than in EBC both pre- and post- FOB (BALF 66.38 +/- 36.95, EBC pre-FOB 6.75 +/- 3.67 and EBC post-FOB 8.02 +/- 4.97). Significant relationship between TNF-alpha in post-FOB EBC and BALF was also shown (b = 0.63, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: FOB does not significantly affect levels of airway inflammation and fibrosis markers present in EBC before and after FOB; they were also comparable to the concentrations marked by BALF. The lack of correlation between markers levels in EBC and BALF indicates that these methods are not equivalent. Due to repeatibility, and less invasive, simple method of EBC test it seems reasonable to continue the research on the larger number of patients.

[Diagnostics of selected respiratory virus infections]. / Diagnostyka wybranych zakazen wirusowych ukladu oddechowego.

Viral infections are the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract characterized by the considerable mortality (especially among children and elderly people) and considered as the significant economic burden. It has been demonstrated that implementation of rapid diagnostic methods enabled more appropriate treatment of respiratory viral infections, reduced mean hospitalization time and cost, as well as resulted in the significantly decreased mortality. Modern diagnostic methods effectively identify respiratory virus, its antigen or nucleic acids in biological samples by means of the immunological and molecular techniques. This article presents critical overview of those methods with particular emphasis on their clinical usefulness and clinical reliability.

Bacterial immunostimulants--mechanism of action and clinical application in respiratory diseases.

Immunity towards bacteria might be achieved as a result of natural processes following infection, or as a consequence of medical intervention including vaccination, administration of immunoglobulins or therapy with immunostimulants derived from bacteria. Bacterial immunostimulants (ISs) containing bacterial lysate (OM-85 BV, LW 50020) or components of bacterial cells (ribosomal extracts) were shown to induce a non-specific response (i.e. intensification of phagocytosis) but also to orchestrate both cellular (B, T cell stimulation) and humoral responses (antibodies and proinflammatory cytokines production). Therefore, the duality of their immunomodulatory activity mimics or, to a certain extent, repeats the immune response evoked by the intrusion of a pathogen into the human body, which is initially non-specific, but subsequently becomes specific. However, their clinical efficacy in the prevention of respiratory tract infection (RTI) is still debated. This article reviews their mechanism of action, as well as the available clinical data, discussing the pros and cons of their use in the prevention of RITs in children and adults.