Injury Characteristics among Young Adults during and Immediately after the COVID-19 Lockdown.

The lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic inherently changed people's lifestyles. Forty-eight days of isolation led to worsening physical fitness in addition to the development of other unhealthy habits. The aim of this study was to describe sport-related injuries in the active general population. Physical therapy centres and sports medicine clinics were contacted via e-mail, seeking patients who had sustained an injury during or immediately (up to two weeks) after the lockdown. Patients who agreed to participate completed an online survey that followed the International Olympic Committee Statement. The questionnaire focused on physical exercise habits, type of injury, location and tissue affected. A total of 51 females and 67 males (30.5, SD = 8.8 years) participated in the study. Eighty percent of the participants performed aerobic training sessions, while the rest dedicated their workouts to strength training. Two in every three injuries were located in the lower limbs, and 80% affected the musculoskeletal tissue. Of all the injuries recorded, 67% occurred during the first week after lockdown. The number of aerobic exercise sessions was positively correlated with lower limb injuries (χ2 = 17.12, p < 0.05). Exercise habits should be considered when planning to return to a sport after a period of confinement to avoid injury.

A longitudinal study on depressive symptoms and physical activity during the Spanish lockdown / Estudio longitudinal de los síntomas depresivos y la actividad física durante el confinamiento en España

Background/Objective: The aim was to evaluate the evolution of depressive symptoms and to explore the influence of physical activity (PA) practice during the home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Method: Information was collected from 595 confined participants who reported personal and contextual information, depressive symptoms and PA levels at four time points. Results: The changes in depressive symptoms were analyzed using a linear mixed model with cubic splines. Results showed a significant increase, with a significant rise between T1 and T2 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.83-3.10). It continued growing until T4 (OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.97-4.38). A negative relationship was observed between the increase in depressive symptoms and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels, with a significant slope up to 4 hours of MVPA per week (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29-0.90) that tended to increase until 16 hours per week of MVPA (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87). Conclusions: Results from a partition model showed that moderate intensity of PA could be enough to prevent an increase of depressive symptoms during home isolation. (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la evolución de los síntomas depresivos y explorar la influencia de la práctica de actividad física (AF) durante la fase de confinamiento domiciliario de la población española como consecuencia de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Método: Participaron 595 personas confinadas que informaron de su situación personal, los síntomas depresivos y la AF en cuatro momentos de medida. Resultados: Los cambios en los síntomas depresivos analizados con splines cúbicos a partir de modelos lineales mixtos, mostraron un incremento significativo, con una subida importante entre el T1 y el T2 (OR=2,38, 95% CI=1,83-3,10), para luego seguir incrementándose de manera más lenta hasta el T4 (OR=2,93, 95% CI=1,97-4,38). Se observó una relación inversa entre el incremento de los síntomas depresivos y los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) semanal, con una pendiente importante hasta las cuatro horas de AFMV a la semana (OR=0,51, 95% CI=0,29-0,90) que tiende a disminuir hasta las 16 horas/semana AFMV (OR=0,41, 95% CI=0,20-0,87). Conclusiones: Se probó un modelo de partición que mostró que la AF de intensidad moderada podría ser suficiente para prevenir un incremento de los síntomas depresivos en situación de confinamiento. (AU)

A longitudinal study on depressive symptoms and physical activity during the Spanish lockdown.

Background/Objective: The aim was to evaluate the evolution of depressive symptoms and to explore the influence of physical activity (PA) practice during the home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Method: Information was collected from 595 confined participants who reported personal and contextual information, depressive symptoms and PA levels at four time points. Results: The changes in depressive symptoms were analyzed using a linear mixed model with cubic splines. Results showed a significant increase, with a significant rise between T1 and T2 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.83-3.10). It continued growing until T4 (OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.97-4.38). A negative relationship was observed between the increase in depressive symptoms and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels, with a significant slope up to 4 hours of MVPA per week (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29-0.90) that tended to increase until 16 hours per week of MVPA (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87). Conclusions: Results from a partition model showed that moderate intensity of PA could be enough to prevent an increase of depressive symptoms during home isolation.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la evolución de los síntomas depresivos y explorar la influencia de la práctica de actividad física (AF) durante la fase de confinamiento domiciliario de la población española como consecuencia de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Método: Participaron 595 personas confinadas que informaron de su situación personal, los síntomas depresivos y la AF en cuatro momentos de medida. Resultados: Los cambios en los síntomas depresivos analizados con splines cúbicos a partir de modelos lineales mixtos, mostraron un incremento significativo, con una subida importante entre el T1 y el T2 (OR = 2,38, 95% CI = 1,83-3,10), para luego seguir incrementándose de manera más lenta hasta el T4 (OR = 2,93, 95% CI = 1,97-4,38). Se observó una relación inversa entre el incremento de los síntomas depresivos y los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) semanal, con una pendiente importante hasta las cuatro horas de AFMV a la semana (OR = 0,51, 95% CI = 0,29-0,90) que tiende a disminuir hasta las 16 horas/semana AFMV (OR = 0,41, 95% CI = 0,20-0,87). Conclusiones: Se probó un modelo de partición que mostró que la AF de intensidad moderada podría ser suficiente para prevenir un incremento de los síntomas depresivos en situación de confinamiento.

The impact of cooperative learning on peer relationships, intrinsic motivation and future intentions to do sport / Repercusión del aprendizaje cooperativo sobre las relaciones con los compañeros, la motivación intrínseca y las intenciones futuras de práctica deportiva

Background: Understanding intra-individual change is a key question when studying causality between variables. The first objective was to examine, using the technique of true intra-individual change (TIC, Δ) for the first time, the motivational sequence proposed by Vallerand (1997), ΔCo-operative learning → ΔRelatedness → ΔIntrinsic motivation → ΔIntention to do sport. Method: The sample comprised 372 students divided into two groups, experimental and control. During a 6 month period the experimental group was taught co-operative learning strategies by a suitably trained teacher. Results: Positive changes were seen in the experimental group in all of the variables examined, while the control group remained unchanged. The results of the TIC suggest accepting the motivational sequence describe. Conclusions: Co-operative learning may by an appropriate method to improve self-determined motivation according to the model described

Antecedentes: conocer el cambio intraindividual es una cuestión clave para bordar el estudio de la causalidad entre variables. El primer objetivo fue comprobar, por primera vez, utilizando la técnica del verdadero cambio intraindividual (TIC, Δ), la secuencia motivacional propuesta por Vallerand (1997), ΔAprendizaje cooperativo → Δ Relación → ΔMotivación intrínseca → ΔIntenciones de práctica deportiva. Método: la muestra estuvo formada por 372 estudiantes que se dividieron en dos grupos: experimental y control. Durante 6 meses al grupo experimental se le aplicaron estrategias de aprendizaje cooperativo por un profesor formado a tal efecto. Resultados: se observaron cambios positivos en el grupo experimental en todas las variables analizadas, mientras que el grupo control permaneció estable. El TIC permite aceptar la secuencia motivacional descrita. Conclusiones: el aprendizaje cooperativo puede ser un método adecuado para incrementar la motivación autodeterminada en base al modelo descrito

The impact of cooperative learning on peer relationships, intrinsic motivation and future intentions to do sport.

BACKGROUND: Understanding intra-individual change is a key question when studying causality between variables. The first objective was to examine, using the technique of true intra-individual change (TIC, Δ) for the first time, the motivational sequence proposed by Vallerand (1997), ΔCo-operative learning → ΔRelatedness → ΔIntrinsic motivation → ΔIntention to do sport. METHOD: The sample comprised 372 students divided into two groups, experimental and control. During a 6 month period the experimental group was taught co-operative learning strategies by a suitably trained teacher. RESULTS: Positive changes were seen in the experimental group in all of the variables examined, while the control group remained unchanged. The results of the TIC suggest accepting the motivational sequence describe. CONCLUSIONS: Co-operative learning may by an appropriate method to improve self-determined motivation according to the model described.

Repercusiones de las competiciones deportivas escolares en el clima de mejora, la competencia percibida, la motivación intrínseca y el esfuerzo / Effects of school sport competitions on improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation and effort / Repercussões de competições esportivas escolares no clima de melhoria, competição percebida, motivação intrínseca e esforço

En el presente estudio se probo por primera vez un modelo construido a partir de las diferencias intraindividuales en la percepción de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre el Clima de mejora, la Competencia percibida, la Motivación in-trinseca y el Esfuerzo antes y después de una competición deportiva tradicional de atletismo de 1000 metros. La muestra estuvo formada por 743 estudiantes (395 chicos y 348 chicas). El modelo hipotetizado (ΔClima de mejora → ΔCompetencia→ ΔMotivación intrínseca → ΔEsfuerzo) no presento un buen ajuste. El análisis del test de Lagrange mostro que se deberían añadir un camino desde Clima de mejora a Motivación intrínseca y otro desde Competencia percibida a Esfuerzo. En presencia de este último paso la predicción de la Motivación intrínseca sobre el Esfuerzo no fue signicativa. El ajuste del modelo mejoro signicativamente: SB chi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se proponen nuevos estudios

In the present study, for the first time, a predictive model based on the intraindividual differences in physical education students' perceptions of the improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation an effort prior and after a 1.000 meters athletics competition was conducted. 743 students (395 boys, 348 girls) agreed to participate. The hypothesized model (ΔImprovement climate → ΔCompetence → ΔIntrinsic Motivation → ΔEffort) did not show a good fit. Lagrange's test showed that a path should be added from improvement climate to motivation, and from perceived competence to effort. In the last step, intrinsic motivation prediction over effort was non-significant. The model fit improved significantly: SBchi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finally, results are discussed and future trends are proposed

No presente estudo, foi testado pela primeira vez construida a partir das diferencas intra-individuais na percepcao de alunos do modelo de Educacao Fisica do Clima melhoria, percepcao de competencia, motivacao intrinseca e esforco antes e depois de uma competicao desportiva Atletismo tradicional de 1000 metros. A amostra foi composta por 743 estudantes (395 meninos e 348 meninas). O modelo hipotetico (Taxa de melhoria → Competencia → Motivacao intrinseca → Esforco) nao apresentou um bom ajuste. A analise mostrou que o teste de Lagrange deve ser adicionado um caminho do clima melhora motivacao intrinseca e percebida competencia para outro desde Esforco. Na presenca deste ultimo passo, a predicao da Motivacao intrínseca no Esforco nao foi signi.cativa. Ajuste do modelo significativamente melhorada: SBchi2 (576) = 1352,14 p <0,001, * TPI = 0,93, RMSEA * (IC de 90%) = 043 (040, 046), SRMR = 0,07. Finalmente, os resultados sao discutidos e novos estudos sao propostos