Respuesta social a las medidas no farmacológicas para controlar la propagación del COVID-19 en Colombia / Social response to non-pharmacological measures to control the spread of COVID-19 in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Los gobiernos al inicio de la pandemia, con el fin de mitigar y suprimir la propagación del virus implementaron medidas no farmacológicas ante la falta de vacunas y tratamientos farmacológicos efectivos. El gobierno colombiano emprendió acciones para controlar el contagio del COVID-19. Estas afectaron a la población y por ello el país requiere una evaluación profunda de la respuesta social ante la pandemia. Objetivo: Analizar la respuesta social a las medidas no farmacológicas para controlar la propagación del COVID-19 en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo transversal. El total de personas que respondieron la encuesta fue de 3549 adultos, entre el 8 y el 20 de abril de 2020. Resultados: En el país existen tres grupos de personas que han respondido a la pandemia de formas diferentes: quienes se resisten (34 %), quienes sufren (26 %) y quienes la aceptan (40 °%). En general, 90 % de las personas adoptó al menos una medida para protegerse, el 68 % adoptó más de tres medidas de higiene y autocuidado y un 60 °% implementó más de tres medidas de distanciamiento físico. Conclusiones: Al inicio de la pandemia, la ausencia de una vacuna hizo que las acciones individuales fueran tan importantes como las medidas implementadas por el gobierno. Sin embargo, pedagogía a nivel comunitario y el acceso a la información correcta, clara y concisa contribuyó con cambios de comportamientos positivos en la higiene, autocuidado y adherencia a medidas de distanciamiento, todo esto ha sido crucial para detener la propagación de COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction: At the beginning of the pandemic, governments implemented non-pharmacological measures to mitigate and suppress the spread of the virus in the absence of vaccines and effective pharmacological treatments. The Colombian government undertook actions to control the spread of COVID-19. These affected the population; therefore, the country requires a thorough evaluation of the social response to the pandemic. Objective: To analyze the social response to non-pharmacological measures to control the spread of COVID-19 in Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive exploratory study. The total number of people who responded to the survey was 3549 adults, between April 8 and 20, 2020. Results: There are three groups of people in the country who are responding to the pandemic in different ways: those who resist (34%), those who suffer (26%) and those who accept it (40%). Overall, 90% of people took at least one measure to protect themselves and others, 68% took more than three hygiene and self-care measures, 60% implemented more than three physical distancing measures. Conclusions: At the beginning of the pandemic, in the absence of a vaccine, individual actions are as important as measures implemented by the government. However, community-level education and access to correct, clear and concise information contributed to positive behavioral changes in hygiene, self-care and adherence to distancing measures, all of which are crucial to stop the spread of COVID-19.

How to adapt sexual and reproductive health services to the needs and circumstances of trans people- a qualitative study in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: People living a trans-life require access to equitable healthcare services, policies and research that address their needs. However, trans people have experienced different forms of violence, discrimination, stigma, and unfair access barriers when dealing with healthcare providers. Therefore, adapting sexual and reproductive health services with the purpose of providing more equitable, inclusive and discrimination-free healthcare services is an urgent need. The article presents an example of how operative research can be used in order to adjust sexual and reproductive healthcare services to trans people's needs, identities and circumstances. METHODS: This is a qualitative study written from a constructivist perspective, and it is based on the voices and experiences of trans people in four major cities in Colombia. The research used a combination of focus groups of discussion (n = 6) and in-depth interviews with trans people (n = 13) in Barranquilla, Bogota, Cali and Medellin. This research had two specific objectives: i) identifying the main sexual and reproductive health needs of people living a trans-life; and ii) generating new evidence in order to guide the adaptation of sexual and reproductive health services centered to trans people's needs, identities, and circumstances. Qualitative data codification and analysis was using NVivo. RESULTS: Once access barriers to sexual and reproductive health services, unmet sexual and reproductive health needs were identified, the research helped define strategies to adapt sexual and reproductive health services to the needs, identities, and circumstances of people living a trans-life in Colombia. Amongst the main barriers found were healthcare costs, lack of insurance, stigmatization, discrimination and abuse by health care providers. Perhaps among the most notable sexual and reproductive health needs presented were trans-specific services such as sensitive assistance for the transition process, endocrinology appointments, and sex reaffirmation surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence obtained from this research allowed Profamilia, a Colombian healthcare provider, to adapt the sexual and reproductive health services it provides to people living a trans-life in Colombia. Furthermore, it was possible for Profamilia to design and implement an inclusive sexual and reproductive health program that specifically addresses trans people's needs, identities, and circumstances.

[Social inequalities related to antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in ColombiaDesigualdades sociais relacionadas à resistência antimicrobiana de N. gonorrhoeae na Colômbia]. / Desigualdades sociales relacionadas con la resistencia a antimicrobianos de N. gonorrhoeae en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Measure social inequalities in antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Colombia. METHODS: Ecological study using a multi-panel of data, disaggregated at the subnational level, and using isolations of N. gonorrhoeae as a proxy for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between 2009 and 2018. A sociodemographic characterization, an analysis of the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolations of N. gonorrhoeae, and a measurement of inequalities in AMR in N. gonorrhoeae were conducted using the slope index of inequality, the relative inequality index, and the concentration index. RESULTS: The findings indicate antimicrobial resistance to penicillin (50.7%) and tetracycline (67.3%) in isolations of N. gonorrhoeae, and the existence of absolute and relative inequalities during the study period. Access barriers to health services, not having received information on the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, basic unmet needs, and illiteracy explained the inequalities in AMR in N. gonorrhoeae. CONCLUSIONS: Six recommendations emerged with a view to largely containing AMR in N. gonorrhoeae: i) increase awareness of safe sexual and reproductive health; ii) rethink how to deliver key messages with an equity approach; iii) improve information, prescription, and drug chain systems; iv) form coalitions to improve response and share objectives with the private sector; v) improve the availability and disaggregation of data; and vi) support research on inequalities in AMR.

OBJETIVO: Medir as desigualdades sociais na resistência antimicrobiana de Neisseria gonorrhoeae na Colômbia. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico que utilizou um painel múltiplo de dados desagregados ao nível subnacional de isolados de N. gonorrhoeae como substituto para a resistência antimicrobiana (RAM) entre 2009 e 2018. Realizamos uma caracterização sociodemográfica, uma análise da sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados de N. gonorrhoeae e uma medição das desigualdades na RAM para N. gonorrhoeae utilizando o índice absoluto de desigualdade, o índice relativo de desigualdade e o índice de concentração. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicam a existência de resistência antimicrobiana nos isolados de N. gonorrhoeae à penicilina (50,7%) e à tetraciclina (67,3%), bem como desigualdades absolutas e relativas durante o período analisado. Os obstáculos no acesso aos serviços de saúde, a falta de informações sobre a prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, a existência de necessidades básicas não satisfeitas e o analfabetismo explicam as desigualdades na RAM de N. gonorrhoeae. CONCLUSÕES: Podem ser feitas seis recomendações para conter em grande medida a RAM de N. gonorrhoeae: i) aumentar a conscientização sobre a saúde sexual e reprodutiva segura, ii) repensar a forma de transmitir as mensagens principais, com foco na equidade, iii) melhorar os sistemas de informação, prescrição e a cadeia de medicamentos, iv) criar coalisões para melhorar a capacidade de resposta e compartilhar objetivos com o setor privado, v) melhorar a disponibilidade e a desagregação de dados e vi) apoiar a pesquisa sobre as desigualdades na RAM.

Desigualdades sociales relacionadas con la resistencia a antimicrobianos de N. gonorrhoeae en Colombia

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Medir desigualdades sociales en la resistencia antimicrobiana de la Neisseria gonorrhoeae en Colombia. Métodos. Estudio ecológico utilizando un multipanel de datos desagregado a nivel subnacional de los aislamientos en la N. gonorrhoeae como proxy de resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) entre 2009 y 2018. Se llevó a cabo una caracterización sociodemográfica, un análisis de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de N. gonorrhoeae, y una medición de desigualdades en la RAM para la N. gonorrhoeae mediante el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente, el índice de desigualdad relativo y el índice de concentración. Resultados. Los hallazgos indican resistencia antimicrobiana de aislamientos de N. gonorrhoeae a penicilina (50,7%) y tetraciclina (67,3%); y la existencia de desigualdades absolutas y relativas durante el período analizado. Las barreras de acceso a servicios de salud, no haber recibido información de prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, necesidades básicas insatisfechas y analfabetismo explicaron las desigualdades en la RAM de la N. gonorrhoeae. Conclusiones. Seis recomendaciones emergen para contener en gran medida la RAM en la N. gonorrhoeae: i) aumentar conciencia sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva segura; ii) repensar cómo entregar mensajes claves con enfoque de equidad; iii) mejorar los sistemas de información, prescripción y cadena de medicamentos; iv) crear coaliciones para mejorar la respuesta y compartir objetivos con el sector privado; v) mejorar la disponibilidad y desagregación de los datos; y vi) apoyar investigaciones en desigualdades en RAM.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Measure social inequalities in antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Colombia. Methods. Ecological study using a multi-panel of data, disaggregated at the subnational level, and using isolations of N. gonorrhoeae as a proxy for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between 2009 and 2018. A sociodemographic characterization, an analysis of the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolations of N. gonorrhoeae, and a measurement of inequalities in AMR in N. gonorrhoeae were conducted using the slope index of inequality, the relative inequality index, and the concentration index. Results. The findings indicate antimicrobial resistance to penicillin (50.7%) and tetracycline (67.3%) in isolations of N. gonorrhoeae, and the existence of absolute and relative inequalities during the study period. Access barriers to health services, not having received information on the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, basic unmet needs, and illiteracy explained the inequalities in AMR in N. gonorrhoeae. Conclusions. Six recommendations emerged with a view to largely containing AMR in N. gonorrhoeae: i) increase awareness of safe sexual and reproductive health; ii) rethink how to deliver key messages with an equity approach; iii) improve information, prescription, and drug chain systems; iv) form coalitions to improve response and share objectives with the private sector; v) improve the availability and disaggregation of data; and vi) support research on inequalities in AMR.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Medir as desigualdades sociais na resistência antimicrobiana de Neisseria gonorrhoeae na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo ecológico que utilizou um painel múltiplo de dados desagregados ao nível subnacional de isolados de N. gonorrhoeae como substituto para a resistência antimicrobiana (RAM) entre 2009 e 2018. Realizamos uma caracterização sociodemográfica, uma análise da sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados de N. gonorrhoeae e uma medição das desigualdades na RAM para N. gonorrhoeae utilizando o índice absoluto de desigualdade, o índice relativo de desigualdade e o índice de concentração. Resultados. Os resultados indicam a existência de resistência antimicrobiana nos isolados de N. gonorrhoeae à penicilina (50,7%) e à tetraciclina (67,3%), bem como desigualdades absolutas e relativas durante o período analisado. Os obstáculos no acesso aos serviços de saúde, a falta de informações sobre a prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, a existência de necessidades básicas não satisfeitas e o analfabetismo explicam as desigualdades na RAM de N. gonorrhoeae. Conclusões. Podem ser feitas seis recomendações para conter em grande medida a RAM de N. gonorrhoeae: i) aumentar a conscientização sobre a saúde sexual e reprodutiva segura, ii) repensar a forma de transmitir as mensagens principais, com foco na equidade, iii) melhorar os sistemas de informação, prescrição e a cadeia de medicamentos, iv) criar coalisões para melhorar a capacidade de resposta e compartilhar objetivos com o setor privado, v) melhorar a disponibilidade e a desagregação de dados e vi) apoiar a pesquisa sobre as desigualdades na RAM.