Impacto de la patología psiquiátrica en el pronóstico y supervivencia de los varones con cáncer de próstata tratados mediante prostatectomía radical / The impact of psychiatric pathology on the prognosis and survival of men with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy

Introducción y objetivo: La ansiedad específica del cáncer (CSA) es la reacción psicológica más frecuente tras la prostatectomía radical (PR). Evaluamos la prevalencia de la patología psiquiátrica pretratamiento de cáncer de próstata mediante PR e identificamos la influencia de los diagnósticos psiquiátricos en la supervivencia y pronóstico en los pacientes. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico observacional, 1.078 varones intervenidos mediante PR por cáncer de próstata órgano-confinado. Grupos: GP: pacientes con patología psiquiátrica previa a la PR; GNP: pacientes sin patología psiquiátrica previa a la PR, variables urológicas, oncológicas y psiquiátricas, estadística descriptiva y análisis multivariante. Resultados El 37,94% presentó algún diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Fue necesario tratamiento adyuvante de radioterapia (RT) en 27,83% y hormonoterapia (HT) en 23,38%; más frecuentes en GP. La supervivencia cáncer-específica fue superior en GNP. La ansiedad, depresión, insomnio, tabaquismo, psicosis y alcoholismo fueron los más frecuentes. La baja estadificación Tumor-Ganglios-Metástasis (TNM) y poca presencia de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) e incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) incrementó la probabilidad de ausencia de patología psiquiátrica. En GP aumentó la fatiga, disfunción eréctil y deterioro cognitivo tras la PR junto con RT y/o HT. A mayor edad y mayor antígeno prostático específico (PSA) al diagnóstico, aumentó el riesgo relativo de patología psiquiátrica y peor evolución. Los factores más relacionados fueron la PR, PSA, la edad y el tiempo de supervivencia. Conclusiones La patología psiquiátrica está presente en pacientes tratados mediante PR debido a cáncer de próstata, teniendo alto impacto en los resultados de supervivencia y pronóstico (AU)

Introduction and Objective: Cancer-specific anxiety is the most frequently reported psychological response after radical prostatectomy (RP). We evaluated the prevalence of pretreatment psychiatric pathology in patients with prostate cancer undergoing RP and identified the effects of psychiatric diagnoses on their survival and prognosis. Material and Methods Retrospective multicenter observational study including 1078 men treated with RP for organ-confined prostate cancer. Groups: GP: patients with psychiatric pathology prior to RP; GNP: patients without psychiatric pathology prior to RP. Urological, oncological and psychiatric variables, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were included. Results 37.94% of patients presented a psychiatric diagnosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy was required in 27.83% and hormone therapy in 23.38%; being more frequent in GP. Cancer-specific survival was higher in GNP. Anxiety, depression, insomnia, smoking, psychosis and alcoholism were the most frequent. Low TNM and low presence of LUTS and SUI increased the probability of absence of psychiatric pathology. Fatigue, erectile dysfunction and cognitive impairment after RP with RT and/or HT were higher in GP. Older age and higher PSA at diagnosis increased the relative risk of psychiatric pathology and worse outcome. The most frequently related factors were RP, PSA, age and survival time. Conclusions Psychiatric pathology is present in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, with a high impact on survival and prognostic outcomes (AU)

The impact of psychiatric pathology on the prognosis and survival of men with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Cancer-specific anxiety is the most frequently reported psychological response after radical prostatectomy (RP). We evaluated the prevalence of pretreatment psychiatric pathology in patients with prostate cancer undergoing RP and identified the effects of psychiatric diagnoses on their survival and prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective multicenter observational study including 1078 men treated with RP for organ-confined prostate cancer. Groups: GP: patients with psychiatric pathology prior to RP; GNP: patients without psychiatric pathology prior to RP. Urological, oncological and psychiatric variables, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were included. RESULTS: 37.94% of patients presented a psychiatric diagnosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy was required in 27.83% and hormone therapy in 23.38%; being more frequent in GP. Cancer-specific survival was higher in GNP. Anxiety, depression, insomnia, smoking, psychosis and alcoholism were the most frequent. Low TNM and low presence of LUTS and SUI increased the probability of absence of psychiatric pathology. Fatigue, erectile dysfunction and cognitive impairment after RP with RT and/or HT were higher in GP. Older age and higher PSA at diagnosis increased the relative risk of psychiatric pathology and worse outcome. The most frequently related factors were RP, PSA, age and survival time. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric pathology is present in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, with a high impact on survival and prognostic outcomes.

Impact of organ confined prostate cancer treatment on quality of life. / Impacto en la calidad de vida del tratamiento del cáncer de próstata organoconfinado.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer in the world. Its incidence is estimated to grow to 1.7 million new cases and 499,000 new deaths by 2030. Treatment of OCPC can affect patients physically and mentally, as well as their close relationships and their job or career, which conditions health-related quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact on QoL attributable to the treatment for Organ Confined Prostate Cancer (OCPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective multicenter observational study of 406 patients with OCPC treated from January 2015 to June 2018. The sample was divided into four study groups, according to the type of treatment: radical prostatectomy (RP) (GA), external radiotherapy (ERT) (GB), brachytherapy (BT) (GC) and other treatments different from monotherapy with RP, ERT or BT (GD). RESULTS: The age in GC was lower, the mean Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) of all patients was 8.13 ng/ml, the group with the highest mean PSA was GB with a mean of 10.43 ng/dL, the mean Tumor Stage (TNM) was 3.82, and GD had the lowest post treatment quality of life. CONCLUSION: OCPC treatment affects QoL. Curative monotherapies, specifically RP and BT, have less effect on QoL than external radiotherapy or other therapeutic alternatives. Urinary incontinence and fistulas secondary to OCPC have the highest impact on QOL impairment. The internationally validated SF 36 questionnaire is a useful cross-sectional measure of QOL to compare the impact of OCPC treatment modalities.

The influence of smoking on bacterial resistance after vaccine or antibiotic prophylaxis against recurrent urinary tract infections. / Influencia del tabaquismo en la resistencia bacteriana después de la profilaxis frente a infecciones urinarias recurrentes con antibiótico o con vacuna.

INTRODUCTION: The influence of tobacco on the microbiological spectrum, resistance-sensitivity pattern and evolution in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) is analyzed. Evaluation of the effect of polyvalent bacterial vaccine on the prevention of RUTI and smoking status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study of 855 women with RUTI receiving suppressive antibiotic treatment or bacterial vaccine between 2009 and 2013. Group A (GA): Antibiotic (n=495); Subgroups: GA1 non-smoker (n=417), GA2 smoker (n=78). Group B (GB): Vaccine (n=360); Subgroups: GB1 non-smoker (n=263), GB2 smoker (n=97). VARIABLES: Age, pre-treatment UTI, disease-free time (DFT), microbial species, sensitivity and resistance. Follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months with culture and SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age 56.51 years (18-75), similar between groups (P=.2257). No difference in the number of pretreatment UTIs (P=.1329) or in the distribution of the bacterial spectrum (P=.7471). DFT was higher in subgroups B compared with A. Urine cultures in GA1: E. coli 62.71% with 8.10% resistance (33% quinolones; 33% cotrimoxazole; 33% quinolones + cotrimoxazole); in GA2 E. coli 61.53% with 75% resistance (16.66% quinolones; 33.33% quinolones + cotrimoxazole; 16.66% amoxicillin-clavulanate; 16.66% erythromycin + phosphomycin + clindamycin) (P=.0133). There were no differences between patients of GA treated with cotrimoxazole and nitrofurantoin (P=.8724). Urine cultures in GB1: E. coli 47.36% with 22.22% resistance (5.55% ciprofloxacin; 5.55% cotrimoxazole; 5.55% ciprofloxacin + cotrimoxazole; 5.55% amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). In GB2 E. coli 70.02% with 61.90% resistances (30.76% quinolones; 30.76% cotrimoxazole; 30.76% quinolones + cotrimoxazole; 17.69% amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) (P=.0144). CONCLUSIONS: The development of bacterial resistance is more frequent among women with smoking habits and recurrent urinary infections. This could influence a worse response to preventive treatments, either with antibiotics or vaccines.

Altered materno-fetal transfer of 13C-polyunsaturated fatty acids in obese pregnant women.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Maternal obesity at conception is considered a major predictor of offspring obesity. This could by driven at least in part by an altered placental fat transfer. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We investigated the in vivo materno-fetal transfer of fatty acids (FAs) in obese pregnant women using stable isotopes. METHODS: Ten obese and ten normo-weight pregnant women (control) received orally a bolus of 13C-labeled FAs 12 h before elective caesarean section: oleic acid (13C-OA), linoleic acid (13C-LA) and docosahexaenoic acid (13C-DHA). Maternal blood samples were collected at -12 (basal), -8, -4, -2, 0 h relative to the time of cesarean section. At the time of birth, arterial and venous cord bloods as well as placental tissue were collected. FAs composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Maternal plasma insulin and placental weight tended to higher values in obese pregnant women although they did not present serum hyperlipidemia. Higher concentrations of 13C-LA and 13C-DHA were found in non-esterified FAs fraction in maternal plasma of obese mothers. The ratio of placental uptake for 13C-LA and 13C-DHA was lower in obese women compared to normal weight pointing toward a limited capacity of FA placental transfer, especially of essential FAs. Maternal insulin was associated to this lower placenta/maternal plasma ratio for both 13C-LA (R = -0.563, P = 0.012) and 13C-DHA (R = -0.478, P = 0.033). In addition, the ratio cord/maternal plasma of 13C-LA was significantly lower in obese women compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, obese mothers without hyperlipidemia showed a reduced materno-fetal transfer of polyunsaturated FAs which could affect fetal development. This affect dietary recommendation for obese pregnant women. TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: ISRCTN69794527.

Disrupted IRF6-NME1/2 Complexes as a Cause of Cleft Lip/Palate.

Mutations and common polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of cleft lip/palate (CLP). To date, much of the focus on this transcription factor has been on identifying its direct targets and the gene regulatory network in which it operates. Notably, however, IRF6 is found predominantly in the cytoplasm, with its import into the nucleus tightly regulated like other members of the IRF family. To provide further insight into the role of IRF6 in the pathogenesis of CLP, we sought to identify direct IRF6 protein interactors using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid screens and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Using this approach, we identified NME1 and NME2, well-known regulators of Rho-type GTPases, E-cadherin endocytosis, and epithelial junctional remodeling, as bona fide IRF6 partner proteins. The NME proteins co-localize with IRF6 in the cytoplasm of primary palatal epithelial cells in vivo, and their interaction with IRF6 is significantly enhanced by phosphorylation of key serine residues in the IRF6 C-terminus. Furthermore, CLP associated IRF6 missense mutations disrupt the ability of IRF6 to bind the NME proteins and result in elevated activation of Rac1 and RhoA, compared to wild-type IRF6, when ectopically expressed in 293T epithelial cells. Significantly, we also report the identification of 2 unique missense mutations in the NME proteins in patients with CLP (NME1 R18Q in an IRF6 and GRHL3 mutation-negative patient with van der Woude syndrome and NME2 G71V in a patient with nonsyndromic CLP). Both variants disrupted the ability of the respective proteins to interact with IRF6. The data presented suggest an important role for cytoplasmic IRF6 in regulating the availability or localization of the NME1/2 complex and thus the dynamic behavior of epithelia during lip/palate development.

Modeling the formation of cell-matrix adhesions on a single 3D matrix fiber.

Cell-matrix adhesions are crucial in different biological processes like tissue morphogenesis, cell motility, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These interactions that link cell cytoskeleton and matrix fibers are built through protein clutches, generally known as adhesion complexes. The adhesion formation process has been deeply studied in two-dimensional (2D) cases; however, the knowledge is limited for three-dimensional (3D) cases. In this work, we simulate different local extracellular matrix properties in order to unravel the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell-matrix adhesions in 3D. We aim to study the mechanical interaction of these biological structures through a three dimensional discrete approach, reproducing the transmission pattern force between the cytoskeleton and a single extracellular matrix fiber. This numerical model provides a discrete analysis of the proteins involved including spatial distribution, interaction between them, and study of the different phenomena, such as protein clutches unbinding or protein unfolding.

Hallazgo de una hiperplasia lipomatosa del septum interauricular en un caso de muerte súbita / Finding of a lipomatous hyperplasia in the interatrial septum in a case of sudden death

La hiperplasia lipomatosa del septum interauricular (HLSI) es una entidad benigna de naturaleza desconocida que se caracteriza por la acumulación de grasa no encapsulada en el interior del surco interauricular sin participación de la fosa oval. A pesar de su carácter benigno, clínicamente se ha asociado con arritmias cardiacas, generalmente de origen supraventricular, insuficiencia cardiaca y muerte súbita. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de edad media (47 años), con obesidad mórbida e insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva, que falleció súbitamente y la autopsia puso de manifiesto una HLSI. El estudio macroscópico de la pieza de resección mostró un tamaño de 5 x 2,5 cm y la histología típica de esta entidad, es decir, adipocitos maduros y pocos lipoblastos entremezclados con miocitos auriculares. Hemos analizado microscópicamente los nodos sinoauricular y auriculoventricular, lo que puso de manifiesto que la infiltración grasa los rodeada pero no los aislaba del miocardio auricular de trabajo circundante. El miocardio del ventrículo izquierdo y del tabique interventricular presentaba áreas con una intensa fibrosis intersticial por isquémica crónica y que esta fibrosis pudo ser la causa de una arritmia ventricular y muerte súbita. Aunque esta entidad es cada vez más frecuentemente reconocida gracias al desarrollo creciente de las técnicas de imagen no invasivas, rara vez necesita ser corregida quirúrgicamente (AU)

The lipomatous hyperplasia of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is a benign entity of unknown nature, characterized by the accumulation of fat tissue not encapsulated into the interatrial groove without participation of the fossa ovalis. Despite its benign nature, it has been clinically associated with cardiac arrhythmias, usually of supraventricular origin, heart failure and sudden death. We present the case of a woman of middle age (47 years), with morbid obesity and heart failure congestive who died suddenly and the autopsy revealed a LHIS. The macroscopic study of resection piece showed a size of 5 x 2.5 cm and the typical histology of this entity, i.e. mature adipocytes and few lipoblastos interspersed with atrial myocytes. We have analysed microscopically both sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, which they revealed fat tissue infiltration that surrounded them but not isolated from atrial working myocardium. The interventricular septum and left ventricle myocardium presented areas with severe interstitial fibrosis by chronic ischemic and this fibrosis may be the cause of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death. Although this entity is most frequently recognized due to the development of noninvasive imaging techniques, rarely needs to be corrected surgically (AU)

Case report. Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma as a pleural mass.

Primary pleural lymphoma is a rare entity that has been described in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or pyothorax. It occurs in only 7% of primary lymphoma cases. We report the case of a 52-year-old male with no history of HIV infection or pyothorax who was diagnosed of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and underwent a routine chest X-ray to screen for any organic cause of the symptoms. The radiograph revealed two voluminous masses with extraparenchymatous features but without pleural effusion. A contrast-enhanced CT was performed and confirmed the existence of the pleural masses that showed homogeneous attenuation. Neither mediastinal lymphadenopathy nor pleural effusion were present. A percutaneous CT-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with a 25-G needle was performed (two samples were obtained) and the first diagnosis was of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The final diagnosis of primary pleural mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma was confirmed by a CT-guided core biopsy with a 20-G needle. To the best of our knowledge, no cases of MALT lymphoma presenting as pleural masses without pleural effusion have been reported in immunocompetent patients. In this report, we describe the case of a patient with a primary pleural MALT lymphoma and include a short review of the literature.

Características climáticas y epidemiológicas asociadas al cólico renal en una zona urbana en España / Climate and Epidemiological Characteristics of Renal Colic Attendances in an Urban Setting in Spain

Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia real de los episodios de cólico renal (CR) en nuestro ámbito, así como su relación con varios factores epidemiológicos, estacionales y climáticos. Material y Métodos: Hemos analizado los registros de 156.687 atenciones en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Infanta Cristina (Parla, Madrid, España), desde su apertura el 7 de abril de 2008 hasta la fecha del análisis (28 de marzo de 2010). Se registraron la fecha de nacimiento, el sexo, la historia de episodios previos de CR, el motivo de consulta y la fecha de la atención. Se obtuvieron también los valores diarios de algunos parámetros climáticos (temperatura máxima y humedad relativa). Resultados: Se registraron un total de 1.866 episodios de CR (1,19% de todas las atenciones). La edad osciló entre los 15 y los 94 años, con una mediana de 39. Los episodios de CR fueron más prevalentes en la población masculina (58,4% vs. 41,6% en la femenina, respectivamente, p<0,001). No se observaron diferencias con respecto a la historia previa de CR. Se observó un modesto pero significativo aumento en la incidencia de CR durante las estaciones de verano y otoño. No existió correlación significativa entre el número de atenciones por CR y los parámetros climáticos estudiados. Conclusiones: La incidencia de CR en nuestro ambiente es similar a la existente en la literatura. Se registró un aumento modesto pero significativo de la incidencia durante el verano y otoño, aunque no se observó relación significativa con los valores climáticos de temperatura y humedad. La ausencia de cambios estacionales importantes en la incidencia de CR puede explicarse por las características meteorológicas “no-extremas” del ambiente estudiado (AU)

Objectives: To address the real incidence of RC episodes in our setting and its relationship with several epidemiological, seasonal and climatic factors. Material and Methods: We analyzed 156,687 attendances in the emergency unit of Hospital Infanta Cristina (Parla, Madrid, Spain), from the opening of the unit in 07/04/2008 to the date of analysis (28/03/2010). Date of birth, sex, history of previous urinary lithiasis episodes, main cause and date of attendance were collected. Daily climate parameters (maximum daily temperature and percent relative humidity) were recorded. Results: A total number of 1,866 RC episodes (1.19% of all attendances) were recorded during the study period. Age ranged from 15 to 94 years, median 39. RC episodes were more prevalent in male population (58.4% vs 41.6% in females respectively, p<0.001). No differences were observed with regard to previous history of RC. A modest but significant rise in RC incidence was observed during summer and autumn. No significant correlation was observed between monthly or seasonal number of RC attendances and the climatic parameters studied. Conclusions: RC incidence in our setting is similar to the previously reported in the literature. A modest but significant higher incidence of renal colic episodes were observed during summer and autumn seasons, although no significant relationship was attributed to temperature and humidity values. Absence of dramatic seasonal changes in incidence can be explained by the “non-extreme” weather conditions in the studied setting (AU)

[Climate and epidemiological characteristics of renal colic attendances in an urban setting in Spain]. / Características climáticas y epidemiológicas asociadas al cólico renal en una zona urbana en España.

OBJECTIVES: To address the real incidence of RC episodes in our setting and its relationship with several epidemiological, seasonal and climatic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 156,687 attendances in the emergency unit of Hospital Infanta Cristina (Parla, Madrid, Spain), from the opening of the unit in 07/04/2008 to the date of analysis (28/03/2010). Date of birth, sex, history of previous urinary lithiasis episodes, main cause and date of attendance were collected. Daily climate parameters (maximum daily temperature and percent relative humidity) were recorded. RESULTS: A total number of 1,866 RC episodes (1.19% of all attendances) were recorded during the study period. Age ranged from 15 to 94 years, median 39. RC episodes were more prevalent in male population (58.4% vs 41.6% in females respectively, p<0.001). No differences were observed with regard to previous history of RC. A modest but significant rise in RC incidence was observed during summer and autumn. No significant correlation was observed between monthly or seasonal number of RC attendances and the climatic parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS: RC incidence in our setting is similar to the previously reported in the literature. A modest but significant higher incidence of renal colic episodes were observed during summer and autumn seasons, although no significant relationship was attributed to temperature and humidity values. Absence of dramatic seasonal changes in incidence can be explained by the "non-extreme" weather conditions in the studied setting.

[Evaluation of a child health prevention and promotion telephone service before its introduction]. / Evaluación de un servicio telefónico de prevención y promoción de salud infantil antes de su puesta en funcionamiento.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a telephone-information service on health issues for children before its implementation. To determine the overall assessment of the service and quality of the information available from the perspective of a potential user population. DESIGN: Simulation of a telephone call to the telephone service and further evaluation using qualitative techniques. SETTING: Primary and special care in the city of Granada. PARTICIPANTS: Parents, who were not health professionals, of children between 0 and 14 years old, resident in Andalusia and recruited from both primary care and hospitals throughout the city of Granada. A comprehensive assessment of service and quality of information offered through interviews and focus groups. The number of participants was established on two criteria: evaluation of the whole range of information provided by the telephone service; response saturation. RESULTS: The overall service assessment was positive, emphasising the quick and easy access to information, time saving and confidence building. The information received was described as clear, easily understood and expressed in a respectful tone. To improve the service it has been suggested that the calls be free and that the range of information topics available should be extended. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology used is novel, as most telephone services are evaluated after they have been put in place and without the participation of the future users.

Muerte por proyectil de arma de fuego con orificio de entrada natural / Death caused by a projectile gun with a natural entrance hole

Un proyectil de arma de fuego puede penetrar en el organismo por cualquier parte, originando una lesión cuya morfología puede ser muy variada en función de múltiples factores. No obstante, en ocasiones el lugar de entrada del proyectil puede coincidir con un orificio natural del cuerpo, por lo que la lesión externa no existe. Presentamos un caso de muerte por un único proyectil de arma de fuego cuyo lugar de penetración es uno de los orificios nasales, con la particularidad de que la bala quedó alojada en el interior del cuerpo, no existiendo por tanto lesión de salida. En estas circunstancias se hacen indispensables las técnicas radiológicas como paso previo a la autopsia (AU)

A firearm projectile can penetrate through any place of the body, causing injuries whose morphology can be different depending on several factors. However, sometimes the shotgun entrance hole coincides with a body orifice, so the entrance wound could not exist. The authors present a case of a death caused by a single firearm projectile which penetrated through one of the nostrils. The bullet was lodged inside of the body without an exit wound. In those circumstances the radiological techniques are indispensable before to perform the autopsy (AU)

[Diagnosis of urethritis in men. A 3-year review]. / Diagnóstico microbiológico en varones. Revisión de 3 años.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to know the prevalence and tendency of microorganisms producing urethritis, in men, in the City Centre of Madrid. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The urethral samples of 1.248 men were analyzed, for 3 years. The samples were studied for: GRAM stain, when secretion exists; culture in habitual plates; detection of C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum and M. hominis, when there was suspicious, study of T. vaginalis and when suspicious injuries exist, study of virus Herpes simplex. RESULTS: The percentage of positive samples was 22.60%. The isolated microorganisms were: U. urealyticum 7.61%, N. gonorrhoeae 6.33%, C. trachomatis 4.81%, M. hominis 0.24%, H. parainfluenzae 1.76%, H. influenzae 1.12%, Candida spp 0.48%, S. pyogenes 0.16% and Herpes virus simplex (2) 0.08%. Two or more microorganisms were isolated in 1.68%. The percentage of positive samples in 2003 was 17.41% and N. gonorrhoeae the most frequent microorganism (6.22%). In 2004 was 25.57% and the most frequent U. urealyticum (10.18%). In 2005 the 24.50% of the samples were positive and U. urealyticum the most frequent (7.92%). The 79.41% of N. gonorrhoeae were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. It is not found resistance to ceftriaxone, claritromicine and amoxicilline/clavulanic acid. The 11.76% were betalactamase- producing. The 26.47% of Haemophilus spp. were betalactamase- producing and all strains were susceptible to cefotaxime. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated microorganisms most frequently were: U. urealyticum, N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. There is an increase of 7% of prevalence between the years 2003 and 2005. Ceftriaxone, claritromicine and amoxicilline/clavulanic acid were susceptible to all the strains studied and cefotaxime to all Haemophilus spp.

Tyrosine kinase A, C and fibroblast growth factor-2 receptors in bovine embryos cultured in vitro.

Neurotrophins and basic fibroblast growth factor are ligands of tyrosine kinase receptors, though they bind to different tyrosine kinase receptor classes. Neurotrophins bind to receptor tyrosine kinase class VII, Trk receptor family, while basic fibroblast growth factor binds to receptor tyrosine kinase class IV, FGF receptor family. The mammalian uterine tract immunolocalizes neurotrophins and bFGF; therefore their cognate receptors might exert a role during embryonic development. Using RT-PCR, we found mRNA for p75(NTR) TrkA, TrkC and FGFr2 throughout the early bovine embryonic development in vitro. Immunofluorescent staining, assessed by confocal microscopy, showed the expression of TrkA and TrkC proteins in oocytes and all embryonic stages analyzed. We have provided a novel description of TrkA and TrkC proteins, and TrkA, TrkC, p75(NTR) and FGFr2 mRNA expression throughout mammalian embryonic development. This work may help to design future research with neurotrophins in bovine embryo culture and embryonic stem cells.

Dispensación de medicamentos por tubo neumático / No disponible

No disponible

Nefopam is more potent than carbamazepine for neuroprotection against veratridine in vitro and has anticonvulsant properties against both electrical and chemical stimulation.

Nefopam (NEF) is a known analgesic that has recently been shown to be effective in controlling both neuropathic pain and convulsions in rodents. In this study we compared nefopam to carbamazepine (CBZ), a reference antiepileptic drug (AED), for their ability to protect cerebellar neuronal cultures from neurodegeneration induced by veratridine (VTD). Furthermore, we tested nefopam for protection against both, maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES), and isoniazid-induced seizures in mice. Both NEF and CBZ were effective in preventing both signs of excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration following exposure of cultures to 5 microM veratridine for 30 min and 24 h, respectively. Concentrations providing full neuroprotection were 500 microM CBZ and 50 microM NEF, while the concentration providing 50% neuroprotection was 200 microM for CBZ and 20 microM for NEF. Neither NEF nor CBZ reduced excitotoxicity following direct exposure of cultures to glutamate, but CBZ failed to reduce increases in intracellular calcium following stimulation of L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. In vivo, NEF (20 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced MES and fully prevented MES-induced terminal clonus (TC). In comparison, NEF was significantly more effective than CBZ in preventing MES, although both drugs were equally effective against MES-induced TC. Furthermore, nefopam provided protection against isoniazid-induced seizures at doses similar to those protecting against MES.