RESUMEN
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is defined as backflow of gastral or gastroduodenal content into the upper aerodigestive tract and characterized by a variety of unspecific symptoms such as chronic cough, globus sensation, or mucus hypersecretion. Due to the lack of a gold standard and the heterogeneity of studies, the diagnosis of LPR is still problematic and challenging. However, in patients with characteristic symptoms and endoscopic findings, with an increased reflux symptom index, a pathologic reflux finding score (RFS), pathologic 24â¯h esophageal or oropharyngeal pH monitoring, and without any other underlying condition, the diagnosis of LPR is probable. In the following review, we critically discuss the abovementioned methods as well as more recent tools such as measurements of pepsin concentrations in the saliva for diagnosis of LPR.
Asunto(s)
Reflujo Laringofaríngeo , Monitorización del pH Esofágico , Humanos , Reflujo Laringofaríngeo/diagnóstico , Pepsina A , SalivaRESUMEN
Due to the inhomogeneous and very variable structure of healthy tissue of the female breast it is often very difficult to detect a carcinoma via computer-aided sonography. The present study based on preoperative measurements in 29 woman patients with carcinoma of the breast aimed at finding out to what extent it would be possible to circumvent this problem by means of additional reference measurements in healthy tissue. For this purpose, relative image parameters were determined besides absolute ones from measurements in tumorous and healthy reference tissue. These relative image parameters are much more suitable for subsequent decision analysis on account of their narrower range of variation. The results obtained in this manner could be improved further by additional optimization or extension (such as analysis of other combinations of parameters, by enlarging the field of measurement and hence the data available per tissue sample, use of higher or even different ultrasound frequencies).