Associations of Perioperative Renal Oximetry Via Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Urinary Biomarkers, and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Infants After Congenital Heart Surgery: Should Creatinine Continue to Be the Gold Standard?

OBJECTIVES: Examine the relationship between perioperative renal regional tissue oximetry, urinary biomarkers, and acute kidney injury in infants after congenital cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Prospective, observational. SETTING: Cardiac operating room and cardiac ICU. PATIENTS: Neonates and infants without history of kidney injury or anatomic renal abnormality. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Renal regional tissue oximetry was measured intraoperatively and for 48 hours postoperatively. Urinary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 together with insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 were measured preoperatively, 2, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Patients were categorized as no acute kidney injury, stage 1, or Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria with 43 of 70 (61%) meeting criteria for any stage acute kidney injury. Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury patients had higher tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 at 2 hours (0.3 vs 0.14 for stage 1 acute kidney injury and 0.05 for no acute kidney injury; p = 0.052) and 24 hours postoperatively (1.71 vs 0.27 for stage 1 acute kidney injury and 0.19 for no acute kidney injury, p = 0.027) and higher neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels at 24 hours postoperatively (10.3 vs 3.4 for stage 1 acute kidney injury and 6.2 for no acute kidney injury, p = 0.019). Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury patients had lower mean cardiac ICU renal regional tissue oximetry (66% vs 79% for stage 1 acute kidney injury and 84% for no acute kidney injury, p = 0.038). Regression analyses showed that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 at 2 hours postoperatively and nadir intraoperative renal regional tissue oximetry to be independent predictors of postoperative kidney damage as measured by urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. CONCLUSIONS: We observed modest differences in perioperative renal regional tissue oximetry and urinary biomarker levels compared between acute kidney injury groups classified by creatinine-dependent Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, but there were significant correlations between renal regional tissue oximetry, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, and postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. Kidney injury after infant cardiac surgery may be undetectable by functional assessment (creatinine) alone, and continuous monitoring of renal regional tissue oximetry may be more sensitive to important subclinical acute kidney injury.

Remodelación de cavidades izquierdas en el posoperatorio de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total: utilidad del NTProBNP / Left chambers remodeling after repair of TAPVR connection: usefulness of NTProBNP

Resumen: El retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total se caracteriza por la falla de conexión entre la aurícula primitiva y el retorno venoso pulmonar, este último se conecta al retorno venoso sistémico a través de la persistencia de conexiones embrionarias. En esta patología, el ventrículo izquierdo suele tener un tamaño en el límite inferior de la normalidad, con una aurícula izquierda pequeña y atrófica. En el período posoperatorio las cavidades izquierdas deben manejar todo el retorno venoso pulmonar, lo que podría determinar sobrecarga de estas cavidades. Presentamos dos casos de posoperatorio de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total, evaluando la relación entre el tamaño auricular izquierdo y los niveles de péptido natriurético. Se plantea como hipótesis una disfunción en el llenado de cavidades izquierdas como sustrato causal de este fenómeno, teniendo como consecuencia modificaciones adaptativas anatómicas y funcionales. La determinación de los niveles de péptido natriurético podría ser útil en la monitorización de este proceso adaptativo.

Summary: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return is a congenital heart disease characterized by failure of connection between the primitive left atrium and the pulmonary venous return, the latter drains to the systemic venous return trough persistent embryologic connections. In this pathology there is a normal size, but rather small, left ventricle with a small and undeveloped left atrium. In the postoperative period, the left chambers must handle all the pulmonary venous return, which could mean an increased wall stress. The study presents two cases of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, and the behavior of left atrial size and natriuretic peptide level after surgery. We set a hypothesis by which a dysfunction in the filling of the left chambers could explain this phenomenon and how this triggers compensatory modifications. Analyzing the level of natriuretic peptide might help monitor this process.

Brain Dysplasia Associated with Ciliary Dysfunction in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To test for associations between abnormal respiratory ciliary motion (CM) and brain abnormalities in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) STUDY DESIGN: We recruited 35 infants with CHD preoperatively and performed nasal tissue biopsy to assess respiratory CM by videomicroscopy. Cranial ultrasound scan and brain magnetic resonance imaging were obtained pre- and/or postoperatively and systematically reviewed for brain abnormalities. Segmentation was used to quantitate cerebrospinal fluid and regional brain volumes. Perinatal and perioperative clinical variables were collected. RESULTS: A total of 10 (28.5%) patients with CHD had abnormal CM. Abnormal CM was not associated with brain injury but was correlated with increased extraaxial cerebrospinal fluid volume (P < .001), delayed brain maturation (P < .05), and a spectrum of subtle dysplasia including the hippocampus (P < .0078) and olfactory bulb (P < .034). Abnormal CM was associated with higher composite dysplasia score (P < .001), and both were correlated with elevated preoperative serum lactate (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal respiratory CM in infants with CHD is associated with a spectrum of brain dysplasia. These findings suggest that ciliary defects may play a role in brain dysplasia in patients with CHD and have the potential to prognosticate neurodevelopmental risks.