Changing trends in presentation and indications of biopsy in lupus nephritis: data from the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis.

Background: With the ageing population and changes in the indications of diagnostic and protocol biopsies in systemic lupus erythematosus in recent years, an impact on the incidence and presentation of lupus nephritis (LN) is expected. The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological changes regarding clinical and histological presentation of LN in kidney biopsies performed from 1994 to 2019 included in the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis. Methods: We analysed data from 28 791 kidney biopsies from 130 Spanish hospitals comparing demographic, clinical and histological data. We divided the cohort according to the age of onset of LN into pediatric onset (<18 years), adult onset (18-50 years) and late onset (>50 years). Results: The incidence of LN has decreased from 9.6% of all kidney biopsies in the period 1994-2013 to 7% in the last quarter of the observation period (2014-2019) (P < 0.001), despite an increase in the proportion of patients with LN that underwent repeat biopsies (16.6-24%; P < 0.001). The age of onset of LN has increased from 32 ± 14 to 38 ± 14 years (P < 0.001), with an increase in the proportion of late-onset LN (from 13% to 22% of incident LN; P < 0.001). There were no differences in the distribution of histological features at presentation over the study period. Patients with late-onset LN showed fewer gender differences, had lower GFR and presented with less-proliferative forms of LN compared with early-onset LN. Conclusions: The frequency of biopsy-proven LN has been decreasing in recent years, despite an increasing number of repeat biopsies. Late-onset LN is increasing, presenting with worse kidney function but fewer proliferative lesions compared with younger-onset LN.

MUL+DO: índice multicomponente para el diagnóstico rápido de peritonitis en pacientes de diálisis peritoneal / MUL+DO: a multicomponent index for the quick diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

La infección peritoneal es un problema frecuente que afecta negativamente a la supervivencia del paciente y de la técnica. El inicio rápido del tratamiento de la infección peritoneal reduce las complicaciones. Se busca diseñar un índice multicomponente (MUL+DO) para el diagnóstico rápido y eficiente de infección peritoneal. Con ese objetivo, se crea una cohorte de construcción con muestras de efluente peritoneal que se analizaron con tiras Multistix (R) 10 SG Siemens para la detección de leucocitos. Después, se examinó cada muestra según el patrón oro: número de leucocitos, porcentaje de polimorfonucleares y cultivo microbiológico. Se construyó MUL+DO sumándole un punto a la escala cromática modificada MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] si el paciente reporta dolor. MUL+DO toma valores de 0 a 4. Posteriormente, se creó una cohorte de validación del modelo. MUL+DO se aplicó a cada muestra, determinándose también leucocitos y porcentaje de polimorfonucleares. La cohorte de construcción incluyó 134 muestras, 34 tenían infección (25,4% [17,6-33,1]). Las muestras con un valor MUL+DO >1, presentaron una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100%. La cohorte de validación incluyó 100 muestras con 16 infecciones (16% [8,3-23,7]). En la cohorte de validación asumiendo como positiva una muestra con un valor MUL+DO > 1, se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%. MUL+DO aplicado en la cohorte de construcción, mostró una separación perfecta de las poblaciones positiva y negativa. Todos los pacientes positivos presentaron una puntuación ≥2. En la cohorte de validación, el índice MUL+DO presentó una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%

Peritoneal infection is a common problem that has a negative impact on the survival of patients and the technique. The early administration of peritoneal infection treatment reduces complications. The goal of this study is to propose a multicomponent index (MUL+DO) for the quick and efficient diagnosis of peritoneal infection. We selected a training cohort of peritoneal effluent samples which were analysed by Multistix (R) 10 SG Siemens test strips for leukocyte detection. Then, each sample was examined according to the gold standard: number of leukocytes, polymorphonuclear percentage and microbiological culture. We constructed the MUL+DO index by adding one point to the MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] modified chromatic scale if the patient reported pain. The MUL+DO index ranged from 0 to 4. A model validation cohort was then created. MUL+DO was applied to each sample and leukocytes and polymorphonuclear percentage were also assessed. The training cohort ultimately included 134 samples, 34 of which with infection (25.4% [17.6-33.1]). Samples with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 presented a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The validation cohort included 100 samples with 16 infections (16% [8.3-23.7]). Assuming a sample with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 to be positive, we obtained a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. The MUL+DO index applied to the training cohort showed a perfect separation of the positive and negative populations. All positive patients presented a score ≥2. In the validation cohort, the MUL+DO reported a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%

MUL+DO: a multicomponent index for the quick diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. / MUL+DO: índice multicomponente para el diagnóstico rápido de peritonitis en pacientes de diálisis peritoneal.

Peritoneal infection is a common problem that has a negative impact on the survival of patients and the technique. The early administration of peritoneal infection treatment reduces complications. The goal of this study is to propose a multicomponent index (MUL+DO) for the quick and efficient diagnosis of peritoneal infection. We selected a training cohort of peritoneal effluent samples which were analysed by Multistix ® 10 SG Siemens test strips for leukocyte detection. Then, each sample was examined according to the gold standard: number of leukocytes, polymorphonuclear percentage and microbiological culture. We constructed the MUL+DO index by adding one point to the MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] modified chromatic scale if the patient reported pain. The MUL+DO index ranged from 0 to 4. A model validation cohort was then created. MUL+DO was applied to each sample and leukocytes and polymorphonuclear percentage were also assessed. The training cohort ultimately included 134 samples, 34 of which with infection (25.4% [17.6-33.1]). Samples with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 presented a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The validation cohort included 100 samples with 16 infections (16% [8.3-23.7]). Assuming a sample with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 to be positive, we obtained a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. The MUL+DO index applied to the training cohort showed a perfect separation of the positive and negative populations. All positive patients presented a score ≥2. In the validation cohort, the MUL+DO reported a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%.

Efluente peritoneal turbio sin peritonitis en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca refractaria en programa de ultrafiltración peritoneal / Cloudy peritoneal effluent without peritonitis in patients with refractory heart failure undergoing peritoneal ultrafiltration

En los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca refractaria en programa de ultrafiltración peritoneal no es infrecuente la presencia de líquido turbio en ausencia de otros criterios de infección peritoneal. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar si la presencia de drenado peritoneal turbio se corresponde con la presencia de infección peritoneal. Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo entre Diciembre de 2014 y Marzo de 2015, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca refractaria. Se analizaron 4 muestras de cada paciente, separadas por 15 días, de forma programada. Los cultivos bacteriológicos se realizaron en las muestras que presentaban un recuento leucocitario superior a 100 leucocitos/μl. Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos y clínicos de los pacientes, como la patología de base responsable de la insuficiencia cardiaca y las proteínas presentes en el efluente peritoneal. Se evaluaron 13 pacientes, 77% varones, edad media de 71±8 años. Se recogieron un total de 51 muestras; de ellas, en 5 muestras (9.8%) procedentes de 4 pacientes (31% del total de pacientes), el efluente peritoneal era turbio. En 2 de ellos el recuento leucocitario fue inferior a 100 leucocitos/μl mientras que en los otros 2 pacientes el recuento fue superior, con polimorfonucleares por debajo del 50% y cultivos sin crecimiento bacteriano. No hubo relación entre la celularidad y las enfermedades de base. Consideramos que la presencia de turbidez en el efluente peritoneal de los pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardiaca no siempre se corresponde con la existencia de infección peritoneal (AU)

In patients with refractory heart failure undergoing peritoneal ultrafiltration it is not uncommon for the presence of turbid liquid in the absence of other criteria of peritoneal infection. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the presence of peritoneal drainage cloudy corresponds to the presence of peritoneal infection. A prospective observational study between December 2014 and March 2015 was performed, which included patients with refractory heart failure. They analyzed 4 samples of each patient, separated by 15 days, programmatically. Bacterial cultures were performed on samples that had a white blood cell count above 100 cells/μl. Epidemiological and clinical data of patients, as the pathology of heart failure responsible base and the proteins present in the peritoneal effluent were collected. 13 patients, 77 % male, mean age 71 ± 8 years were evaluated. A total of 51 samples were collected; of then, 5 samples (9.8 %) from 4 patients (31 % of all patients), peritoneal effluent was cloudy. In 2 of then the white blood cell count was less than 100 cells/μl. whereas in the other 2 patients the count was higher, with polymorfonuclear below 50% and no growth crops. There was no relationship between the cellularity and the underlying diseases. We believe that the presence of turbidity in the peritoneal effluent of patients with heart failure not correspond to the existence of peritoneal infection (AU)

Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip en diálisis peritoneal / Berardinelli-Seip syndrome in peritoneal dialysis

Se describe el caso de una paciente con síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip, un tipo de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, que inició a los 20 años, con marcada resistencia insulínica y complicaciones micro- y macroangiopáticas, entre ellas una enfermedad renal crónica que la ha llevado a iniciar tratamiento renal sustitutivo en la modalidad de diálisis peritoneal. Para ello llevamos un repaso de la historia de la paciente desde la edad pediátrica (momento en el que ya aparecen los primeros signos de la enfermedad) hasta la actualidad. Más allá de lo infrecuente de esta enfermedad, es de destacar que lo excepcional del caso es que se trata del único caso (al menos registrado en la literatura) de pacientes afectos de síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip en programa de diálisis (AU)

A case of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome, a congenital generalised lipodystrophy, is reported. Symptoms first appeared when the patient was 20 years old. She showed severe insulin resistance aswell as micro- and macro-angiopathic complications, including chronic kidney disease, which required renal replacement therapy with peritoneal dialysis. The patient’s clinical course was reviewed since paediatric age (when initial signs of the disease being already evident) to present time. Berardinelli-Seip syndromeis very uncommon, and the present case is particularly rare because it is the only case (at least as reported in the literature) in a patient receiving dialysis (AU)

Berardinelli-Seip syndrome in peritoneal dialysis.

A case of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome, a congenital generalised lipodystrophy, is reported. Symptoms first appeared when the patient was 20 years old. She showed severe insulin resistance as well as micro- and macro-angiopathic complications, including chronic kidney disease, which required renal replacement therapy with peritoneal dialysis. The patient's clinical course was reviewed since paediatric age (when initial signs of the disease being already evident) to present time. Berardinelli-Seip syndrome is very uncommon, and the present case is particularly rare because it is the only case (at least as reported in the literature) in a patient receiving dialysis.

Utilidad de las tiras reactivas multistix 10 SG(R) en el diagnóstico de peritonitis en diálisis peritoneal / Utility of the Multistix 10 SG (R) reagent strips in the diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis

Introducción: La infección peritoneal es una complicación frecuente en diálisis peritoneal, que condiciona una importante morbimortalidad. Habitualmente el diagnóstico se establece mediante signos y síntomas clínicos, efluente turbio y cultivo positivo. En ocasiones los síntomas son poco evidentes, el recuento leucocitario puede no estar disponible y el cultivo se demora varios días. Por otro lado se sabe que el inicio precoz del tratamiento antibiótico aumenta la eficacia y favorece la resolución de los episodios de infección peritoneal. Objetivo: Estudiar la capacidad diagnóstica de las tiras reactivas Multistix 10 SG Siemens® en la determinación de peritonitis en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo donde se analizaron muestras de líquido peritoneal efluente de pacientes prevalentes en diálisis peritoneal, durante seis meses. Se tomó como criterio de peritonitis la presencia de más de 100 Leucocitos (L)/ μl y más de 50% de ellos polimorfonucleares. Las muestras de líquido peritoneal efluente fueron obtenidas después de permanencias mínimas de dos horas y volumen mínimo de 1500 cc. Todas las muestras se analizaron usando tiras reactivas de Multistix ® 10 SG Siemens durante 2 minutos, anotando el observador el resultado de acuerdo a la escala cromática (valor 0= 0-15 L/μl, valor 1= 16-70 L/μl, valor 2=71-125 L/μl y valor 3=126-500 L/μl) y se compararon con las enviadas al laboratorio de nuestro hospital para el recuento manual de leucocitos. Se recogieron otras variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Resultados: Se analizaron 111 muestras de efluente peritoneal. Detectándose infección peritoneal en 28 muestras (25.2%). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre infectados y no infectados por razón de edad, sexo, diabetes ni número de peritonitis anteriores. El 68 % de los pacientes infectados declararon sufrir dolor. El 73% de las muestras con infección presentaron líquido turbio. En relación al resultado del Multistix, y considerando infección un valor por encima de 1, encontramos una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95.2%. Si el punto de corte se toma en el valor 2 encontramos una sensibilidad del 96,4% y una especificidad del 100%. Conclusiones: La utilización de las tiras Multistix® 10 SG Siemens como prueba diagnóstica para la detección de infección peritoneal, tiene una validez excelente, pudiendo sustituir al recuento manual de leucocitos (AU)

Introduction: Peritoneal infection is a common com- plication in peritoneal dialysis, which determined a significant morbidity and mortality. Usually the diagnosis is established by clinical signs and symptoms, cloudy effluent and positive culture. Sometimes the symptoms are not evident, the leukocyte count may not be available and culture takes several days. On the other hand it is known that early antibiotic therapy increases effectiveness and promotes the resolution of the episodes of peritoneal infection. Objective: Study the diagnostic capacity of Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips in determining peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out. Samples of peritoneal fluid effluent from prevalent patients on peritoneal dialysis were analyzed for six months. It was taken as the criterion of peritonitis, the presence of more than 100 leukocytes (L)/ μl and over 50% of these polymorphs. Samples of peritoneal fluid effluent were obtained after two-hours minimum stays and minimum volume of 1500 cc. All samples were analyzed using Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips for 2 minutes, scoring the observer the result according to the chromatic scale (value 0 = 0-15 L / μl; value 1 = 16-70 L / μl; value 2 = 71-125 L / μl; and value 3 = 126-500 L / μl) and compared to those sent to the hospital laboratory for manual leukocyte count. Other clinical and epidemiological variables were collected. Results: 111 samples of peritoneal dialysis were analyzed. Peritoneal infection were detected in 28 samples (25.2%). No significant differences between infected and uninfected by reason of age, sex, diabetes or number of previous peritonitis were observed. 68% of infected patients reported suffering from pain. In those infected samples, 73% presented cloudy fluid. In relation to the result of Multistix and considering infection a value greater than 1, we found a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. If the cut point is taken in the value 2 we found a sensitivity of 96.4% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions: The use Siemens Multistix 10 SG® reagent strips as a diagnostic test for the detection of peritoneal infection has excellent validity and could replace the manual leukocyte count (AU)

COSMOS: the dialysis scenario of CKD-MBD in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) are important complications of CKD5D patients that are associated with mortality. METHODS: COSMOS is a multicentre, open cohort, prospective, observational 3-year study carried out in haemodialysis patients from 20 European countries during 2005-07. The present article describes the main characteristics of the European dialysis population, the current practice for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the differences across different European regions. RESULTS: The haemodialysis population in Europe is an aged population (mean age 64.8±14.2 years) with a high prevalence of diabetes (29.5%) and cardiovascular disease (76.0%), and 28.7% of patients have been on haemodialysis more than 5 years. Patients from the former Eastern countries are younger (59.3±14.3 versus 66.0±13.9), having a lower proportion of diabetics (24.1 versus 30.7%). There were relevant differences in the frequency of measurement of the main CKD-MBD biochemical parameters [Ca, P and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] and the Eastern countries showed a poorer control of these biochemical parameters (K/DOQI and K/DIGO targets). Overall, 48.0% of the haemodialysis patients received active vitamin D treatment. Calcitriol use doubled that of alfacalcidiol in the Mediterranean countries, whereas the opposite was found in the non-Mediterranean countries. The criteria followed to perform parathyroidectomy were different across Europe. In the Mediterranean countries, the level of serum PTH considered to perform parathyroidectomy was higher than in non-Mediterranean countries; as a result, in the latter, more parathyroidectomies were performed in the year previous to inclusion to COSMOS. CONCLUSIONS: The COSMOS baseline results show important differences across Europe in the management of CKD-MBD.