Design of oscillatory neural networks by machine learning.

We demonstrate the utility of machine learning algorithms for the design of oscillatory neural networks (ONNs). After constructing a circuit model of the oscillators in a machine-learning-enabled simulator and performing Backpropagation through time (BPTT) for determining the coupling resistances between the ring oscillators, we demonstrate the design of associative memories and multi-layered ONN classifiers. The machine-learning-designed ONNs show superior performance compared to other design methods (such as Hebbian learning), and they also enable significant simplifications in the circuit topology. We also demonstrate the design of multi-layered ONNs that show superior performance compared to single-layer ones. We argue that machine learning can be a valuable tool to unlock the true computing potential of ONNs hardware.