Attitudes of Medical Students Towards Psychiatry in Venezuela: a 6-Year Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated changes in attitude towards psychiatry of medical students in one medical school in Venezuela. METHODS: Balon's modified questionnaire was administered to first and sixth-year medical students to analyze their attitude towards psychiatry. The answers were compared with McNemar's test. RESULTS: The students' negative perception of psychiatry increased by the end of medical school with 45% of sixth-year students reportedly feeling uncomfortable when working with patients with psychiatric illness compared to only 8.3% of first-year medical students. Interest in specializing in psychiatry decreased from 2.6% in first-year medical students to 0% in sixth-year medical students (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Different factors may lead to the loss of interest in psychiatry of medical students in Venezuela, such as little time spent with patients, being in contact only with patients with psychosis, stigma about psychiatry among medical doctors and friends, feeling more comfortable with other specialties, and other specialties having a higher perceived status and being better paid.

Medical students' attitudes towards mental disorders and their correlation with academic performance / Actitud de los estudiantes de medicina hacia las enfermedades mentales y su relación con el rendimiento académico

Medical students do not seem to be as attracted to psychiatry as a medical specialty as they are to internal medicine or surgery. They are probably not interested in mental illnesses during their studies or other kinds of factors may be causing this. Objetive. Identify which mental disorders were most interesting to a group of medical students and how that preference correlates with academic performance. Methods. After three months of theoretical lessons and a four-hour practice, 93 medicine students at the Universidad de los Andes of Venezuela, expressed and justified their preference for a specific topic of psychiatry. These data were correlated to academic performance. Results. The most popular topic was alcoholism with a 34,4% of preference, followed by bipolar disorder with 26,9%. The main reasons for selection were having had some contact with the illness and fi nding the topic interesting. A total of 52,2% “failed” students preferred alcoholism versus 28,6% of “passed” students (p=0.039). Conclusions. Students with higher academic average were attracted to bipolar disorder because they found it interesting whereas the students with lower academicaverage preferred alcoholism because family members or acquaintances exhibited the symptoms or had drinking habits...

Los estudiantes de medicina no parecen sentirse atraídos hacia la psiquiatría como especialidad con el mismo interés como medicina interna o cirugía. Es probable que durante la carrera no sean motivados por las enfermedades mentales o existan otros factores involucrados en este hecho. Objetivo. Determinar cuáles son las enfermedades mentales de mayor interés para los estudiantes de medicina y su relación con el rendimiento académico. Métodos. Luego de haber recibido clases teóricas durante tres meses y una clase práctica de cuatro horas, 93 estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de los Andes de Venezuela, manifestaron su preferencia por un tema de psiquiatría en particular y explicaron la razón por la cual ese tema les había llamado la atención. Estos datos fueron relacionados con su promedio académico. Resultados. El tema más escogido fue alcoholismo en un 34,4%, seguido de trastorno bipolar en un 26,9%. La razón principal fue porque habían tenido contacto con la enfermedad o porque el tema les había parecido interesante. Los alumnos reprobados escogieron alcoholismo en un 52,2% versus el 28,6% de los alumnos aprobados (p=0,039). Conclusiones. Los estudiantes con mejor rendimiento académico se vieron atraídos hacia el tema de trastorno bipolar porque les había parecido interesante. Los estudiantes con bajo rendimiento académico se vieron atraídos hacia el tema de alcoholismo porque algún familiar o persona conocida presentaba los síntomas de la enfermedad o hábitos alcohólicos...

Prevalencia de trastornos psicóticos en comparación con trastornos no psicóticos en una población de pacientes de Venezuela sometida a estrés / Prevalence of Psychotic Disorders Compared to Non-psychotic Disorders in a Venezuelan Community Subjected to Stress

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de trastornos psicóticos en comparación con trastornos no psicóticos según procedencia y sexo en pacientes que acuden a la consulta de psiquiatría en una población venezolana sometida a estrés de secuestros, sicarios y altos índices de criminalidad. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de morbilidad entre julio y diciembre de 2008 de la consulta de psiquiatría de un hospital general de Venezuela. Resultados: En la consulta se atendieron 1.801 pacientes, de los cuales 56,7% fueron mujeres. El 58% los pacientes provenía de San Cristóbal; 40,4% de otra ciudad del estado del Táchira, y 1,6% de otro estado. El diagnóstico que predominó entre todos los pacientes fue trastorno de ansiedad (19,7%). Los trastornos psicóticos (esquizofrenia, trastorno afectivo bipolar y trastorno mental orgánico) fueron diagnosticados en un 34,6%. Los trastornos no psicóticos (ansiedad, depresión y trastorno obsesivo-convulsivo) fueron diagnosticados en un 30,2%. El diagnóstico de psicosis predominó en los pacientes procedentes de San Cristóbal, en comparación con los que procedían de otra región (p<0,0001). En el sexo femenino predominaron los diagnósticos de ansiedad y depresión y en el masculino el diagnóstico de psicosis (p<0,0001). Conclusión: Los trastornos psicóticos se diagnosticaron con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes que viven en San Cristóbal, lo que sugiere que la tensión emocional que reina en la ciudad puede ser un factor de riesgo desencadenante de las crisis psicóticas de los pacientes.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of psychotic disorders compared with non-psychotic disorders sorted by residence and sex in patients attending psychiatric consultation in a Venezuelan community under stress due to kidnappings, murder and high crime rates. Method: Retrospective and descriptive study of morbidity of psychiatric disorders between July and December 2008 in the psychiatric services at a general hospital in Venezuela. Results: 1.801 patients were seen at the psychiatric services, 56.7% were women. 58% came from San Cristobal, 40.4% from other cities and 1.6% from the state of Tachira. The diagnosis that prevailed among all patients was anxiety disorder (19.7%). Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and organic mental disorder) were diagnosed in 34.6%. Non-psychotic disorders (anxiety, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder) were diagnosed in 30.2%. The diagnosis of psychosis predominated in patients from San Cristobal in comparison with those from other areas (p<0.0001). Anxiety and depression predominated in females and the diagnosis of psychosis in male patients (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Psychotic disorders were more frequently diagnosed in patients living in San Cristobal, which might suggest that emotional tension present and experienced in urban areas could be a risk factor triggering crisis in psychotic patients.

Trastornos y hábitos de sueño en niños y adolescentes con autismo / Sleep habits and disorders in children and adolescents

Existe una alta prevalencia de trastornos del sueño en personas con autismo. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las alteraciones del sueño y malos hábitos de sueño en una población de niños y adolescentes con autismo y determinar si existen diferencias según la edad. Estudio transversal, descriptivo. Se incluyeron 14 niños y 12 adolescentes con autismo procedentes del Centro de Atención Integrada para personas con Autismo en San Cristóbal, Venezuela. Fueron evaluados con un cuestionario para padres, que registra los hábitos de sueño en un periodo de 6 meses. Se establecieron comparaciones entre niños menores de 12 años y adolescentes. El trastorno de sueño informado con mayor frecuencia en niños fue dificultad para quedarse dormido (35,7%) y en adolescentes enuresis (30%). En cuanto a malos hábitos de sueño, predominó en niños, la necesidad de estar acompañado al momento de quedarse dormido (64,3%) al igual que en los adolescentes (33,3%). En Venezuela, un alto porcentaje de niños y adolescentes con autismo presentan alteraciones del sueño superiores a la población general; tales como dormir en cama de los padres o necesitar compañía al momento de quedarse dormidos; sin embargo, muchos padres no consideran que esto sea un problema serio que afecte a la familia o al niño.

There is a high prevalence of sleep disorders in people with autism. The objective of this study was to describe sleep disturbances and poor sleep habits in a population of children and adolescents with autism in Venezuela and to determine differences by age. Descriptive, crosssectional study. 14 children and 12 adolescents with autism were assessed with a questionnaire for parents, which recorded the sleep habits from 6 months earlier in the Center of integrated care for people with autism, in San Cristobal, Venezuela. Comparisons were established between children under 12 years old and adolescents. The sleep disorder reported more frequently in children was difficulty falling asleep (35.7%) and enuresis in adolescents (30%). In regard to bad sleep habits, the need to be accompanied at the time of falling asleep predominated in children (64.3%), as well as in adolescents (33.3%). In Venezuela, a high percentage of children and adolescents with autism have more sleep disorders than the general population, as the need to sleep in parent’s bed and the need of company when falling asleep. However, many parents do not considerthis as a serious problem affecting the family or the child.

Valeriana en el tratamiento a largo plazo del insomnio / Use of Valerian in the Long-Term Treatment of Insomnia

Introducción: La valeriana se ha utilizado desde la antigua Grecia y China para inducir el sueño, debido a sus propiedades ansiolíticas. Hoy en día, aun cuando no es un producto aprobado por la Agencia de Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de Estados Unidos (FDA) para el tratamiento del insomnio, se utiliza en diferentes países con esta finalidad. Objetivo: Llevar a cabo una revisión que permita determinar la eficacia de la valeriana en el tratamiento a largo plazo del insomnio y considerarla una alternativa terapéutica posible a las benzodiazepinas y los agonistas benzodiazepínicos. Resultados: Son pocos los estudios controlados realizados con valeriana; no obstante, los resultados disponibles sugieren que su empleo facilita la reestructuración de la arquitectura del sueño después de varias semanas de tratamiento y consigue así mejorar su calidad. También hay indicios que señalan que desempeña un papel importante en la disminución del estrés y la ansiedad en aquellos pacientes donde esta condición interfi ere con el inicio y mantenimiento del sueño, así como en el tratamiento coadyuvante en la discontinuación del uso prolongado de benzodiazepinas. Conclusiones: El principal punto a favor de la valeriana es su capacidad para disminuir la latencia del sueño de ondas lentas y aumentar su porcentaje, sin provocar efectos secundarios de importancia ni dependencia; sin embargo, aún no se dispone de suficientes estudios controlados a largo plazo que permitan establecer conclusiones definitivas.

Introduction: Valerian has been used for centuries to induce drowsiness due to its anxiolytic properties. It was fi rst described being used in ancient cultures, i.e., Greece and China. Nowadays, even though it is not officially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Agency (FDA) as a treatment for insomnia, it is widely used in different latitudes for such a purpose. Objective: To carry out an extensive review in order to establish the levels of effectiveness of valerian in the long term treatment of patients suffering from sleeplessness and consider it an alternative to the use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepinic agonists. Results: There are very few controlled studies on the effects of valerian. Nonetheless, the available data might indicate that the use of valerian helps to restructure sleep architecture after several weeks of treatment and helps to improve sleep quality. There are also papers suggesting that valerian plays a key role in diminishing stress and anxiety in cases where these conditions disturb normal sleep patterns and is useful in discontinuing long treatments based on benzodiazepines. Conclusions: The key advantage of valerian is its capability to reduce the slow wave sleep latency and increase its percentage without causing relevant secondary effects or dependence. Still, we do not have sufficient data from long term controlled studies in order to support conclusive results.

[Prognostic value of ERBB2 amplification and protein expression in small cell lung cancer]. / Valor pronóstico de la expresión y amplificación genética de c-erbB-2 en el carcinoma microcítico de pulmón.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate ERBB2 oncogene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and protein overexpression using immunohistochemical techniques, and to explore their possible prognostic value in a series of patients with small cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Included in the study were 99 patients with small cell tumors, classified in 2 broad groups: patients with limited locally advanced disease and patients with disseminated disease. Material for study was obtained in 97% of the cases (96/99) by means of endoscopic biopsy and by tomography-guided needle biopsy in the remaining 3% (3/99). Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The 92 men (92.9%) and 7 women (7.1%) in the study had a mean (SD) age of 62.9 (10.4) years (range, 36-81 years); 39.4% (n=39) and 60.6% (n=60) of the subjects had limited and disseminated disease, respectively. ERBB2 protein overexpression was observed in 26.3% of the patients (n=26), 15.4% (n=4) of whom had limited disease and 84.6% (n=22) of whom had disseminated disease (P=.005). Although mean survival was slightly longer for patients who were negative for ERBB2 protein overexpression, the difference was not statistically significant. FISH identified gene amplification in 6.3% (1 in 16) of the studied cases (ratio, 2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The protein product of the ERBB2 oncogene is overexpressed in 33.3% of small cell lung carcinomas and is associated with the presence of disseminated disease. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possible benefits of specific treatment.

Valor pronóstico de la expresión y amplificación genética de c-erbB-2 en el carcinoma microcítico de pulmón / Prognostic value of ERBB2 amplification and protein expression in small cell lung cancer

Objetivo: El propósito de nuestro estudio ha sido evaluar la sobreexpresión proteica de c-erbB-2 mediante técnicas de inmunohistoquímica y la amplificación del oncogén mediante hibridación in situ fluorescente, en una serie de carcinomas microcíticos, correlacionándola con las posibles implicaciones pronósticas. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó a 99 pacientes con tumores microcíticos clasificados en 2 grandes grupos: enfermedad limitada o localmente avanzada y enfermedad diseminada. El material para estudio se obtuvo mediante biopsia endoscópica en el 97% de los casos (96/99) o mediante punción guiada por tomografía computarizada en el 3% restante (3/99). La supervivencia se analizó con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: La media de edad ± desviación estándar de los pacientes fue de 62,9 ± 10,4 años (rango: 36-81). El 92,9% (n = 92) eran varones y el 7,1% mujeres (n = 7). Un 39,4% (n = 39) presentaba enfermedad limitada y el 60,6% (n = 60) enfermedad diseminada. La sobreexpresión proteica de c-erbB-2 se observó en el 26,3% de los casos (n = 26), de los cuales un 15,4% (n = 4) presentaba enfermedad limitada y el 84,6% restante (n = 22) enfermedad diseminada (p = 0,005). La media de supervivencia fue ligeramente mayor para los pacientes con c-erbB-2 negativo que en aquéllos con c-erbB-2 positivo, pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La técnica de hibridación in situ fluorescente mostró amplificación génica en el 6,3% (1/16) de los casos estudiados, con un índice de 2,3. Conclusiones: El producto proteico del oncogén c-erbB-2 se sobreexpresa en un 33,3% de los carcinomas microcíticos pulmonares y se asocia a la presencia de enfermedad diseminada. Son necesarios nuevos estudios para evaluar el posible beneficio del tratamiento específico

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate ERBB2 oncogene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and protein overexpression using immunohistochemical techniques, and to explore their possible prognostic value in a series of patients with small cell carcinoma. Patients and methods: Included in the study were 99 patients with small cell tumors, classified in 2 broad groups: patients with limited locally advanced disease and patients with disseminated disease. Material for study was obtained in 97% of the cases (96/99) by means of endoscopic biopsy and by tomography-guided needle biopsy in the remaining 3% (3/99). Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The 92 men (92.9%) and 7 women (7.1%) in the study had a mean (SD) age of 62.9 (10.4) years (range, 36-81 years); 39.4% (n=39) and 60.6% (n=60) of the subjects had limited and disseminated disease, respectively. ERBB2 protein overexpression was observed in 26.3% of the patients (n=26), 15.4% (n=4) of whom had limited disease and 84.6% (n=22) of whom had disseminated disease (P=.005). Although mean survival was slightly longer for patients who were negative for ERBB2 protein overexpression, the difference was not statistically significant. FISH identified gene amplification in 6.3% (1 in 16) of the studied cases (ratio, 2.3). Conclusions: The protein product of the ERBB2 oncogene is overexpressed in 33.3% of small cell lung carcinomas and is associated with the presence of disseminated disease. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possible benefits of specific treatment

Micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma: a distinctive histologic subtype with prognostic significance. Case series.

The aims of the present work were to evaluate the prognostic significance of the micropapillary pattern of lung adenocarcinoma and determine whether there are differences in the behavior of this type of tumor according to its immunohistochemical profile. A series of 191 consecutively resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas were divided into those with (n = 62) and those without (n = 129) micropapillary components. The disease was stage I in 38 and 54 patients, respectively. The 5-year survival rates of patients with and without micropapillary components were 54% and 77%, respectively (log rank P = .03). In multivariate survival analysis, the micropapillary component proved to be an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 3.2). Five autopsy cases were used to investigate the immunohistochemical profile. The percentages of cases positive for various markers were 56.7 for p53, 94 for Ki67, 85.1 for c-myc, 2.9 for Bcl-2, 35.8 for epidermal growth factor receptor, 43.3 for cyclin D1, and 46.3 for Bax. The prognostic value was evaluated according to the expression of the different markers in micropapillary carcinomas in stage I. In univariate analysis, only cyclin D1 expression and Bax expression were associated with significantly worse survival (log rank P = .03 and P = .02, respectively). We conclude that it is important to recognize the micropapillary growth pattern in lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, cyclin D1 and Bax seem to be markers of a poor prognosis.

Large cell and small cell neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma: immunohistochemical and outcome study in a single institution.

We studied 44 cases of small cell bladder carcinoma (SCBC) and 2 cases of large cell neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma (LCNBC) to determine the immunohistochemical profile and biologic behavior. Thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, cytokeratin (CK)20, chromogranin A (CgA), synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and Leu-7 studies were performed. TTF-1+ cases were stained for surfactant protein A (SP-A). The immunohistochemical profile for 44 SCBC cases was as follows: TTF-1+, 11 (25%); CK20+, 3 (7%); CgA+, 13 (30%); synaptophysin+, 22 (50%); NSE+, 35 (80%); and Leu-7+, 30 (68%), and for 2 LCNBC cases was as follows: TTF-1+, 2 (100%); CgA+, (50%); synaptophysin+, 1 (50%); NSE+, 2 (100%); and Leu- 7+, 2 (100%). All cases with TTF-1 expression were negative for SP-A, except 1 case. This case was a mixed SCBC with TTF-1 expression in the urothelial component, which also expressed SP-A. Immunohistochemical markers were not associated with survival. The prognosis of SCBC is relatively better than its pulmonary counterpart. LCNBC seems to be a rarely recognized entity. TTF-1 expression is not limited to small cell lung carcinoma.

Risk factors for respiratory disease in chronic psychiatric in patients

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Objective: Individuals with schizophrenia and other chronic mental illnesses present a series of risk factors, that predispose them to extensive medical comorbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for respiratory disease inchronic psychiatric inpatients. Methods: All patients at a long-term mental institution were invited to participate in this study. Socio-demographic data, tobacco and alcohol consumption, respiratory symptoms and chest x-rays were collected from 154 patients. Sputum microscopy and cultures for M. tuberculosis were done in specific cases. Results: The symptoms reported were cough (58%); expectoration (44.2%); dyspnea(28.6%); hemoptysis (9.7%), and chest pain (20.1%). There were chest x-ray changes in 57.1% of patients. These were suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 31.2% and an interstitial pattern in 19.1%. The prevalence of tuberculosis in this sample was 4.5%. Schizophrenia was the most common mental illness (43.5%), followed by an organic mental disorder (32.5%). We found a positive relationship between schizophrenia and cigarette smoking (odds ratio 2.30, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.76), and schizophrenia and x-ray changes (odds ratio 2.35, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.83). There was no significant relationship with other psychiatric disorders (AU)

Esclerosis tuberosa. Informe de un caso / Tuberous sclerosis: report of a case

Introducción: La Esclerosis Tuberosa (ET) es un síndrome caracterizado por la formación de hamartomas y tumores en diferentes órganos del cuerpo. La morbimortalidad de esta enfermedad dependerá por lo tanto del órgano involucrado, el tamaño y localización de las lesiones. Paciente y métodos: Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 42 años quien murió por complicaciones de este síndrome Hospital General de México. Se presentan los hallazgos de autopsia

Introduction: Tuberous Sclerosis is a syndrome characterized by the presence of benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs. Mortality and morbidity keep a close relationship with the location, size, and organs affected by the lesions. Patient and methods: A case of a 40 old women, who died by complications of this syndrome is reported. Autopsy findings are described

Leiomiosarcoma de mediastino anterior. Aportación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Mediastinal leiomyosarcoma: a study of one case and review of the literature

Los leiomiosarcomas del mediastino son tumores raros, que generalmente derivan de la pared de la tráquea, esófago y grandes vasos, aunque existen algunos casos de origen incierto. Describimos un caso de un varón de 68 años, con clínica de síndrome de compresión de vena cava superior. La radiología y tomografía computerizada de tórax revela una masa localizada en el mediastino anterior. El estudio patológico muestra una infiltración tumoral de células fusiformes con moderada pleomorfismo, que reaccionan positivamente a la inmunotinción con actina y desmina. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye todos los sarcomas y tumores con patrón fusocelular que se presentan con esta localización. El tratamiento que se ha empleado en todos los casos revisados de la literatura ha sido la resección quirúrgica, y en pocos casos se ha usado terapia adyuvante de quimio y radioterapia (AU)