Contribution of Stroke to Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stroke mortality is more common in low-income and middle-income nations such as Mexico. Prognosis data typically rely on short-term hospital follow-ups, revealing high mortality rates due to systemic complications and early recurrence. We aim to explore stroke's long-term impact by examining all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Mexico City Prospective Study (1998-2004) with known mortality outcomes until December 2022. Baseline variables were compared between participants who had stroke and nonstroke participants. Cox proportional hazard regression assessed each variable's contribution to overall mortality. Subsequent analysis within the stroke subgroup aimed to identify unique risk factors of mortality, using Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, and time since stroke. RESULTS: Among 145,537 eligible participants, 1,492 (1.0%) had a history of stroke. Participants who had stroke were older (57.58 vs 50.16, p < 0.001); had lower mean weekly income ($108.24 vs $176.14, p < 0.001); had higher alcohol intake and smoking frequency; and had more frequent comorbidities such as hypertension (48.9 vs 19.3%, p < 0.001), diabetes (23.4 vs 12.9%, p < 0.001), and ischemic heart disease (5.4 vs 1.0%, p < 0.001). They had a significantly increased risk of death from any cause (hazard ratio [HR] 2.59, 95% CI 2.37-2.83, p < 0.001). Deceased participants with stroke were more likely to be male, with a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal waist-hip index. Stroke increased the risk of death from cardiac (HR 3.56, 95% CI 3.02-4.19, p < 0.001), renal (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.58-2.66, p < 0.001), and pulmonary (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.79-2.92, p < 0.001) causes. DISCUSSION: This study confirms stroke's association with higher mortality rates, especially from cardiac, renal, and pulmonary causes in Mexico. It underscores the elevated prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic profiles among participants who had stroke and those who died with a history of stroke.

Incidence, and factors associated with moderate/severe pediatric traumatic brain injury in children aged 5-15 years in western, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to estimate the standardized incidence and evaluate factors associated with moderate/severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (p-TBI) in children aged 5-15 years in Western, Mexico. METHODS: The study was cross-sectional in design. We estimated the standardized incidence of moderate/severe p-TBI using the direct methods of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard populations. We utilized the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to identify moderate/severe p-TBI patients (GCS ≤ 13). Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate variables associated with moderate/severe p-TBI. RESULTS: The standardized incidence of patients diagnosed with moderate/severe p-TBI was 31.0/100,000 person-years (95 % CI 28.7-33.4). According to age, the moderate/severe TBI group was included. A total of 254 (38.5 %) patients were aged 5-9 years, 343 (52.0 %) were aged 10-14 years, and 62 (9.5 %) were aged 15 years. Factors associated with moderate/severe TBI in the crude analysis were male sex (OR 5.50, 95 % CI 4.16-7.39, p < 0.001), primary school (OR 2.15, 95 % CI 1.62-2.84, p < 0.001), and falls (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.02-1.77, p = 0.035). Factors associated with moderate/severe p-TBI in the adjusted analysis were male sex (OR 6.12, 95 % CI 4.53-8.29, p < 0.001), primary school (OR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.31-4.55, p < 0.001), and falls (OR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.28-2.47, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of moderate/severe p-TBI in children aged 5-15 years in western Mexico in this study was higher than that in other studies. One of the biggest factors associated with moderate/severe p-TBI was male sex, specifically those with lower education levels and those who were prone to falls.

Stroke in Tuberculous Meningitis.

A 17-year-old male presented with a 20-day history of vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, headache and fever progressing to dysarthria, somnolence, urinary incontinence, slurred speech, weakness, and inability to walk. Neurological examination revealed diminished visual acuity and diplopia. A head computed tomography (CT) showed acute hydrocephalus (Figure 1). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed pleocytosis (lymphocyte predominant), hypoglycorrhachia (8 mg/dL), and hyperproteinorrachia (156 mg/dL). The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed leptomeningitis, basal ganglia infarcts and basal meningeal enhancement highly suggestive of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) (Figure 2). We calculated a positive Thwaites score (-5) for TBM. The patient responded well to antituberculous treatment and dexamethasone. At 2 year follow-up the patient remains symptom-free. Stroke is a frequent complication of TBM and might contribute to long-term disability. Brain imaging findings, such as basal meningeal enhancement and basal exudates, hydrocephalus, and infarctions (TBM triad) are useful tools to rapidly identify probable TBM(3,4). Brain infarcts in TBM are located mostly in the arterial territory of distal branching arterires(5). Other less frequent imaging findings are tuberculomas and vasospasm. Key message: Hydrocephalus, basal meningeal enhancement, and basal ganglia infarcts should raise suspicion of tuberculosis, especially in endemic regions.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Presenting as Simultaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

A 37-year-old pregnant woman presented to the emergency department with central facial palsy, ipsilateral right hemiparesis, and seizures. Brain Computed Tomogram (CT) showed intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and bilateral frontal edema. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multifocal hemorrhages consistent with a diagnosis of multiple simultaneous ICH (MSICH) (Figure 1). We suspected cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and performed a MR angiogram confirming this diagnosis (Figure 2). Upon admission, the patient was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin and transitioned to direct oral anticoagulation at discharge. Non traumatic MSICH is a rare imaging finding with high mortality, usually arterial in origin (1). However, since treatment options vary, cerebral venous thrombosis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially in young female patients with known risk factors, such as pregnancy and puerperium (2-4). MRI modalities (Echo-GRE) are valuable tools in identifying ICH when CT is inconclusive (5).

Mortalidad asociada al diagnóstico de síndrome de Guillain-Barré en adultos ingresados en instituciones del sistema sanitario mexicano / Mortality associated with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults of Mexican health institutions

Introducción. El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) es una urgencia neurológica que constituye la principal causa de parálisis flácida en el mundo, y que afecta a todos los grupos etarios. Se desconocen notablemente las características epidemiológicas esenciales del SGB en la mayor parte de los países de América Latina. Objetivo. Determinar la mortalidad asociada con el diagnóstico de SGB en altas hospitalarias efectuadas durante el año 2010 en instituciones de la Secretaría de Salud, México. Pacientes y métodos. Se analizó la base de datos de altas hospitalarias de instituciones que pertenecen a la Secretaría de Salud. Se identificaron los casos de SGB mediante el código G61.0 de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, 10.ª revisión (CIE-10). Se excluyeron los registros de pacientes menores de 18 años y los casos sin información demográfica completa. Resultados. Durante el año 2010 se registraron 2.634.339 altas de hospitales que pertenecen a la Secretaría de Salud. Se identificó un total de 467 hospitalizaciones por SGB en adultos (mediana de edad: 41 años; 62,1% hombres) de 121 instituciones sanitarias de los 32 estados federados de México. Durante el verano y otoño se registró la mayor frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por SGB. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 8 días y la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria, del 10,5%. La probabilidad de muerte se asoció directamente con la edad, sin una tendencia particular respecto al sexo, hospital de atención o entidad federativa. Conclusiones. En 2010, la mortalidad hospitalaria por SGB en esta parte del sistema sanitario mexicano fue más alta de la que se informa en estudios contemporáneos. Se observó una asociación estacional con la frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por SGB (AU)

Introduction. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a neurological emergency representing the main cause of flaccid paralysis around the world, affecting all age groups. Little is known about the essential epidemiology of GBS in most Latin American countries. Aim. To determine the mortality associated with the diagnosis of GBS in hospital discharges during 2010 in hospitals of the Ministry of Health, Mexico. Patients and methods. We analyzed the database of hospital discharges of institutions pertaining to the Ministry of Health. Study cases were identified by the code G61.0 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). We excluded records of patients younger than 18 years and patients without complete demographic information. Results. During the year 2010 there were 2,634,339 discharges from hospitals of the Ministry of Health. We identified a total of 467 hospitalizations due to GBS in adults (median age: 41 years; 62.1% male) from 121 health institutions of the 32 Republic States. The highest frequency of GBS hospitalizations occurred during summer and fall. The median hospital stay was 8 days. The hospital mortality rate was 10.5%. The probability of death was directly associated with age, without a particular trend regarding gender, hospital care or state. Conclusions. In 2010 GBS hospital mortality in this part of the Mexican health system was higher than that reported in contemporary studies. A seasonal association was observed regarding the frequency of hospitalizations for GBS (AU)

Hemorragia intracerebral espontánea en México: resultados del Registro Hospitalario Multicéntrico Nacional en Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC) / Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in Mexico: results from a Multicenter Nationwide Hospital-based Registry on Cerebrovascular Disease (RENAMEVASC)

Introducción. Existe poca información respecto a la hemorragia intracerebral (HIC) en América Latina, y la existente ha sido derivada de registros hospitalarios de un solo centro con conclusiones no generalizables. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la frecuencia, etiología, manejo y desenlace clínico de la HIC en México.Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron pacientes consecutivos con HIC incluidos en el Registro Nacional Mexicano de Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC), conducido en 25 centros de 14 estados de la República Mexicana. Se usó la Intracerebral Hemorrhage Grading Scale (ICH-GS) para estimar el pronóstico a 30 días. Resultados. De 2.000 pacientes con ictus agudo en el RENAMEVASC, 564 (28%) presentaron HIC espontánea (53% mujeres; edad media: 63 años; rango intercuartílico: 50-75 años). La hipertensión arterial (70%), las malformaciones vasculares (7%) y la angiopatía amiloidea (4%) fueron las causas más frecuentes. No se determinó la etiología en el 10% de los casos. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron ganglionar (50%), lobar (35%) y cerebelosa (5%). La irrupción hacia el sistema ventricular ocurrió en el 43%. La mediana en la escala ICH-GS al ingreso hospitalario fue de 8 puntos: el 49% presentó 5-7 puntos; el 37%, 8-10 puntos, y el 15%, 11-13 puntos. La tasa de mortalidad a 30 días fue del 30%, y el 31% mostró discapacidad grave. La sobrevida a 30 días fue del 92% en pacientes con 5-7 puntos en la escala ICH-GS, mientras que se redujo al 27% en aquellos con 11-13 puntos. Conclusiones. En México, la HIC representa casi un tercio de las formas de enfermedad vascular cerebral aguda, y la mayoría de los pacientes que la padecen presentan discapacidad funcional grave o muerte a 30 días. La hipertensión es la principal causa, por lo que el control de este importante factor de riesgo debería reducir la carga sanitaria de la HIC (AU)

Introduction. Scarce information exists on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Latin America, and the existent is derived from single-center registries with non-generalizable conclusions. The aim of this study is to describe the frequency, etiology, management and outcome of ICH in Mexico. Patients and methods. We studied consecutive patients with ICH pertaining to the National Multicenter Registry on Cerebrovascular Disease (RENAMEVASC), conducted in 25 centers from 14 states of Mexico. The Intracerebral Hemorrhage Grading Scale (ICH-GS) at admission was used to assess prognosis at 30 days follow-up. Results. Of 2,000 patients with acute cerebrovascular disease registered in RENAMEVASC, 564 (28%) had primary ICH (53% women; median age: 63 years; interquartile range: 50-75 years). Hypertension (70%), vascular malformations (7%) and amyloid angiopathy (4%) were the main etiologies. In 10% of cases etiology could not be determined. Main ICH locations were basal ganglia (50%), lobar (35%) and cerebellum (5%). Irruption into the ventricular system occurred in 43%. Median score of ICH-GS was 8 points: 49% had 5-7 points, 37% had 8-10 points and 15% had 11-13 points. The 30-day case fatality rate was 30%, and 31% presented severe disability. The 30-day survival was 92% for patients with ICH-GS 5-7 points, whereas it decreased to 27% in patients with ICH-GS 11-13 points. Conclusions. In Mexico, ICH represents about a third of the forms of acute cerebrovascular disease, and the majority of patients present severe disability or death at 30 days of follow-up. Hypertension is the main cause; hence, control of this important cardiovascular risk factor should reduce the health burden of ICH (AU)

Presión arterial sistólica y pronóstico funcional en pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral aguda: Registro mexicano de enfermedad vascular cerebral / Systolic blood pressure and functional outcome in patients with acute stroke: A Mexican registry of acute cerebrovascular disease (RENAMEVASC)

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación de la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) al ingreso hospitalario y la evolución clínica a 30 días en pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) aguda. Métodos: El REgistro NAcional Mexicano de Enfermedad VAScular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC) es un registro hospitalario multicéntrico realizado de noviembre de 2002 a octubre de 2004. Se registraron 2000 pacientes con distintos síndromes clínicos de EVC aguda confirmados por neuroimagen. La estratificación de la evolución clínica se realizó mediante la escala de Rankin modificada. Resultados: Se analizaron 1721 pacientes con registro de la PAS: 78 (4.5%) con isquemia cerebral transitoria, 894 (51.9%) con infarto cerebral, 534 (30.9%) con hemorragia intracerebral, 165 (9.6%) con hemorragia subaracnoidea y 50 (2.9%) con trombosis venosa cerebral. De los 1036 (60.2%) pacientes con el antecedente de hipertensión, sólo 32.4% tenía un tratamiento regular. La tasa de mortalidad a 30 días presentó un patrón en J con respecto a la PAS, de tal manera que el riesgo de muerte fue máximo en <100 mmHg (37.5%), descendió entre 100 mmHg y 139 mmHg, para alcanzar gradualmente un nuevo cenit en >220 mmHg (35.3%). El mejor desenlace funcional correspondió a los pacientes que tuvieron una PAS entre 100 mmHg y 159 mmHg. Mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox se encontró que una PAS <100 mmHg o >220 mmHg fue un factor independiente de riesgo de muerte a 30 días (RR: 1.52, IC 95%: 1.07 - 2.15), al igual que el antecedente de hipertensión (RR: 1.33, IC 95%: 1.06 - 1.65) y edad >65 años (RR: 2.16, IC 95%: 1.74 - 2.67). Conclusión: Tanto la hipotensión como la hipertensión arterial significativa al ingreso hospitalario se asocian a un pronóstico adverso en la EVC aguda. No obstante, un buen pronóstico funcional se puede lograr en un amplio rango de cifras de PAS.

Objective: To analyze the association between the admission systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 30-day outcome in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Methods: The REgistro NAcional Mexicano de Enfermedad VAScular Cerebral (RENAMEVASC) is a hospital-based multicenter registry performed between November 2002 and October 2004. A total of 2000 patients with clinical syndromes of acute cerebrovascular disease confirmed by neuroimaging were registered. The modified Rankin scale was used for outcome stratification. Results: We analyzed 1721 patients who had registered their SBP: 78 (4.5%) had transient ischemic attack, 894 (51.9%) brain infarction, 534 (30.9%) intracerebral hemorrhage, 165 (9.6%) subarachnoid hemorrhage and 50 (2.9%) cerebral venous thrombosis. Among 1036 (60.2%) patients with the antecedent of hypertension, only 32.4% had regular treatment. The 30-day case fatality rate presented a J pattern with respect to SBP, so that the risk of death was highest in <100 mmHg (37.5%), decreased between 100 and 139, and reached gradually a new zenith in >220 mmHg (35.3%). The best functional outcome corresponded to patients who had SBP between 100 mmHg and 159 mmHg. In a Cox proportional hazards model, SBP <100 mmHg or >220 mmHg was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality (RR: 1.52, IC 95%: 1.07 - 2.15), as well as the antecedent of hypertension (RR: 1.33, IC 95%: 1.06 - 1.65) and age >65 years (RR: 2.16, IC 95%: 1.74 - 2.67). Conclusion: Both hypotension and significant arterial hypertension at hospital admission are associated with an adverse outcome after acute cerebrovascular disease. Nevertheless, a good functional outcome can be attained in a wide range of SBP.

Antiagregantes plaquetarios en la prevención de la enfermedad vascular cerebral / Antiplatelates cerebral infartion prevention

Los mecanismos productores de isquemia cerebral son múltiples; sin embargo, el tromboembolismo explica una gran proporción de los casos de isquemia cerebral. El papel de los antiagregantes plaquetarios en la prevención secundaria del infarto cerebral esta bien definido. La presente revisión analiza los mecanismos de acción y la eficacia de las tres únicas drogas antiagregantes plaquetarias con efectividad demostrada en la prevención del infarto cerebral. Se analizan las relaciones riesgo-beneficio en cada uno de los agentes farmacológicos, así como también se discuten aspectos en cuanto a la dosis "ideal" de aspirina para esta indicación

Un caso de enfermedad de Hallervorden-Spatz con hallazgos de resonancia magnética / Case report of Hallervorden-Spatz disease with magnetic resonance findings

La enfermedad de Hallervorden y Spatz (EHS) es una entidad rara, progresiva y degenerativa de los ganglios basales que inicia en la primera o segunda décadas de la vida. Se caracteriza por signos extrapiramidales y demencia progresiva. Se transmite de forma autosómica recesiva, aunque 15 por ciento de los casos son esporádicos. No existe por el momento un marcador biológico para hacer el diagnóstico antemortem. El hallazgo postmórtem incluye depósitos de hierro en el globo pálido y zona reticulada de la sustancia negra. La imagen por resonancia magnética (IRM) en T2 muestra lesiones simétricas e hipointensas en el globo pálido con un centro hiperintenso dando lugar al signo del ojo de tigre. Se reporta el primer caso de un paciente mexicano con EHS esporádico, con cuadro clínico y hallazgos de IRM característicos

Aspectos bioquímicos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Biochemical aspects in Alzheimer's disease

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es una demencia cortical primaria con una prevalencia de 2.4 por ciento antes de los 75 años y de 10.9 por ciento después de esta edad. Representa el 40 a 50 por ciento de todas las demencias y es un padecimiento degenerativo irreversible. Importantes avances epidemiológicos, genéticos, patológicos y bioquímico-moleculares serán la base de todos los abordajes terapéuticos en un futuro próximo. El presente trabajo enumera y profundiza algunas de las alteraciones bioquímicas involucradas en su etiopatogénesis, explica los hallazgos primarios o secundarios al proceso de degeneración neurocerebral sin soslayar múltiples propuestas que figuran ya como pilares y directrices en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad