Materia virtual sobre adicciones en la Licenciatura en Enfermería: influencia en las creencias e intenciones / Virtual subject on addictions in the nursing degree: influence on beliefs and intentions

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una materia virtual sobre adicciones en las creencias e intenciones del uso de drogas en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería, y compararlo con una asignatura presencial y un grupo que no recibió la asignatura. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo intervención (GExp: asignatura virtual curso 2020) y controles no concurrentes (GComp1: asignatura presencial; GComp2: no cursan asignatura). Se invitó a participar a todo el alumnado. La asignatura se impartió durante 16 semanas empleando exposiciones, análisis de casos y discusiones grupales entre otras estrategias. Se midieron variables demográficas, de capacitación previa y uso de sustancias. Como resultado se evaluaron las creencias e intenciones del uso de drogas mediante escalas autoinformadas de manera basal y al finalizar la materia. Se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial con prueba ANCOVA mixta. Resultados: en el GExp no se identificaron cambios en las creencias acerca del abuso de drogas (p> 0,05), pero sí en las intenciones del uso de sustancias (p= 0,008). Al comparar los efectos con los otros grupos se detectó una interacción entre los factores agrupación y tiempo (p= 0,005), la cual sugiere que los cambios en las creencias a favor de las drogas se registraron específicamente entre quienes recibieron la asignatura presencial. Las intenciones del uso de sustancias disminuyeron en todos los grupos al final del estudio (p< 0,05). Conclusión: recibir la asignatura virtual redujo las intenciones del uso de drogas entre el alumnado, dichos cambios no fueron mayores que en los otros grupos. Las creencias favorables al uso de drogas disminuyeron en el grupo presencial.(AU)

A computational musculoskeletal arm model for assessing muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Computational models have been used extensively to assess diseases and disabilities effects on musculoskeletal system dysfunction. In the current study, we developed a two degree-of-freedom subject-specific second-order task-specific arm model for characterizing upper-extremity function (UEF) to assess muscle dysfunction due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Older adults (65 years or older) with and without COPD and healthy young control participants (18 to 30 years) were recruited. First, we evaluated the musculoskeletal arm model using electromyography (EMG) data. Second, we compared the computational musculoskeletal arm model parameters along with EMG-based time lag and kinematics parameters (such as elbow angular velocity) between participants. The developed model showed strong cross-correlation with EMG data for biceps (0.905, 0.915) and moderate cross-correlation for triceps (0.717, 0.672) within both fast and normal pace tasks among older adults with COPD. We also showed that parameters obtained from the musculoskeletal model were significantly different between COPD and healthy participants. On average, higher effect sizes were achieved for parameters obtained from the musculoskeletal model, especially for co-contraction measures (effect size = 1.650 ± 0.606, p < 0.001), which was the only parameter that showed significant differences between all pairwise comparisons across the three groups. These findings suggest that studying the muscle performance and co-contraction, may provide better information regarding neuromuscular deficiencies compared to kinematics data. The presented model has potential for assessing functional capacity and studying longitudinal outcomes in COPD.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Activity of Patients in Hemodialysis.

Chronic dialysis patients have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection-related complications. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical activity levels of patients undertaking hemodialysis (HD). This was an observational study that compared data from two periods of time, before the COVID-19 pandemic vs pandemic. We used the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form (SF-36) to measure the HRQoL and the Human Activity Profile (HAP) questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity. Data were analyzed with a mixed ordinal linear regression. A total of 27 eligible participants were interviewed during COVID-19 pandemic (median age 78 years). The linear regression model showed that the pandemic, after controlling for the covariates age, comorbidity, albumin, and hemoglobin, had a significant impact on the HRQoL. Physical function (-15.7) and social functioning subscales (-28.0) worsened (p = 0.001), and the physical component scale also showed a significant decrease (-3.6; p = 0.05). Time had a significant impact on the Human Activity Profile, with an average activity score diminished with the pandemic (-13.9; p = 0.003). The COVID-19 pandemic had a very negative impact on HRQoL and physical activity level of subjects undertaking hemodialysis. Interventions to improve HRQoL and activity levels of patients undertaking HD are recommended.

Alcohol, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in young Mexican women.

AIM: To identify the relationship between use of alcohol, number of sexual partners and age of sexual initiation. METHOD: Descriptive-correlational study. A random sample of 319 young women (age 18-25) from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico was recruited. A sociodemographic data sheet and the AUDIT questionnaire were used. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis H test were selected. RESULTS: On average the participants were 20.70 years old (±2.1), had 1.86 sexual partners (±1.27), started drinking alcohol at the age of 16.82 (±1.79), and their first sexual intercourse was at the age of 17.38 (±1.65). There was a decrease in the age of onset of alcohol use (H=16.646, p<.001) and the age at first sexual intercourse (H=26.749, p<.001) on the lower their current age. The overall AUDIT score negatively correlated with the age of the participants on their first sexual intercourse (rs=-.168, p<.001) and positively correlated with the number of sexual partners (rs=.243, p<.001). The aforementioned correlations were more intense among the younger participants (18- and 19-year olds; p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between higher use of alcohol, early age of sexual initiation and number of sexual partners. Nursing professionals may address such variables simultaneously through preventive strategies directed specifically at young women.

Organocatalytic Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel 1,2,3-triazoles Derived from Fatty ß-ketoesters.

BACKGROUND: Developing methods to synthesize highly functionalized and complex 1,2,3- triazoles from various combinations of substrates remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, an organocatalytic approach to synthesize 1,2,3-triazoles derived from fatty acids has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: In this sense, we describe here the organocatalyzed synthesis and preliminary results of antitumor and cytotoxic activity of a range of 1,2,3-triazoles derived from fatty esters. METHODS: To synthesize 1,2,3-triazoles 3 derived from fatty ß-ketoesters, we performed the reaction of appropriate aryl azides 2a-j with ß -ketoesters 1a-c in the presence of 5 mol% of DBU using DMSO as a solvent at 70 °C for 24 h. The viability of 5637 cells was determined by measuring the reduction of soluble MTT to water-insoluble formazan. The IC50 concentration that inhibits 50% of cell growth and the results were obtained by at least three independent experiments in triplicate for each test. RESULTS: Through enolate-mediated organocatalysis, 1,2,3-triazoles 3 derived from fatty ß-ketoesters were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields by reacting fatty esters 1 with aryl azides 2 in the presence of a catalytic amount of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (5 mol%). All compounds derived from palmitic acetoacetate 1a were evaluated regarding induced cytotoxicity in vitro in a human bladder cancer cell line, and compounds 3a, 3d, 3e, and 3g were shown to be promising alternatives for bladder cancer treatment and presented the lowest inhibitory concentration of IC50. CONCLUSION: We described a synthetic procedure to prepare 1,2,3-triazoles derived from fatty ß - ketoesters by DBU-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of fatty esters with different aryl azides. Compounds derived from palmitic acetoacetate were screened for antitumor and cytotoxic activity in vitro in human bladder cancer cell lines, and compounds 3a, 3d, 3e, and 3g showed potential to treat bladder cancer.

Bone metabolism and osteoporosis during pregnancy and lactation.

PURPOSE: Osteoporosis in pregnancy is an uncommon disease and there is little information regarding its pathogenesis and its effects on the skeleton. This review aims to describe changes in mineral metabolism during pregnancy and lactation as well as their clinical impact. METHODS: We performed a narrative review of the literature using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles published from 1955 to 2021. RESULTS: Mineral metabolism in the mother must adapt to the demand created by the fetus and the placenta, which together absorb calcium and other minerals from the mother to mineralize the developing fetal skeleton; analyses of iliac bone biopsies at the beginning and end of pregnancy have shown that pregnancy significantly modifies maternal bone status. The greatest demand for calcium for the maternal skeleton occurs during lactation; women who breastfeed have an even greater loss of calcium to produce milk. However, it is controversial whether breastfeeding can increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures, and the possible mechanism is considerably complicated. Osteoporosis in pregnancy is an uncommon disease characterized by the occurrence of fragility fractures, most commonly in the vertebral column, in the third trimester of pregnancy, or early postpartum. The pathogenesis of PLO remains unclear owing to its rarity; DXA provides a sensitive and specific method for diagnosing osteoporosis by measuring BMD, one of the parameters that allow a better understanding of fracture risk. One limitation is the controversy in using radiation in pregnant women and the risk to the embryo/fetus; a safe alternative can be MRI. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy and lactation alter the maternal bone status; without a balance in metabolism, this may cause an increased risk of fracture due to changes in BMD. There is little information on BMD during pregnancy; more clinical studies are required to elucidate if this represents a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Harmful Use of Alcohol as Predictor of Presex Drinking in Mexican Young College Women.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify whether the harmful use of alcohol is associated with an increased probability of presex drinking in Mexican young women. METHOD: This was a study with a predictive design. Multiple logistic regressions were performed in a random sample of 304 young college women (between the ages of 18 and 24 years) from Guanajuato and Tamaulipas, Mexico. Participants completed a sociodemographic data survey and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire. RESULTS: Women with a pattern of harmful use of alcohol were more likely to report drinking before sex (adjusted odds ratio = 4.679, 95% confidence interval [1.619, 13.520], McFadden's pseudo R2 = 25.5%). Further analyses revealed that presex drinking by partners was an even stronger predictor of alcohol use before sexual intercourse in women (adjusted odds ratio = 12.749, 95% confidence interval [4.714, 34.483], McFadden's pseudo R2 = 34.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demand additional nursing studies to corroborate-and to better understand-the relationship between harmful use of alcohol in Mexican women, their partners' drinking behavior, and unhealthy behaviors like drinking before sexual intercourse.

Orden de género: un reto histórico y actual para la enfermería / Gender order: a historical and current challenge for nursing / Ordem de gênero: um desafio histórico e atual para enfermagem

OBJETIVO: Identificar la presencia del orden de género a lo largo de la historia de la enfermería a través de factores y eventos que podrían haber repercutido en la identidad de la enfermería moderna. METODOLOGÍA: Trabajo de reflexión basado en una revisión panorámica de documentos originales indizados (que contaran con evaluación con pares y publicados a partir de 2017). RESULTADOS: Desde la antigüedad el menosprecio, la opresión y la subordinación de la mujer a favor del hombre han influenciado el desarrollo profesional de la enfermería. Se destacan tres elementos. Primero, que las actividades como los cuidados de la vida y la salud (propias de enfermería) han sido consideradas inherentemente femeninas, y por tanto, carentes de algún trasfondo científico. Segundo, que la opresión y lucha de poder por parte del gremio médico ha coartado la libertad en la toma de decisiones profesionales. Finalmente, se reflexiona cómo la religión (principalmente el Cristianismo) pudo haber idealizado en el imaginario colectivo una conducta obediente, servil, pasiva y humilde de parte del personal de enfermería. CONCLUSIONES: Probablemente la identidad de la enfermería moderna resulta de una compleja combinación de elementos donde un común denominador es el orden de género. Es necesario cambiar construcciones sociales nocivas (como los estereotipos), construir relaciones profesionales más justas y asumir las responsabilidades que implica el liderazgo e independencia profesional. Un papel protagónico lo puede adoptar el personal de enfermería que ejerce como docente en instituciones de educación superior, elemento clave para transmitir el orden de género.

AIM: To identify the presence of gender order throughout the history of nursing through factors and events that could have affected the identity of modern nursing. METHODS: Reflection work based on a panoramic review of indexed original papers (found in databases, peer-reviewed, and published after 2017). RESULTS: Since ancient times, underestimation, oppression, and subordination of women in favor of men have influenced the professional development of nursing. Three elements stand out. First, activities such aslife-and healthcare (very specific to nursing) have been considered inherently feminine and, therefore, lacking any scientific background. Second, the oppression and struggle for power by the medical profession have restricted freedom in professional decision-making. Finally, we reflect on how religion (mainly Christianity) could have idealized in the collective imagination the obedient, servile, passive, and humble behavior of the nurse.CONCLUSIONS: The identity of modern nursing probably results from acomplex combination of elements where a common denominator is gender order. It is necessary to change harmful social constructions (such as stereotypes), build fairer professional relationships, and assume the responsibilities that leadership and professional independence imply. Nurses who work in higher education institutions may adopt a leading role since they are key elements in transmitting the gender order

OBJETIVO: Identificar a presença da ordem de gênero ao longo da histórica da enfermagem por meio de fatores e eventos que podem ter afetado a identidade da enfermagem moderna. METODOLOGIA:Trabalho de reflexão a partir de uma revisão panorâmica de fatos históricos em documentos originais indexados. RESULTADOS: Desde a antiguidade, a subestimação, opressão e subordinação das mulheres em favor dos homens influenciaram o desenvolvimento profissional da enfermagem. Três elementos se destacam. Em primeiro lugar, que atividades como os cuidados de vida e saúde (muitoespecíficos da enfermagem) têm sido consideradas inerentemente femininas e, portanto, carentes de embasamento científico. Segundo, que a opressão e a luta pelo poder da classe médica restringiram a liberdade de decisão profissional. Por fim, refletimos sobre como a religião (principalmente o cristianismo) poderia ter idealizado no imaginário coletivo o comportamento obediente, servil, passivo e humilde do enfermeiro. CONCLUSÕES:A identidade da enfermagem moderna provavelmente resulta de uma complexa combinação de elementos onde um denominador comum é a ordem de gênero. É preciso mudar construções sociais nocivas (como os estereótipos), construir relações profissionais mais justas e assumir as responsabilidades que a liderança e a independência profissionalimplicam. Um protagonismo pode ser assumido pelos enfermeiros que atuam em instituições de ensino superior, pois são elementos-chave na transmissão da ordem de gênero

Physical and Cognitive Function Assessment to Predict Postoperative Outcomes of Abdominal Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Current evaluation methods to assess physical and cognitive function are limited and often not feasible in emergency settings. The upper-extremity function (UEF) test to assess physical and cognitive performance using wearable sensors. The purpose of this study was to examine the (1) relationship between preoperative UEF scores with in-hospital outcomes; and (2) association between postoperative UEF scores with 30-d adverse outcomes among adults undergoing emergent abdominal surgery. METHODS: We performed an observational, longitudinal study among adults older than 40 y who presented with intra-abdominal symptoms. The UEF tests included a 20-sec rapid repetitive elbow flexion (physical function), and a 60-sec repetitive elbow flexion at a self-selected pace while counting backwards by threes (cognitive function), administered within 24-h of admission and within 24-h prior to discharge. Multiple logistic regression models assessed the association between UEF and outcomes. Each model consisted of the in-hospital or 30-d post-discharge outcome as the dependent variable, preoperative UEF physical and cognitive scores as hypothesis covariates, and age and sex as adjuster covariates. RESULTS: Using UEF physical and cognitive scores to predict in-hospital outcomes, an area under curve (AUC) of 0.76 was achieved, which was 17% more sensitive when compared to age independently. For 30-d outcomes, the AUC increased to 0.89 when UEF physical and cognitive scores were included in the model with age and sex. DISCUSSION: Sensor-based measures of physical and cognitive function enhance outcome prediction providing an objective practicable tool for risk stratification in emergency surgery settings among aging adults presenting with intra-abdominal symptoms.

Contrapublicidad del cigarrillo y actitudes de los adolescentes hacia su consumo / Against tobacco advertising and attitudes towardstobacco use in adolescents

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar las actitudes hacia el consumo de cigarrillos en adolescentes de secundaria, después de la exposición a tres pósters de contrapublicidad. Materiales y métodos: Diseño pre experimental por comparación de grupos no equivalentes; muestra de 50 adolescentes seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico y asignados a un grupo expuesto a contrapublicidad (n = 25) y un grupo de comparación (n = 25) que permaneció en lista de espera. La estrategia de contrapublicidad consistió en tres pósters administrados por internet. Los pósters incluyeron imágenes y mensajes sobre consecuencias del consumo de cigarrillos. La recolección de datos se efectuó en línea mediante Google Forms. Se utilizó una cédula sociodemográfica y la escala de actitudes hacia el tabaco. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados a través del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 24.0, mediante análisis inferencial no paramétrico (prueba U de Mann-Whitney). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos (U = 145.0, p < 0.001), donde los estudiantes expuestos a la contrapublicidad mostraron menor mediana de actitudes favorables hacia el cigarrillo (Med = 17.0, DE = 5.11) en comparación con los participantes no expuestos (Med = 25.0, DE = 7.91). En particular, la dimensión del índice de desagrado hacia el consumo de cigarrillos mostró diferencias significativas entre el grupo expuesto y el de comparación (U = 127.5, p < .001). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los adolescentes que recibieron la contrapublicidad, mostraron menos actitudes favorables hacia los cigarrillos. La información emitida a través de los pósters sobre las consecuencias del consumo de cigarrillos, inclusive al ser administrada por internet, podría beneficiar en la modificación de las actitudes hacia el consumo de este producto en adolescentes mexicanos. Con base en esto, la contrapublicidad puede ser una estrategia útil para el personal sanitario de prevención primaria contra el consumo de cigarrillos.

Abstract: Objective: To compare high-school adolescents' attitudes towards cigarettes use after exposure to three counter-advertising posters. Materials and methods: Preexperimental study through static-group comparison; sample of 50 adolescents selected by non-probabilistic sampling and assigned to a group exposed to counter-advertising (n = 25) and a waiting list control group (n = 25). The counter-advertising strategy consisted of three posters delivered through the Internet. The posters included images and messages related to the consequences of cigarettes use. Data collection was conducted online using Google Forms. A sociodemographic card and the scale of attitudes towards tobacco were used. The data were processed through SPSS version 24.0 using non-parametric inferential analysis (Mann-Whitney U test). Results: Statistically significant differences were identified between both groups (U = 145.0, p < 0.001) where students exposed to counter-advertising showed a lower median of favorable attitudes towards cigarettes (Med = 17.0, SD = 5.11) compared to control group (Med = 25.0, SD = 7.91). In particular, there were significant differences in the dimension of dislike towards tobacco consumption between the exposed group and the control group (U = 127.5, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that adolescents who received the counter-advertising showed less favorable attitudes towards cigarettes. The information provided through the posters about cigarette related-consequences, even when administered through Internet, could lead to the modification of attitudes towards cigarettes consumption in Mexican adolescents. Therefore, counter-advertising could become a useful strategy for health personnel in primary prevention against cigarette smoking.

Association between thyroid autoimmunity and ovarian reserve in women with hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: The ovarian function and therefore the ovarian reserve may be compromised by the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of which, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common in women of reproductive age. Furthermore, a prolonged reduction in thyroid hormone concentration results in a broad spectrum of reproductive alteration. Previous reports in the literature have been controversial regarding the impact of hypothyroidism and alterations in the ovarian reserve. Thus, this prospective and comparative study aimed to evaluate the association of hypothyroidism with low ovarian reserve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A subset of 27 patients with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism were compared to healthy women. The ovarian reserve was assessed through the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and the antral follicle count (AFC). RESULTS: Overall, the two groups did not display significant differences in length of their menstrual cycles neither in the AMH serum levels nor the AFC. CONCLUSIONS: No significant alteration was found in the ovarian reserve of women with HT.

Polymorphisms of leptin-melanocortin system genes associated with obesity in an adult population from Barranquilla / [Polimorfismos de los genes del sistema leptina-melanocortina asociados con la obesidad en la población adulta de Barranquilla].

Introduction: Obesity is considered a serious public health problem. Efforts have been directed to search for candidate genes such as LEP, LEPR, and MC4R involved in the leptin-melanocortin system. The neuroendocrine regulation of these genes on energy intake and balance influences the pathogenesis of this disease. Contradictory results regarding the association of these genes with obesity raise the need for new research. Objective: To analyze the association between obesity and LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms and the clinical and biochemical variables in obese adults from Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods: We analyzed 111 obese adults and 155 non-obese individuals as controls. The polymorphisms were determined by real-time PCR. Besides, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and biochemical tests were evaluated. Results: No statistical differences were found in allele and genotype frequencies of gene polymorphisms between groups. The CC genotype of MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism was associated with increased systolic blood pressure and T allele and TT genotype, with decreased HDL cholesterol in obese adults. The effect of the other polymorphisms on these variables was not evidenced. Conclusions: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were not associated with obesity in the population under study. MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in HDL cholesterol.

Introducción. La obesidad se considera un grave problema de salud pública y por ello se hacen esfuerzos en la búsqueda de genes como el LEP, el LEPR y el MC4R del sistema leptina-melanocortina, el cual opera en la regulación neuroendocrina de la ingestión y el equilibrio energético e influye en la patogenia de la enfermedad. Los resultados contradictorios en torno a la asociación de estos genes con la obesidad plantean la necesidad de nuevas investigaciones. Objetivo. Analizar los polimorfismos rs2167270 del gen LEP, rs1137101 del gen LEPR y rs17782313 del gen MC4R asociados con la obesidad y sus variables clínicas y bioquímicas en una muestra de pacientes adultos de Barranquilla. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 111 personas obesas y 155 no obesas como controles. Los polimorfismos se determinaron mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real. Se tomaron las medidas antropométricas, se evaluó la presión arterial y se hicieron pruebas bioquímicas. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la frecuencia alélica y genotípica de los polimorfismos en los grupos estudiados. En cuanto a las variables clínicas y bioquímicas, el genotipo CC del polimorfismo rs17782313 del gen MC4R, se asoció con un aumento de la presión arterial sistólica y, el alelo T y su genotipo homocigoto, con una disminución del colesterol HDL en los obesos. No se evidenció ningún efecto de los otros polimorfismos en estas variables. Conclusiones. Los polimorfismos rs2167270 del gen LEP, rs1137101 del gen LEPR y rs17782313 del gen MC4R, no se asociaron con obesidad en la población analizada. Se encontró que el polimorfismo rs17782313 del gen MC4R influyó en el aumento de la presión arterial sistólica y la disminución del colesterol HDL en las personas obesas.

Encapsidation of Different Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles by the CCMV CP.

Different types of gold nanoparticles have been synthesized that show great potential in medical applications such as medical imaging, bio-analytical sensing and photothermal cancer therapy. However, their stability, polydispersity and biocompatibility are major issues of concern. For example, the synthesis of gold nanorods, obtained through the elongated micelle process, produce them with a high positive surface charge that is cytotoxic, while gold nanoshells are unstable and break down in a few weeks due to the Ostwald ripening process. In this work, we report the self-assembly of the capsid protein (CP) of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) around spherical gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods and gold nanoshells to form virus-like particles (VLPs). All gold nanoparticles were synthesized or treated to give them a negative surface charge, so they can interact with the positive N-terminus of the CP leading to the formation of the VLPs. To induce the protein self-assembly around the negative gold nanoparticles, we use different pH and ionic strength conditions determined from a CP phase diagram. The encapsidation with the viral CP will provide the nanoparticles better biocompatibility, stability, monodispersity and a new biological substrate on which can be introduced ligands toward specific cells, broadening the possibilities for medical applications.

Nursing Course on Drug Addiction and its Effects on Beliefs and Intentions: A Quasi-experimental Study / Asignatura de Enfermería sobre drogodependencias y sus efectos sobre las creencias e intenciones: estudio cuasi experimental / Disciplina de toxicodependências no curso de Enfermagem e seus efeitos sobre crenças e intenções: estudo quase experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of a course aimed at the care of persons with drug dependence on the beliefs and intentions of drug use among bachelor nursing students. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study conducted with a non-equivalent comparison group composed of 210 Mexican students of both sexes. Two Likert-type instruments were used to measure the beliefs and intentions of drug use, before and after a semester-long course. Results: At the end of the study, a significant interaction was found (F = 3.56, p = 0.050, η2p = 0.025), which suggests a greater decrease in beliefs in favor of drug use among students who took the course on drug addiction. Regarding drug use intentions, a general decrease was observed in the entire sample (F = 10.13, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.059). Conclusions: Courses on the care of drug addiction can have beneficial effects on nursing students by modifying beliefs and intentions to carry out unhealthy behaviors such as the use of substances. These results demand to verify if the effects remain beyond the completion of university education.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el impacto de una asignatura orientada al cuidado de usuarios drogodependientes sobre las creencias e intenciones del uso de drogas en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con un grupo de comparación no equivalente realizado en 210 estudiantes mexicanos de ambos sexos. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos tipo Likert para medir las creencias e intenciones del uso de drogas, antes y después de una asignatura con duración de un semestre. Resultados: al final del estudio, se encontró una interacción significativa (F = 3,56, p = 0,050, η2p = 0,025), que sugiere una mayor disminución de las creencias a favor de las drogas entre los estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura sobre drogodependencias. Respecto a las intenciones del uso de drogas, se apreció una disminución generalizada en toda la muestra (F = 10,13, p = 0,002, η2p = 0,059). Conclusiones: las asignaturas sobre cuidados en las drogodependencias pueden tener efectos beneficiosos en los estudiantes de Enfermería al modificar las creencias y las intenciones de llevar a cabo conductas no saludables como el uso de sustancias. Los resultados demandan revisar si los efectos permanecen más allá de la finalización de los estudios universitarios.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o impacto de uma disciplina orientada ao cuidado de pessoas toxicodependentes sobre as crenças e intenções do uso de drogas em estudantes de Enfermagem. Materiais e métodos: estudo quase experimental com um grupo de comparação não equivalente, realizado com 210 estudantes mexicanos de ambos os sexos. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos tipo Likert para medir as crenças e intenções do uso de drogas, antes e depois de terem aula da referida disciplina durante um semestre. Resultados: no final do estudo, verificou-se uma interação significativa (F = 3,56; p = 0,050; h2p = 0,025) que sugere uma maior diminuição das crenças a favor das drogas nos estudantes da matéria sobre toxicodependência. Quanto às intenções do uso de drogas, constatou-se uma diminuição generalizada em toda a amostra (F = 10,13; p = 0,002; h2p = 0,059). Conclusões: as disciplinas sobre cuidados de pessoas toxicodependentes podem ter efeitos benéficos nos estudantes de Enfermagem ao transformar as crenças e as intenções de realizar comportamentos não saudáveis como o uso de substâncias psicoativas. Contudo, os resultados exigem revisar se os efeitos permanecem após a finalização dos estudos universitários.

Prevention of alcohol consumption and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: to know the effects of a nursing intervention to reduce alcohol use and risk factors for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHOD: randomized single-blinded clinical trial performed by nurses with young women. The study included 66 participants in the intervention group and 66 participants in the control group. The instruments were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge and the Condom Use Self-efficacy Scale. Analysis of variance was used. RESULTS: alcohol involvement decreased in the intervention group (F (1.119) = 50.28; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.297), while HIV knowledge (F (1.130) = 34.34; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.209) and condom use self-efficacy increased (F (1.129) = 27.20; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.174). In addition, less participants consumed alcohol in the past week compared to the control group (χ2 = 15.95; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: the nursing intervention had positive effects, which could help young women stay away from alcohol use and the risk of sexually transmitted infections. NCT: 02405481.

Alcohol, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in young Mexican women. / Alcohol, edad de la primera relación sexual y número de parejas sexuales en jóvenes mexicanas.

AIM: To identify the relationship between use of alcohol, number of sexual partners and age of sexual initiation. METHOD: Descriptive-correlational study. A random sample of 319 young women (age 18-25) from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico was recruited. A sociodemographic data sheet and the AUDIT questionnaire were used. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis H test were selected. RESULTS: On average the participants were 20.70 years old (±2.1), had had 1.86 sexual partners (±1.27), started drinking alcohol at the age of 16.82 (±1.79), and their first sexual intercourse was at the age of 17.38 (±1.65). There was a decrease in the age of onset of alcohol use (H=16.646, p <.001) and the age at first sexual intercourse (H=26.749, P<.001) on the lower their current age. The overall AUDIT score negatively correlated with the age of the participants on their first sexual intercourse (rs=-.168, P<.001) and positively correlated with the number of sexual partners (rs=.243, P<.001). The aforementioned correlations were more intense among the younger participants (18- and 19-year olds; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between higher use of alcohol, early age of sexual initiation and number of sexual partners. Nursing professionals may address such variables simultaneously through preventive strategies directed specifically at young women.

Prevention of alcohol consumption and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: randomized clinical trial / Prevenção do consumo de álcool e transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana: ensaio clínico randomizado / Prevención del consumo de alcohol y transmisión de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Abstract Objective: to know the effects of a nursing intervention to reduce alcohol use and risk factors for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Method: randomized single-blinded clinical trial performed by nurses with young women. The study included 66 participants in the intervention group and 66 participants in the control group. The instruments were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge and the Condom Use Self-efficacy Scale. Analysis of variance was used. Results: alcohol involvement decreased in the intervention group (F (1.119) = 50.28; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.297), while HIV knowledge (F (1.130) = 34.34; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.209) and condom use self-efficacy increased (F (1.129) = 27.20; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.174). In addition, less participants consumed alcohol in the past week compared to the control group (χ2 = 15.95; p < 0.001). Conclusion: the nursing intervention had positive effects, which could help young women stay away from alcohol use and the risk of sexually transmitted infections. NCT: 02405481.

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer os efeitos de uma intervenção de enfermagem para reduzir o uso de álcool e diminuir os fatores de risco para a transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV, sigla em inglês). Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, simples-cego, realizado por enfermeiras com mulheres jovens. O estudo incluiu 66 participantes no grupo de intervenção e 66 participantes no grupo controle. Os instrumentos foram o Questionário de Identificação de Distúrbios de Uso de Álcool, a HIVRisk Behavior Knowledge e a Escala de Autoeficácia no Uso de Preservativos. Foi utilizada a análise de variância. Resultados: o consumo de álcool diminuiu no grupo de intervenção (F (1,119) = 50,28; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,297), enquanto o conhecimento sobre o HIV (F (1,130) = 34,34; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,209) e a autoeficácia no uso de preservativos aumentaram (F (1,129) = 27,20; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,174). Além disso, menos participantes consumiram álcool na última semana em comparação com o grupo controle (χ2 = 15,95; p < 0,001). Conclusão: a intervenção de enfermagem teve efeitos positivos, que poderiam ajudar as mulheres jovens a ficarem longe do uso de álcool e do risco de infecção por doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. NCT: 02405481.

Resumo Objetivo: conocer los efectos de una intervención de enfermería para reducir el uso de alcohol y disminuir factores de riesgo para transmisión del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV, siglas en inglés). Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, simple ciego, administrado por enfermeras a mujeres jóvenes. Participaron 66 personas en el grupo de intervención y 66 en el de control. Los instrumentos fueron el Cuestionario de Identificación de Trastornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol, el HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge y la escala de Autoeficacia del Uso de Condón. Se utilizó análisis de la varianza. Resultados: en el grupo de intervención disminuyó el involucramiento con el alcohol (F (1,119) = 50,28; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,297), aumentaron los conocimientos sobre el HIV (F (1,130) = 34,34; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,209) y la autoeficacia para uso de condón (F (1,129) = 27,20; p < 0,001; η2p = 0,174). También menos participantes bebieron alcohol en la última semana en comparación con el grupo de control (χ2 = 15,95; p < 0,001). Conclusión: la intervención de enfermería tuvo efectos positivos que podrían ayudar a las mujeres jóvenes a mantenerse alejadas del uso de alcohol y de contagio de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. NCT: 02405481.

Doppler ultrasound values after liver transplantation in children and their association with graft outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Liver graft and patient survival in children have improved substantially over the years; nevertheless, graft-related complications persist as the most important risk factor for mortality and graft loss. Doppler ultrasound evaluation is routinely used after liver transplantation; however, there is no consensus defining normal values, timing or frequency of Doppler ultrasound postoperative evaluation. Identification of patients who require an intervention or change in postoperative management is therefore challenging. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise and synthesise evidence describing Doppler ultrasound measurements and their association with graft complications in children who have received a liver transplant. We will search multiple databases: Ovid Medline, Embase, Wiley Cochrane Library, Web of Science-Science Citation Index Expanded, trial registry records and meeting abstracts using a combination of subject headings and keywords for liver transplantation, Doppler ultrasound and paediatric patients. All identified titles and abstracts of studies will be assessed for potential relevance. Selected studies will be retrieved and subjected to a second phase of screening, both selection phases will be done in duplicate by two independent reviewers, and discrepancies will be documented and resolved by a third reviewer. Data extraction will be done independently by two reviewers using a standardised data extraction form. Quality of evidence and risk of bias will be assessed, synthesised and pooled for meta-analysis if possible. We will perform a subgroup analysis if enough data are available. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Strategies to disseminate our review include presenting in liver transplant review sessions, publishing in high-impact peer-reviewed medical journals, and presenting at national and international paediatric radiology and liver transplant meetings, conference presentations, events, courses and plain-language summaries. This knowledge will allow easier identification of patients with a higher risk of developing graft-related complications and could potentially improve patient and graft outcomes. We wish to disseminate our results to discover potential areas for future research and drive improved future practices and policies. Our target audience includes researchers, institutions, healthcare professionals, health system decision-makers, policy-makers and research funders community. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019119986.

The elimination of apoptotic sperm in IVF procedures and its effect on pregnancy rate.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of apoptotic sperm elimination with MACS in patients that require IVF. METHODS: An experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective and non-blinded study of diagnostic tests performed in patients who required IVF and ICSI from July 2011 to July 2012. Ninety-two couples participated according to the treatment administered to the semen sample; in the control group: the samples were subjected only to density gradients before ICSI, in the study group: the same procedure was performed plus the addition of the MACS technique. Comparing the groups, we assessed the fertilization, division, viable embryos and clinical pregnancy rates in all cases. RESULTS: We found significant differences when using MACS technique in sperm parameters. We found no differences between the total samples of the control and study groups. When separating the own and donated eggs in each group, we found an improvement in the fertilization rates (p<0.001) of the own eggs. In both groups, the handling of donated eggs lead to a significant improvement in the immunological pregnancy test (IPT) and fetal heart rate (FHR) results. Only in the donated eggs group, where MACS was applied, could we see that all cases with positive IPT had a fetal heart rate, which shows a significant difference (p<0.002) when compared with the control group, where the percentage decreased abruptly. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the use of annexins (MACS) in eliminating apoptotic sperm, and when the obtained sperm is applied to good-quality eggs.