Motivation toward Physical Activity and Healthy Habits of Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Adolescence is a transformative period in which rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth takes place. Laying the foundation for healthy behaviors is paramount during these formative years. The aim of this review is to determine which countries are leading in research on adolescents' motivation towards physical activity and healthy habits and their main findings. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement using the Web of Science and Scopus databases during the months of September to December 2022. The search terms used were: "Physical activity", "Motivation" and "Adolescents", in the following research areas: Education, Educational Research and Sport Sciences. A total of 5594 articles were identified, but only those that met the established criteria were included (32 articles). It is concluded that most of the research is led in Spain with 16 articles, followed by 3 in Chile, 2 in Portugal, 2 in Norway and the rest of the countries with 1. Likewise, most of the works include very similar aspects regarding the incidence of motivation towards the adherence to the practice of Physical Activity and healthy habits.

The Physical Education Class Perceived by Schoolchildren from 6 to 8 Years Old Expressed through Drawings.

Physical Education is one of the subjects that arouses the most interest in children. The aim of this study is to find out the opinion that primary school students have about the Physical Education class. Drawings from a sample of 62 students from an educational centre in the city of Jaén, aged between six and eight years old, were analysed. The results show that the larger size of the drawings corresponds to the aspects that are to be emphasised. This subject is carried out regularly in the sports pavilion of the centre, making frequent use of materials such as sticks, hoops or balls. Cheerful colours are used, reflecting their enthusiasm for the subject. The smiling facial expression represents the schoolchildren's interest in the subject. The most popular games or sports are basketball and pichi, both of them collective.

Systematic Review of the Literature About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of School Children.

Background: The year 2020 has been marked by the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has reached many countries and has paralyzed the lives of many people who have been forced to stay at home in confinement. There have been many studies that have sought to analyze the impact of this pandemic from different perspectives; however, this study will pay attention to how it has affected and how it may affect children between 0 and 12 years in the future after the closure of schools for months. Objective: The objective of this article is to learn about the research carried out on the child population in times of confinement, especially those dealing with the psychological and motor aspects of minors. Methods: To carry out this systematic review, the PRISMA statement has been followed to achieve an adequate and organized structure of the manuscript. The bibliography has been searched in the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Dialnet databases, using as keywords: "COVID-19" and "Children." The criteria that were established for the selection of the articles were (1) articles focusing on an age of up to 12 years, (2) papers relating COVID-19 to children, and (3) studies analyzing the psychological and motor characteristics of children during confinement. Results: A total of nine manuscripts related to the psychological and motor factors in children under 12 have been found. The table presenting the results includes the authors, title, place of publication, and key ideas of the selected manuscripts. Conclusion: After concluding the systematic review, it has been detected that there are few studies that have focused their attention on the psychological, motor, or academic problems that can occur to minors after a situation of these characteristics. Similarly, a small number of studies have been found that promote actions at the family and school level to reverse this situation when life returns to normal. These results may be useful for future studies that seek to expand the information according to the evolution of the pandemic.

Use of the Smartphone and Self-Concept in University Students According to the Gender Variable.

The university stage comprises a very important and vital period in the modification of students' lifestyles, and these changes can affect their self-concept. The excessive use of technology today can also influence the formation of their identity. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-concept and the use of the smartphone by university students in terms of gender. The sample included 253 students (mean age 21.39 ± 3.27) of the Primary Education Degree of the University of Jaén (106 men and 147 women). A questionnaire was used to unify several instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire, a Self-Concept Form-5 questionnaire (AF-5), and a questionnaire on cell phone-related experiences (CERM). The results show the existence of significant differences between both genders in the academic, emotional, and social dimensions of self-concept, with women showing a greater academic self-concept and men showing an emotional and physical one. Regarding the use of the smartphone in relation to self-concept, significant differences are found in the academic and emotional dimensions depending on the degree of use. In addition, in relation to the use of the smartphone, it has been detected that half of the students present potential problems. It is concluded that there is a relationship between both constructs, especially the academic and emotional self-concept.

Multidimensional Self-Concept Depending on Levels of Resilience and the Motivational Climate Directed towards Sport in Schoolchildren.

(1) Background: Motivation towards sports practice is fundamental at an early age, as this can favor the integral development of the student body. (2) Methods: The main objective of this study was to describe and analyze the relationships between the different dimensions of self-concept based on motivational climate, body mass index and resilience in a sample of 203 children from the third cycle of primary education, with an age between 11 and 13 years (M = 11.54). They completed the motivational climate questionnaires (PMCSQ-2), the self-concept questionnaire (AF-5) and the questionnaire that measures resilience levels (the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)). (3) Results: The results showed that boys are more resilient than girls and, in turn, have a greater tendency to task climate compared to them. Regarding self-concept, males presented higher scores in the academic, social and physical dimensions. In the same line as resilience, the motivational climate in males is oriented to the ego climate and the feminine to the task climate. Negative correlations of physical self-concept were found with the ego and task climate. (4) Conclusions: The task climate was identified as a predictor of resilience levels.

Actividades Físicas en el Medio Natural. Incidencia en la formación del Profesorado y su enseñanza en la ESO / Physical Activities in the Natural Environment. Impact on teacher training and its teaching at Secondary Education

El bloque de contenidos de Actividad Física en el Medio Natural (AFMN) es uno de los que menos se incluye en las programaciones de Educación Física (EF) en Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), lo que, unido a la escasa preparación en dichos contenidos recibida en los estudios de formación de profesorado de EF, dificulta su enseñanzaaprendizaje en esta etapa educativa. Por tal motivo el objetivo de esta investigación es averiguar porque el profesorado de ESO no desarrolla o trabaja poco las AFMN. Para ello, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada de respuestas abiertas a trece docentes de diversas localidades andaluzas para averiguar cómo se trabaja el bloque de contenidos de AFMN. Los datos recogidos concluyen que la mayoría del profesorado trabaja la orientación y el senderismo como únicas actividades dentro del bloque 5º (AFMN), argumentando la falta de medios, dificultad de organización de salidas y el riesgo que suponen este tipo de actividades

The contents about the physical activity in the natural environment are one of the least visible in the educational programming for the Andalusian physical education teachers, mainly during the Obligatory Secondary Education. Therefore, we are trying to clarify the major reasons that lead teachers to ignore this type of content. For that purpose, a qualitative research is conducted by interviewing thirteen teachers from different Andalusian locations. The data collected conclude that most teachers work orienteering and hiking as the only activities within the fifth block, arguing the lack of means to support the activities, difficulty in organizing trips to the natural environment and the risk posed by these activities. In this research, we also try to simplify the difficulties encountered by teachers when physical activities are practiced in the natural environment. It is assumed that the training received due to the qualifications required to work as a physical education teacher does not train them to practice the activities in the natural environment

Mini Review of the Use of the Mobile Phone and Its Repercussion in the Deficit of Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Current technology has the ability to distract and evade its users, this resulting in an addiction or "escape" from the real world. The excessive use of smartphones can cause a decrease in physical activity (PA) for many people prefer to use these devices rather than do the recommended physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to analyze the possible relation between the use of smartphones and the reduction in the practice of PA that is reflected in scientific articles. METHODS: The PRISMA statement has been followed for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in order to achieve a correct organization and integrity of the work. Our search for bibliography has been carried out in the WOS and Scopus databases, together with the research domains "Social Sciences Other Topics," "Education Educational Research," and "Sport Sciences." After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were obtained, these forming the base body of this research. RESULTS: Nine of the fourteen articles show that there is a negative relationship between the smartphone and PA practice. The age groups most studied in relation to this topic range from 13 to 18 and from 19 to 25. CONCLUSION: It is our conclusion that the inappropriate use of these mobile devices is associated with low levels of motivation and practice of PA in their users. Similarly, we have emphasized the lack of scientific work dealing with this issue.