Research use exemptions to patent infringement for drug discovery and development in the United States.

Experiments with patented compounds or processes are sometimes necessary for Food and Drug Administration approval of a small-molecule drug, biologic, or medical device. The law exempts certain research and development activities using these patented compounds or processes. The two exemptions are (1) a judicially created exemption developed through case law and (2) an exemption created by the Hatch-Waxman Act (the "safe harbor" provision). This article analyzes the history of these exemptions and how the courts have interpreted their scope and provides future perspectives on protecting research and development activities from liability.

El colapso sanitario: una instancia en la estadística / Sanitary collapse: an instance in the statistic

Avance del trabajo titulado Diagnóstico Situacional sobre Base Estadística y su Repercusión Observable en el Equipo de Salud, desarrollado por el Departamento de Urgencia del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. A. Zubizarreta. Incluye grßficos estadísticos sobre variaciones en cantidad de pacientes y en patologías en los períodos previos y posteriores a la crisis argentina de Diciembre 2001

El colapso sanitario: una instancia en la estadística / Sanitary collapse: an instance in the statistic

Avance del trabajo titulado Diagnóstico Situacional sobre Base Estadística y su Repercusión Observable en el Equipo de Salud, desarrollado por el Departamento de Urgencia del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. A. Zubizarreta. Incluye grßficos estadísticos sobre variaciones en cantidad de pacientes y en patologías en los períodos previos y posteriores a la crisis argentina de Diciembre 2001

Characterization of a novel metabolic strategy used by drug-resistant tumor cells.

Acquired or inherent drug resistance is the major problem in achieving successful cancer treatment. However, the mechanism(s) of pleiotropic drug resistance remains obscure. We have identified and characterized a cellular metabolic strategy that differentiates drug-resistant cells from drug-sensitive cells. This strategy may serve to protect drug-resistant cells from damage caused by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. We show that drug-resistant cells have low mitochondrial membrane potential, use nonglucose carbon sources (fatty acids) for mitochondrial oxygen consumption when glucose becomes limited, and are protected from exogenous stress such as radiation. In addition, drug-resistant cells express high levels of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). The discovery of this metabolic strategy potentially facilitates the design of novel therapeutic approaches to drug resistance.