Classification of Patients by Occlusal Condition

ABSTRACT Objective: To propose a classification of patients by occlusal condition and its apparent validation. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was divided into two phases. In the first, a trained examiner divided the patients into four groups according to the proposed classification of this design: Type 1 patient - completely dentate individuals; Type 2 - partially edentulous individuals with occlusal stability; Type 3 - partially edentulous individuals with no occlusal stability; Type 4 - completely edentulous individuals. In this phase, 122 patients were analyzed with an instrument developed for this experiment. Results: All patients in the sample of this research were classified in some division of the proposed instrument. In the second phase, the apparent validation of the classification was conducted by three judges, who obtained an excellent agreement with the allocation of patients in one of the types according to the indication of the first examiner (Kappa = 85%). Conclusion: It is evident that the classification presents reliability, ease of visualization, good conditions for interprofessional communication, and it can be used in dental clinical practice to assist in the study and integrated planning of clinical cases.

Alterações da superfície do titânio tratado por plasma através da nitretação por cátodo oco e seu efeito na proliferação de células-tronco / Alterations in titanium surface treated with plasma through hollow cathode nitriding and its effect on stem cells proliferation

Nos últimos anos, tem-se observado um grande crescimento em tecnologias para modificação de superfícies de implantes dentais, visando reduzir o tempo de espera pela cicatrização, assim como possibilitar seu uso com sucesso em áreas de baixa densidade óssea. Dentre esses métodos de modificação a nitretação por plasma tem apresentado ótimos resultados. No presente trabalho, estudaram-se superfícies de titânio comercialmente puro (Grau II) modificadas por plasma através da nitretação em cátodo oco, com o objetivo de obter uma otimização da superfície para aplicações biomédicas. Uma avaliação da rugosidade, textura, microestrutura e microdureza dessas amostras foi realizada. Em seguida, depositaram-se células-tronco sobre essas superfícies e uma comparação entre as novas propriedades obtidas e a proliferação celular foi feita. Os resultados mostraram que a nitretação por plasma produziu mudanças significativas na textura superficial das amostras de titânio. A rugosidade e microdureza foram superiores nas amostras nitretadas em cátodo oco. Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante na proliferação celular das amostras nitretadas quando comparadas com as amostras sem tratamento. Essa técnica de modificação é, portanto, efetiva e tem influência direta nas características da superfície e no comportamento de células-tronco (AU).

In recent years, a large growth of new technologies to modify the surfaces of dental implants has been observed, aiming to reduce healing waiting time, as well as enabling its use with success in areas of low bone density. Among these modifying methods, plasma nitriding has been showing excellent results. In this work, we studied commercial pure titanium surfaces (Degree II) modified by plasma through hollow cathode nitriding with the objective to obtain a surface optimization for biomedical applications. Assessment of roughness, texture, microstructure and microhardness was carried out for these samples. Then stem cells were deposited on these surfaces and a comparison between the new properties obtained and cell proliferation was performed. The results showed that plasma nitriding produced significant changes in the superficial texture of the titanium samples. Roughness and microhardness were higher in samples nitrided by the hollow cathode technique. Differences statistically significant were found in the cell proliferation of samples nitrided when compared to samples without treatment. This modification technique is therefore effective and has direct influence on the titanium surface characteristics and consequently on the stem cell behavior (AU).

MC3T3-E1 Cells Behavior on Surfaces Bombarded by Argon Ions in Planar Cathode Discharge.

To evaluate the effect of topography in nanoscale, titanium surfaces were bombarded by argon ions (a chemically inert gas), in an atmosphere of plasma. The effects of surface parameters on morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts differentiation were analyzed. Nontreated (smooth) surfaces were used as a control. The levels of average roughness (Ra) observed in bombarded and smooth titanium surfaces were of 95 and 14 nm, respectively. The wettability increased on treated surfaces. The number of attached cells (30 and 60 min) was significantly higher on the bombarded surface. The cell proliferation after 3 and 7 days was also significantly higher on the ion-bombarded surface. In addition, the ALP activity and expression of osteocalcin were higher in cells grown on the treated surface. The results showed that bombardment with argon ions increased the roughness and the wettability of the Ti surface, promoting a significant increase in the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of preosteoblasts.

Bone tissue response to plasma-nitrided titanium implant surfaces.

A current goal of dental implant research is the development of titanium (Ti) surfaces to improve osseointegration. Plasma nitriding treatments generate surfaces that favor osteoblast differentiation, a key event to the process of osteogenesis. Based on this, it is possible to hypothesize that plasma-nitrided Ti implants may positively impact osseointegration. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo bone response to Ti surfaces modified by plasma-nitriding treatments. Material and Methods Surface treatments consisted of 20% N2 and 80% H2, 450°C and 1.5 mbar during 1 h for planar and 3 h for hollow cathode. Untreated surface was used as control. Ten implants of each surface were placed into rabbit tibiae and 6 weeks post-implantation they were harvested for histological and histomorphometric analyses. Results Bone formation was observed in contact with all implants without statistically significant differences among the evaluated surfaces in terms of bone-to-implant contact, bone area between threads, and bone area within the mirror area. Conclusion Our results indicate that plasma nitriding treatments generate Ti implants that induce similar bone response to the untreated ones. Thus, as these treatments improve the physico-chemical properties of Ti without affecting its biocompatibility, they could be combined with modifications that favor bone formation in order to develop new implant surfaces.

Bone tissue response to plasma-nitrided titanium implant surfaces

A current goal of dental implant research is the development of titanium (Ti) surfaces to improve osseointegration. Plasma nitriding treatments generate surfaces that favor osteoblast differentiation, a key event to the process of osteogenesis. Based on this, it is possible to hypothesize that plasma-nitrided Ti implants may positively impact osseointegration. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo bone response to Ti surfaces modified by plasma-nitriding treatments. Material and Methods Surface treatments consisted of 20% N2 and 80% H2, 450°C and 1.5 mbar during 1 h for planar and 3 h for hollow cathode. Untreated surface was used as control. Ten implants of each surface were placed into rabbit tibiae and 6 weeks post-implantation they were harvested for histological and histomorphometric analyses. Results Bone formation was observed in contact with all implants without statistically significant differences among the evaluated surfaces in terms of bone-to-implant contact, bone area between threads, and bone area within the mirror area. Conclusion Our results indicate that plasma nitriding treatments generate Ti implants that induce similar bone response to the untreated ones. Thus, as these treatments improve the physico-chemical properties of Ti without affecting its biocompatibility, they could be combined with modifications that favor bone formation in order to develop new implant surfaces. .

Stem cells behavior on titanium surfaces modified by plasma / Análise do comportamento de células-tronco em superfícies de titânio modificadas por plasma

Over the last decade, a considerable development of new technologies to the modification of dental implants has been observed contributing to reduce the healing process and their use in areas with low bone density. Among the new techniques, plasma nitriding has showed excellent results. In this study, a superficial modification of commercial pure titanium (Degree II), by using two different plasma treatments (planar and hollow cathode nitriding) was accomplished aiming at an optimization of the surface for biomedical applications. An evaluation of the chemical composition in all samples was carried out, in addition to a study of their roughness and texture. Then, stem cells were deposited onto these surfaces and a comparison among their properties and their biological behavior was accomplished. The results showed that the nitriding techniques produced significant changes in the superficial texture of the Ti samples. The roughness test presented better results in samples nitrided by hollow cathode technique. Statistically significant differences were found in the cell proliferation of samples nitrided by hollow cathode nitriding when compared to samples without treatment. The used techniques were, therefore, effective and directly influenced the characteristics of the titanium surface and consequently, the stem cell behavior.

Nos últimos anos tem-se observado um grande crescimento em tecnologias para modificação de superfícies de implantes dentais visando reduzir o tempo de espera pela cicatrização, assim como possibilitar seu uso com sucesso em áreas de baixa densidade óssea. Dentre esses métodos de modificação, a nitretação por plasma tem apresentado ótimos resultados. No presente trabalho, estudou-se superfícies de titânio comercialmente puro (Grau II) modificadas através de dois tratamentos por plasma diferentes (nitretação planar e nitretação em cátodo oco), com o objetivo de obter uma otimização da superfície para aplicações biomédicas. Uma avaliação da composição química e um estudo da rugosidade e textura destas amostras foram realizados. Em seguida, depositou-se células-tronco sobre essas superfícies e uma comparação entre as novas propriedades obtidas e a proliferação celular foi feita. Os resultados mostraram que a nitretação por plasma produziu mudanças significativas na textura superficial das amostras de titânio. A rugosidade foi superior nas amostras nitretadas em cátodo oco. Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante na proliferação celular das amostras nitretadas em cátodo oco quando comparadas com as amostras sem tratamento. Essas técnicas de modificação são, portanto, efetivas e possuem influência direta nas características da superfície e no comportamento de células-tronco.

Effect of titanium surface modified by plasma energy source on genotoxic response in vitro.

Titanium (Ti) is currently the most widely used material for the manufacture of orthopedic and dental implants. Changes in the surface of commercial pure Ti (cp Ti) can determine the functional response of cells, and is therefore a critical factor for the success of the implant. However, the genotoxicity of titanium surfaces has been poorly studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of a new titanium surface developed by plasma treatment using argon-ion bombardment and compare it with an untreated titanium surface. Accordingly, comet assay, analysis of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay were carried out, using CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells grown on both titanium surfaces. Our results show that the untreated titanium surface caused a significant increase in % tail moment, in the number of cells with CAs, tetraploidy, micronucleus frequency, and other nuclear alterations when compared with the negative control and with the plasma-treated titanium surface. This difference may be attributed to increased surface roughness and changes in titanium oxide layer thickness.

Efeito de consecutivas refusões de ligas de ni-cr utilizadas em prótese fixa / Effect of recasting Ni-Cr alloys used in prosthetic procedures

Para a confecção de coroas metalocerâmicas, uma série de etapas devem ser realizadas. A mudança nesses passos pode ocasionar alterações tanto na liga metálica como na porcelana e como conseqüência, na adesão entre elas. Um fator que deve ser levado em consideração, consiste em analisar o efeito das refusões, uma vez que nos laboratórios protéticos torna-se comum a prática do seu reaproveitamento. Tal fato pode ocasionar perda qualitativa e quantitativa dos elementos de liga e como conseqüência, diferença em suas propriedades, sendo um grande indicativo de falhas em certas coroas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito do número de refusões sobre a microestrutura, porosidade e dureza dessa liga, contribuindo, desta forma, para uma melhoria dos trabalhos protéticos na realização das coroas metalocerâmicas. Deste modo, coroas de ligas refundidas em 1 e 2 vezes, foram comparadas com aquelas apenas fundidas em dois laboratórios de prótese de Natal-RN. As microestruturas foram observadas por microscopia óptica. Utilizando-se o programa de análise de imagem, Image Pro-Plus, avaliou-se a porosidade existente nessas amostras. A amostra fundida apresentou regiões com porosidade máxima de 9% no laboratório 1 e 11% no laboratório 2, enquanto que as amostras das ligas refundidas e refundidas 2 vezes apresentaram porosidades até 14% e 86% respectivamente no laboratório 1 e 12% e 70% no laboratório 2. Com relação à microdureza, os resultados indicaram que, na medida em que se aumenta o número de refusões, a dureza diminui para ambos os laboratórios.